women's access to healthcare - adrienne zertuche presentation

Georgia’s Obstetric Crisis:Origins, Consequences, and Potential Solutions

Georgia Senate Study Committee on Women’s Adequate Healthcare

Monday, October 26, 2015

Adrienne D. Zertuche, MD, MPHGeorgia Maternal and Infant Health Research Groupof the Georgia Obstetrical and Gynecological Society

Outline

Overview

Origins

Consequences

Potential Solutions

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Georgia’s Obstetric Care Crisis

3

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Ob Care in Rural Georgia

43 of the 82 Georgia PCSAs* outside of the Atlanta MSA (52%) have either an overburdening

or a complete absence of obstetric providers

No obstetricians: 31 (38%) No delivering family practitioners: 73

(89%) No certified nurse midwives: 57 (70%)

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* Primary Care Service Area: collection of counties in which >30% of those county residents receive their primary care

* Georgia Board for Physician Workforce. Physician Workforce Resource Center..

5Status of Obstetric Services in

Georgia (by PCSA)

Dec. 2011

On average, men stop practicing obstetrics at age 52, and women at age 44.*

<45 45-49.9 50-54.9 >550

5

10

15

2033% 35%

19%13%

Average Ob Age in Rural PCSAs

Average Obstetrician Age

No.

of R

ural

PC

SA

s

≥

6Retirement of Rural Obs

* Rayburn WF and ACOG. The Ob/Gyn Workforce in the United States, 2011.

Future of Ob Care

43 of the 82 Georgia PCSAs outside of the Atlanta MSA (52%) have either an overburdening or a

complete absence of obstetric providers

In 16 of 47 rural PCSAs with obstetric providers (35%), ≥50% of physicians will discontinue care within 5 to 10 years

By 2020, 58 of 77 rural PCSAs (75%) will lack adequate obstetric services

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Origins

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Origins of Ob Care Crisis

Provider Trainees

Obstetricians

Birthing Facilities

Financial Realities

9

Provider Trainee Survey10

Emory

Ob/Gyn Residents (N=95)

84.2% Response Rate (n=80)

CNM Students (N=28)100% Response Rate (n=28)

38%63%

High School

43%

57%

Medical School

GeorgiaElsewhere

91%

9%

FemaleMale

Ob/Gyn Residents11

82%

18%

Nursing School

GeorgiaElsewhere

25%

75%

High School

96%

4%

FemaleMale

CNM Students12

Emory

Yes No Unsure0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

28% 28%

44%

Staying in Georgia13

Yes No Unsure0

5

10

15

32%36%

32%

Ob/Gyn Residents CNM Students

Will you stay in Georgia upon completion of your training?

Rural / Shortage Areas14


How likely are you to practice in one of Georgia’s rural/shortage areas?

Extremely

Likely

Likely

Unlikely

Extremely

Unlik

ely0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

3%

22%

46%

29%

Extrem

ely Lik

elyLik

ely

Unlike

ly

Extrem

ely Unlik

ely0

5

10

15

18%

36%46%

0%

Likely Unlikely0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Ob > GynOb < GynNo Preference

CNM Students

Practice Preference15

Ob/Gyn Residents


p = 0.01 p = 0.06

Likely Unlikely0

5

10

15

Ob > GynOb < GynNo Preference

Georgia Ties16



Likely Unlikely0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Georgia Tie(s)No Georgia Tie(s)

Likely Unlikely0

5

10

15

Georgia Tie(s)No Georgia Tie(s)

p = 0.13 p = 0.15

Debt Burden17

CNM StudentsOb/Gyn Residents≤$99,999 $100,000-199,000 ≥$200,000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

25% 25%

50%

≤$99,999 $100,000-199,000 ≥$200,0000

5

10

15

20

25

71%

25%

4%

2006 2009 2012 Current0

10

20

30

40

50

60

≤$99,999$100,000-199,999≥$200,000

Debt Trends: Residents18

Georgia Board for Physician Workforce. GME Annual Survey, compiled data 2006-2012.

Likely Unlikely0

10

20

30

With financial incentiveWithout fi-nancial in-centive

Likely Unlikely0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

With financial incentiveWithout fi-nancial in-centive

Financial Incentives19

CNM StudentsOb/Gyn Residents

How likely are you to practice in one of Georgia’s rural/shortage

areas?

p < 0.001 p < 0.001

Financial incentives include loan repayment, tax credits, guaranteed salary, differential pay, support to open own practice, and higher

Medicaid reimbursement rates

Obstetricians

Quality of life

Demanding call schedules Departure of other local physicians

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5Moultrie“We are the only obstetrical practice in town. With one OB and a midwife, we did 550 deliveries last year. Sometimes we see 60 women in a day. 75 to 80 percent of our patients are Medicaid. It’s difficult to recruit physicians of any kind to this area.”

