women’s peace and security in afghanistan: a rapid...

AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization

Women’sPeaceandSecurityinAfghanistan:ARapidAssessmentof15Provinces

February2016ProjectReport

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AcknowledgementsThisreportwasmadepossiblethroughfundingfromCordaidandtheDutchMinistryofForeignAffairs.APPROwishestoexpressitssincerethankstoallthosewhoagreedtoparticipateinthisrapidassessment.AbouttheResearchersTheresearcherswhoworkedonthisreportwere(inalphabeticalorder):AhmadShaheerAnil,MohammadDawood,ShahnazFaiz,BigumHaidari,EhsanullahHamidi,Jawed,NafasgulKarimi,EhsanKhalili,MohammadSabirKhyber,MohammadMahdi,LutfullahNoor,FawziaNoori,LailumaNoori,SaeedParto,AbdulQader,ZahraQasemi,BaryalaiQayumi,EhsanSaadat,ZarghonaSaifi,KhalidSiddiqi,AbdulSamadTanha,MohsinUsyan,SubhanWaziri,IsmaelZahidandZalmai.SaeedPartoandKhalidSiddiqiauthoredthisreport.AboutMonitoringWomen’sPeaceandSecurityMonitoringWomen,Peace,andSecurity(MWPS)projectwasdesignedtocontributetoeffortsforoperationalizingAfghanistan’sNationalActionplanfortheimplementationoftheUnitedNations’SecurityCouncilResolution(NAP1325).TherationalefortheMWPSisthatgender-basedviolence,domesticviolence,insecurity,andpovertycouldbebetteraddressedbybeingtiedtothefourpillarsofUNSCR1325andAfghanistan’sNAP1325.MWPSisapartnershipbetweenAPPRO,Cordaid,andEquality,Peace,andDemocracy(EPD).AboutAPPROAfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization(APPRO)isanindependentsocialresearchorganizationwithamandatetopromotesocialandpolicylearningtobenefitdevelopmentandreconstructioneffortsinAfghanistanandotherlessdevelopedcountriesthroughconductingsocialscientificresearch,monitoringandevaluation,andtrainingandmentoring.APPROisregisteredwiththeMinistryofEconomyinAfghanistanasanon-profitnon-governmentorganizationandheadquarteredinKabul,AfghanistanwithofficesinMazar-eSharif(north),Herat(west),Kandahar(south),Jalalabad(east),andBamyan(center).APPROisafoundingmemberofAPPRO-Europe,registeredinBelgium.Formoreinformation,see:www.appro.org.afandwww.appro-europe.netContact:[email protected]:AzwaPetra(From:http://www.loyarburok.com/2010/05/06/extravagant-egalitarian-wonder-lakes-of-afghanistan/)APPROtakesfullresponsibilityforallomissionsanderrors.©2016.AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization.Somerightsreserved.Thispublicationmaybestoredinaretrievalsystemortransmittedonlyfornon-commercialpurposesandwithwrittencredittoAPPROandlinkstoAPPRO’swebsiteatwww.appro.org.af.Anyotheruseofthispublicationrequirespriorwrittenpermission,whichmaybeobtainedbywritingto:[email protected]

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AbbreviationsAIHRC AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommissionANA AfghanNationalArmyANP AfghanNationalPoliceAPPRO AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganizationCDC CommunityDevelopmentCouncilCSHRN CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetworkCSO CentralStatisticsOrganizationDDA DistrictDevelopmentAssemblyDoWA DepartmentofWomen'sAffairsDRC DanishRefugeeCouncilEPD EqualityforPeaceandDemocracyEVAW PresidentialDecreeforEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomenFRU FamilyResponseUnitICRC InternationalCommunityofRedCrossIEC IndependentElectionsCounsilMoLSAMD/MoLSAMD Ministry/DepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabledMoRR MinistryofRefugeesandRepatriationNRC NorwegianRefugeeCouncilPC ProvincialCouncilPPC ProvincialPeaceCouncilPWN ProvincialWomen'sNetworkSGBV SexualandGender-BasedViolenceUNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNSCR1325 UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResloution1325CodingAbbreviationsANP AfghanNationalPoliceCSO CivilSocietyOrganizationDDA DistrictDevelopmentAssemblyDoWA DepartmentofWomen'sAffairsFGD FocusGroupDiscussion(withProvincialWomen'sNetworks)FRU FamilyResponseUnitKI KeyInformant(IndividualInterviewee)MoL MinistryOfLaborandSocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabledPC ProvincialCouncilMemberPPC ProvincialpeaceCouncilmemberPW ProminentWomenPWN ProvincialWomen'sNetwork

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TableofContents

1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................5

2.Scope..................................................................................................................................6

3.ApproachandMethodology...............................................................................................7

4.OrganizationofThisReport................................................................................................8

5.SectoralOverview..............................................................................................................8

6.AnalysisofInterviewandFocusGroupDiscussionData.....................................................13BadakhshanProvince,FaizabadcityandArgoandYaftalDistricts..................................................13

