WORD OF THE DAY: ALLIANCES

• Tlaxcalans allied with Cortez to wipe out the Aztecs. Little did they know how deadly this alliance would be.

• The King of Morocco tried to form an alliance with the Queen of England in 1603. He wanted help in getting the Spanish out of the Americas. In exchange for military support, Morocco would colonize the land.

• During the French and Indian war, alliances allowed the conflict in Europe to be fought in the New World.

• And NOW a brief commercial for THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

• Protestant Reformation Reality Check • Martin Luther wrote 95 theses in 1517, and YOU

COMPLAINED about having to write ONE?!?!?• The last guy who spoke out against the church got burned at

the stake. • Why did so many people get to read Luther’s work? (Rhymes

with GETTING DRESSED—almost)• Beware the DIET OF WORMS!• Lutherans come from Germany, but Calvinists come from __

__ __ __ __ __.• John Calvin believed in PREDESTINATION and THEOCRACY. • By 1525, there were Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians,

Anabaptists, Hutterites, Mennonites, and Amish Mennonites. • And then, this guy decided he wanted to divorce his wife.

– King Henry the VIII was a devout Catholic who wrote angry letters about Martin Luther.

– He asked the church to annul his marriage because his wife did not give him a son.

– When the church said NO, he summoned Parliament and declared that England was no longer under the authority of the pope.

– Henry the VIII next declared himself the head of the church of England.

– His daughter Mary became queen and returned England to the catholic church. She is known as BLOODY MARY.

– Her half-sister, Elizabeth became queen and made England Protestant again. She persecuted Catholics.

• There was also a COUNTER-REFORMATION.

Who should you trust?

The Spanish Armada • As the Protestant Reformation won

support, economic alliances shifted all over Europe.

• Countries financed their own trade ships and began to establish colonies.

• Countries needed more money (in the form of gold) in order to build their armies and prepare for war.

• The DRAMA of King Henry VIII in England spilled over into Spain, and King Phillip II advocated for England to return to Catholicism.

• England raided Spanish ships that carried gold and also formed an alliance with Spanish colonists in Holland.

• In 1588, King Phillip II assembled a fleet of 130 Spanish warships know as the Spanish Armada.

• A fleet of smaller, faster English ships sank many of the Spanish ships off the coast of France.

• This disrupted the balance of power in Europe.

• Since Spain no longer could control the Atlantic, other countries began funding exploration of the Americas and established colonies.

• Problems in Europe often spilled over into the colonies, and some of Europe’s battle were fought in the Americas.

Mercantilism 101• A nation’s strength depends on its

wealth as measured in gold and silver. • Only a fixed amount of wealth exists

in the world, and nations have to compete for their share of that wealth.

• A favorable balance of trade is an important step in gaining wealth.

• Countries should seek to limit imports and maximize exports.

• A country should have its own source for raw materials and precious metals to avoid dependence on others.

• Colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make profit.

• A country’s colonies should not trade with any other countries.

Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (THE INVISIBLE HAND)

• In 1776, Adam Smith published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book provides the basis for modern economic thought.

• The economic system at the time was mercantilism. Wealth was measured in terms of gold and silver. Exports were encouraged and imports were discouraged.

• Smith argued that free trade benefitted everyone in society—the wealth of a nation is the total of its production and commerce and not the amount of gold in the bank.

• The “invisible hand” of the market would lead to social stability as buyers and sellers gained the freedom to make their own decisions.

• He spoke out against regulation, encouraged the division of labor and the accumulation of capital, and promoted free trade and competition. He argued that the market would self-correct if the government did not interfere.

New Explorers: New France and New Netherlands • John Cabot believed a northern

route to Asia would be shorter and easier; he was financed by England.

• Henry Hudson explored the area that is now New York for the Dutch; the Hudson River and Hudson Bay are named for him.

• Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River for the French; he established Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain is named for him.

• Jaques Marquette founded missions along the Great Lakes and explored the Mississippi River, which was claimed for France. (Marquette and Joliot)

• Northwest Passage—sea route from Atlantic to Pacific that passed through or around North America.

• Who needs Asia when you have America? As France, England the Netherlands explore North America, they discover fur, timber, fish and other resources.

• Coureurs de bois—the French term for “runners of the woods” who were independent traders who lived among the Native Americans.

• In the 1660’s, France begins sending settlers to farm the land and start families. The French also set up missions to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

• The Netherlands also begins sending settlers. Where was NEW AMSTERDAM?

• http://www.wcs.org/multimedia/videos/the-mannahatta-project.aspx

The $24 Myth: Did Native Americans sell Manhattan to the Dutch for beads?

• What’s wrong with the picture? • Where is this Native American from? • What do you think about how these men

are dressed? • What stereotypes are going on here?

Primitive native vs. civilized Dutchman? • What did Native Americans want?

– Steel axes– Steel knives– Metal kettles – Guns– Woolen blankets

• What effects did the fur trade have on Native Americans? – Alliances could turn deadly with guns – Over-trapping for furs weakened the food

chain– Old world diseases spread among Native

Americans– Other problems arose as Native lands

became more valuable to Europeans

• Ummm….the Dutch bought Manhattan from the Canarsies, who lived in Brooklyn.

• The Weckquaesgeeks, who lived in Manhattan, were not quite so amused.

• If this was a legitimate purchase, why did they need a wall?

•

European Tactics for “Buying” Land

• “Indeed, just like the Dutch, European Americans repeatedly paid the wrong tribe or paid off a small faction within a much larger nation. Often, like the Dutch, they didn’t really care. Such fraudulent transactions might even work better than legitimate purchases, for they set one tribe or faction against another while providing the newcomers with the semblance of legality to stifle criticism.” James Loewen

Native American Beliefs about Land

• “Native Americans held roughly similar views about land ownership as European Americans. They thought they could keep all their land, keep part of it, or sell part or all of it. They did not think members of their tribe could do this individually, but a village or tribe could do as it wished. Natives also thought they cold retain certain privileges when they sold land, such as the right of free passage. So did European Americans…. Moreover, tribal negotiators often made sure that deeds and treaties explicitly reserved hunting, fishing, gathering, and traveling rights to Native Americans. There was no tragic misunderstanding.” James Loewen