5Waycross“There were only 2 OBs in Waycross when I [left] the state. They need 4 to adequately take care of all the women in the community.”

Birthing Facility Closures

Rural Hospitals

Labor & Delivery Units

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5Waycross“In OB, you don’t want to be too far from where you need to be.”

Labor & Delivery Closures

2012-2014

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Labor & Delivery Closures

1994-2015

40% decline

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Financial Realities

Malpractice insurance Retirement of obstetricians Family practitioners avoiding maternity care

Medicaid reimbursement

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5La Grange“The paperwork kept getting more and more complicated [but] the malpractice insurance rate increase was the clincher. We stopped OB.”

5Americus“In rural Georgia, 70-80% of patients are Medicaid, and with today’s reimbursement rates, no matter how smart you run your business, it’s hard to get by.”

Consequences

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Infant mortality:1 16th

Maternal mortality:2 2nd

1. National Women’s Law Center. www.hrc.nwlc.org. 2. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. www.kff.org.

March of Dimes, Premature Birth:1

Population Institute, Reproductive Health:2

1. March of Dimes. 2014 Premature Birth Report Cards. 2. Population Institute. 2014 Reproductive Health and Rights Report Cards.

C-

D-

Perinatal Periods of Risk33

CityMatCH. Perinatal Periods of Risk. www.citymatch.org.

Rural Disparities

Rural pregnant women are at increased risk of:

Late initiation of prenatal care1

Hospitalization for pregnancy complications1

Home birth1

Low birth weight2

Neonatal mortality2

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1. ACOG Committee Opinion 429. Obstet Gynecol, 2014.2. Larson EH, et al. Univ. of Washington Rural Health Research Center, 2008.

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Americus“[From] Preston, it’s 30 miles to Americus. If [patients] have cars, they don’t have much gas, and there’s no public transportation. They don’t come to prenatal care.”

5Preterm Birth in Georgia

1999-2009

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555

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Are They Related?

Driving Time and Preterm Delivery

Controlled for maternal age, race/ethnicity, marital status, maternal education, government-assisted payment, maternal residence, birth order, prior poor infant health outcome, and transfer status

Driving Time Odds Ratio for Preterm Delivery (< 37 weeks), with 95% CI

≤ 15 minutes 1.00

16 – 30 minutes 1.06 (1.01, 1.11)

31 – 45 minutes 1.09 (1.03, 1.14)

> 45 minutes 1.53 (1.46, 1.60)

There is a spatial mismatch between a pregnant woman’s risk and her access to services

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Driving Time and Preterm Delivery: Non-Metropolitan Georgia,

1999-2009

24% of pregnant women drove >45 minutes to access ob services

Women that drove >45 minutes were 1.5x more likely to deliver preterm than women that drove <15 minutes

Average drive times Woman that delivered preterm: 40 minutes Woman that delivered at term: 32 minutes

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Potential Solutions

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Potential Solutions to Crisis

Recruitment

Retention

Referral

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Recruitment

Past Success Financial incentive programs: RPTC, PRAAP

Upcoming Challenges GME slots Applicants to medical school and residency training South Georgia CNM training program

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Financial Incentive Programs

Rural Physician Tax Credit1

Georgia Department of Revenue Tax credit: $5,000 annually for max. 5 years

Physicians for Rural Areas Assistance Program2

Georgia Board for Physician Workforce Loan repayment: $25,000 annually, for max. 4 years or

$100,000

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1. Georgia Dept. of Revenue. 560-7-8-.20: Rural Physician Credit, 2012.2. Tucker C. PRAAP Application. Georgia Board for Physician Workforce, 2012.

Physicians for Rural Areas Assistance Program(PRAAP)

House Bill 998 (2014)

HB 998 permits Georgia Board for Physician Workforce to adapt qualification criteria for PRAAP

Program can now include counties that have populations >35,000 but are still in need of obstetric providers

Passed March 2014 Signed into law April 2014

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Georgia General Assembly, 2014. House Bill 998.

Retention

Past Successes Medicaid parity Increased Medicaid reimbursement for ob codes

Upcoming Challenge Medical liability reform

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Medicaid Parity

Initially absent from Governor’s proposed budget

Appropriations amended by General Assembly House Bill 76 (2015)

$23 million (state) + ~ $46 million (federal) = full parity

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Georgia Budget & Policy Institute. Overview: 2016 Fiscal Year for the Department of Community Health.

