word level in syntax, lecturer budi hamuddin, m.esl, presented by second group
TRANSCRIPT
MORPHO SYNTAX
Word Level
LECTURER:
BUDI HAMUDDIN, M.EslPresent by :
Antika Kurnia Dian Trisna
T. Sri Wahyuningsih
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENTFACULTY OF EDUCATION
ANDTEACHER’S TRAINING
IV CLANCANG KUNING UNIVERSITY
A. Classification of Words
According to Fries the class word can besubdivided into the following groups:• Class 1 words( nouns)• Class 2 words ( verbs)• Class 3 words (adjectives)• Class 4 words ( adverbs)
A. Classification of Words
The function word can be subdivided into the following groups:
1. Determines 5. Conjunction2. Auxiliaries 6. Question Words3. Intensifier4. Preposition
Fries (1864:75) made use of the so called minimun free utterance test frames to classify or Identify all English Words. The test frames are as follows: Frame A : The concert was good ( Always) Frame B : The Clerk remembered the tax ( Suddently) Frame C : The Team went there.
1. The Identification of the Parts of Speech
NOUNS VERBS
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
NOUNS
Frame A• The concern was good man
woman film play family
• Frame CThe team went there players
Students
Frame B The Clerk remembered the tax. worker book collector payment teacher difference
farmer secret student score
• Frame A 1 2(The) --------- is/was good ---------s are/were
Eg: seems/seemed,seem sounds/sounded
• Frame B 1 2 1 ( The) ------ remembered (the) ----- -----s ----s
Eg : paid , sent , received, rejected
• Frame C : 1 2 (The) -------- went there
Eg : arrived,stayed,worked, came
VERBS
Note : Frame B : Transitive + OFrame C : Intransitive
ADJECTIVES
• Frame A 3 1 2 3 ( The ) good --------- is/was good
--------s nice nice interesting intersting friendly friendly happy happy
• Frame A 3 1 3 4 (The) ---- ---- is/was ---always
---s are/were hereEg : soon,now,then,there.
• Frame B 1 2 1 4
(The) --- remember (the)--- suddenly ---s --s
Eg: later, clearly,occasionally,always
Frame C 1 2 4( The) ----- went thereEg: out,back,down,up,away
ADVERBS
2. The Identification of Function Words
DETERMINERS
AUXILIARIES
INTENSIFIERS
PREPOSITION
CONJUNCTION
QUESTIONS WORD
Det 1 2 3(The) ...... Is/was .... .....s are/were
a/anEveryEachAllBothMyAre
B. Auxiliaries
Det 1 Aux 2 3..... .... (may) (be) ............ might
can will would shall should
has ( been)
Auxiliaries are function words which always occur with verbs to form verb phrases
Determiners are function words which always occur with nouns to form noun phrases
A. Determiners
C. IntensifiersDet 1 2 4 Int 4The team went there very rapidlyEg: quite , more, too, awfully, etc
D. Preposition
Det 1 Prep Det 1 2 3..... At ...... ..... .... ......Eg: for,from,in,of,on,to,with,
over
E. ConjuntionsDet 1 Conj det 1 2 3 ---- ---- and ---- ---- ---- ------Eg: but, or, not, nor, rather than
F . Question WordsQW 2 Det 1 3 When was the concert
good?Eg : Where, Why, How.
QW 2Who came ?Eg: which, what.
B. Formal Features of the Four Parts of Speech.
INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES• NOUN• VERBS• ADJECTIVE • ADVERBS
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES• NOUN• VERBS• ADJECTIVE • ADVERBS
INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES
NOUNS:
a. The plural {Z1}*b. The possesive or Genetive{Z2}Eg : a. Books /bUks/ b. The table’s legs*Note : (s~z~iz)
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
• 1. derrivational suffixes: {-al,-ure,-y,-ance,-ment,-ity,-age,-er,-ant,-ing,and –t} to verb stems.
Eg: arrival, goverment Decision,helper, teaching ,so
on.
• 2. derrivational suffixes{ -ness,--ity,-th,-ism,and – dom} to adjective stems
Eg: bigness, freedom , so on.
• Verbs V N + {-fy, -ize, -en}Eg : Modify, Realize
V {be -} {en-} V Adj + -ize,-en eg: nasionalizeV En + adj eg: Endanger
N
Adjectives
• Inflectional Suffixes Two inflectional affixes {-er} and
{-est}Eg: big – bigger- biggest long- longer- longest.
• Derrivational Affixes1 By Adding the affixes {-y,-ly,-ish, al,-ous,-less,- ate,-en} to nounsEg : foolish, lovely, childish,famous
2. {-ent,--ant,-ive,-some,-ory,-en}Eg: creative,
swollen,winsome,excellent,
ADVERBS• Inflectional Suffixes:{ -er} and {-est} to form the
comparative and superelativeEg: fast – faster- fastest late – later – latest
• Derrivational Affixes a. By adding the suffix {-ly} and
prefix {a-} to adj stemsEg: happily, hopefully,aloud,aroundb. By adding the prefix {a-} and {-
ly2} and {-ward} to noun stemsEg:away,aboard,wesward,seaward
, weekly,daily.
C. Word Level Formulas
Tagmemes at Word Level According to O’ Grady and Dobrovolsky(1989:91)
There are two basic types of words in humanlanguage , *SIMPLE and *COMPLEX WORDS
* Simple : Are those that cannot be broken down into smaller meaningfull units
* Complex : Consist of Inflectional Construction and DerrivationalConstruction
1. Noun Structuren=+nnuc:ns + num:numm±pos:posm
Eg : Boys Men’s
2. Verb StructureV=+vnuc:vs +t:tm±asp:aspm
Eg : Writes, wrote, writing
A. Inflectional Constructions
3. Adjective Structureadj=+adjnuc:adjs+comp/supl:{-er}/{-est}
Eg: Shorter or shortest
4. Adverb Structureadv=+advnuc:advs+comp/supl:{-er}/{-
est}Eg : Later or Latest
B. Derivational Constructions
1. Noun Structure n=+core:tvs/adjs+noum:{-ment}/{-ness}Eg: management , happiness
2. Verb Structurev=+core:ns/adjs+vbzr:{-ize}/{-fy}/{-en}
Eg: Blacken, glorify
3. Adjective Structureadj=+core:ns/vs+adjzr:{-ly}/{a-}/{-ful}/{-less}
Eg : Friendly, Lovely
4. Adverbs adv= +core:adjs/ns+advzr:{-ly2}/{a-}Eg: Slowly, Quickly
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