Medicaid Reimbursement

First increase in Medicaid reimbursement in 14 years Targeted codes for prenatal and peripartum care

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Procedure Code Possible Fee Increase59400 – Obstetric Care $ 330

59425 – Antepartum Care Only $ 180

59426 – Antepartum Care Only $ 350

59510 – Cesarean Delivery $ 220

59610 – VBAC Delivery $ 360

59618 – Attempted VBAC Delivery $ 260

Patterson A. GOGS Newsletter, April 2015.

Referral

Past Success Perinatal Regions and Centers

Upcoming Challenges Improved regionalization

- Prenatal services

- Delivery hospitalization

Telemedicine

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51Georgia Perinatal Regions and Centers

GOGS. Georgia’s Regional Perinatal System. www.gaobgyn.org.

Improving Regionalization

Prenatal services Sweeping reform ?

Delivery hospitalization Risk-appropriate care Assessment of service capacity

- AAP neonatal levels of care1

- ACOG/SMFM maternal levels of care2

Role of telemedicine

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1. AAP Policy Statement. Pediatrics, 2012.2. ACOG/SMFM Obstetric Care Consensus. AJOG, 2015.

Congressional Committees

2013: Joint Study Committee on Medicaid Reform

2014: House of Representatives Study Committee on Medical Education

2015: Senate Study Committee on Women’s Adequate Healthcare

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Summary

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Summary

Georgia has the 2nd highest maternal mortality and 16th highest infant mortality ratio in the U.S.

Outside of Atlanta, the obstetric provider shortage is severe and getting worse, and L&D units are rapidly closing

Women that drive long distances for obstetric care are at increased risk of adverse outcomes

The Georgia General Assembly has undertaken several initiatives to improve maternal and infant health in the state, but the efforts must continue …

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Acknowledgements

Georgia Maternal and Infant Health Research Group (GMIHRG)

Roger Rochat, MD

Andrew Dott, MD, MPH

Pat Cota, RN, MS

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References American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement: Levels of Neonatal Care. Pediatrics (2012); 130(3): 587-97.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion Number 429: Health Disparities in Rural Women. Obstet Gynecol (2012); 123: 371.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists / Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Obstetric Care Consensus: Levels of Maternal Care. AJOG (2015); 212(3): 259-71.

Bluestein G. New Georgia abortion restrictions in doubt after judge’s ruling. Atlanta Journal Constitution. Dec 25, 2012. Accessed online July 27, 2015 at www.ajc.com.

CityMatCH. Perinatal Periods of Risk. Accessed online July 27, 2015 at www.citymatch.org.

General Assembly of Pennsylvania, 2014. Senate Bill 1456.

Georgia Board for Physician Workforce. Graduate Medical Education Annual Survey, compiled data from 2006-2012. Received from Colette Caldwell July 22, 2013.

Georgia Board for Physician Workforce. Physician Workforce Resource Center. Accessed online Oct 1, 2011 at www.gbpw.ga.gov.

Georgia Budget & Policy Institute. Overview: 2016 Fiscal Year for the Department of Community Health. Accessed online July 27, 2015 at www.gbpi.org.

Georgia Department of Revenue. 560-7-8-20: Rural Physician Credit. Accessed online Jan 1, 2012 at http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/docs/560/7/8/20.pdf.



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References Georgia Obstetrical and Gynecologic Society. Georgia’s Regional Perinatal System. Accessed online July 27,

2015 at www.gaobgyn.org.

Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. State Health Facts, Infant Mortality Rate (2010). Accessed online March 13, 2015 at www.kff.org.

Larson EH, et al. Poor Birth Outcome in the Rural United States: 1985-1987 to 1995-1997. The University of Washington Rural Health Research Center; 2008.

March of Dimes. 2014 Premature Birth Report Cards. Accessed online July 27, 2015 at www.marchofdimes.com.

National Women’s Law Center. Making the Grade on Women’s Health: A National and State by State Report Card, Maternal Mortality Rate (2010). Accessed online March 13, 2015 at www.hrc.nwlc.org/states/georgia.

Ness CL and Cutler C. Mandating bad medicine. Philadelphia Inquirer. Accessed online July 28, 2014 at www.philly.com.

Patterson A. Georgia Legislation Gives OBGyns First Medicaid Increase in 14 Years. Georgia Obstetrical and Gynecologic Society Newsletter, April 2015.

Population Institute. 2014 Reproductive Health and Rights Report Cards. Accessed online July 27, 2015 at www.populationinstitute.org.

Rayburn WF and American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The Obstetrician-Gynecologist Workforce in the United States: Facts, Figures, and Implications, 2011.

Tucker C. Application for Physicians for Rural Area Assistance Program, 2012. Georgia Board for Physician Workforce. Accessed online May 15, 2013 at www.gbpw.georgia.gov.

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