Participation.......................................................................................................................................13Prevention..........................................................................................................................................14Protection...........................................................................................................................................15Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................15

BalkhProvince,MazarCityandDawlatabadandKhulmDistricts...................................................17Participation.......................................................................................................................................17Prevention..........................................................................................................................................18Protection...........................................................................................................................................19Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................19

BamyanProvince,BamyanCityandYakawlangDistrict.................................................................21Participation.......................................................................................................................................21Prevention..........................................................................................................................................22Protection...........................................................................................................................................22Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................23

DaikundiProvince,NiliandShahristanDistricts..............................................................................24Participation.......................................................................................................................................24Prevention..........................................................................................................................................25Protection...........................................................................................................................................26Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................26

FaryabProvince,MaimanahCityandPashtunKotDistrict..............................................................28Participation.......................................................................................................................................28Prevention..........................................................................................................................................29Protection...........................................................................................................................................30Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................30

HelmandProvince,NadaliandNahriSaraj(Gereshk)Districts........................................................32Participation.......................................................................................................................................32Prevention..........................................................................................................................................33Protection...........................................................................................................................................33Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................34

HeratProvince,GuzaraandInjilDistricts........................................................................................35Participation.......................................................................................................................................35Prevention..........................................................................................................................................36Protection...........................................................................................................................................37Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................37

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KabulProvince,IstalifandBagramiDistricts...................................................................................39Participation.......................................................................................................................................39Prevention..........................................................................................................................................40Protection...........................................................................................................................................41Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................41

KandaharProvince,KandaharCityandArghandabandDamanDistricts........................................43Participation.......................................................................................................................................43Prevention..........................................................................................................................................44Protection...........................................................................................................................................44Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................45

KunduzProvince,KunduzCenterandAliabadDistricts...................................................................46Participation.......................................................................................................................................46Prevention..........................................................................................................................................47Protection...........................................................................................................................................47Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................48

LaghmanProvince,MehtarlamandAlishangDistricts....................................................................49Participation.......................................................................................................................................49Prevention..........................................................................................................................................50Protection...........................................................................................................................................51Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................51

NangarharProvince,JalalabadandBehsudandKamaDistricts......................................................52Participation.......................................................................................................................................52Prevention..........................................................................................................................................53Protection...........................................................................................................................................53Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................54

PaktiaProvince,GardezandAhmadabadandMirzakaDistricts.....................................................55Participation.......................................................................................................................................55Prevention..........................................................................................................................................56Protection...........................................................................................................................................56Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................57

ParwanProvince,BagramandCharikarDistricts............................................................................58Participation.......................................................................................................................................58Prevention..........................................................................................................................................59Protection...........................................................................................................................................59Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................60

UruzganProvince,TarinKowtandDehRawodDistricts..................................................................62Participation.......................................................................................................................................62Prevention..........................................................................................................................................63Protection...........................................................................................................................................63Reliefandrecovery.............................................................................................................................64

7.Conclusion.........................................................................................................................65

GeneralRecommendations...................................................................................................66

Appendix1:ProxiesforUNSCR1325Pillars...........................................................................67

Appendix2:InterviewsandFocusGroupDiscussions............................................................70

Appendix3:KeyInformantandFocusGroupCodes...............................................................71

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1.Introduction

TheUnitedNationsadopteditsSecurityCouncilResolution1325(UNSCR1325)onOctober2000andfolloweditupwithsixadditionalresolutionsinsubsequentyearstoacknowledgewomen’srighttoparticipateinallaspectsofconflictpreventionandresolution,peacekeeping,andpeacebuilding,andtobeincludedindecisionmakingbodiesatalllevelsofgovernment.SpecificobjectivesonWomen,PeaceandSecurity(WPS)inthesubsequentresolutionscreatedanormativepolicyframeworkforUNMemberStatestoadoptagenderperspectiveintheirpeaceoperationsandprovideguidancefortranslatinghigh-levelrecommendationsintoconcretepoliciesandactionplans.Genderequalityhasbeenamajorfeatureofpost-2001reconstructionanddevelopmentprogramminginAfghanistan.ThiscommitmentwasfirstmadeintheBonnAgreement(December2001),followedbysimilarcommitmentsintheConstitutionofAfghanistan(2003),AfghanistanCompact(2006),NationalActionPlanforWomeninAfghanistan(NAPWA2008–2018),andAfghanistanNationalDevelopmentStrategy(ANDS2008–2013).AfghanistanissignatorytotheConventionfortheEliminationofallformsofDiscriminationagainstWomen(CEDAW2003)andhasmadespecificcommitmentstomeetMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)includingGoal3,“PromoteGenderEqualityandEmpowerWomen”andSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)includingGoal5,“Achievinggenderequalityandempoweringallwomenandgirls”andGoal16,“Promotingpeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainabledevelopment,providingaccesstojusticeforallandbuildingeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutionsatalllevels”.Eachofthesecommitmentsemphasizesgendermainstreamingasacrosscuttingthemetobeincorporatedintoallgovernmentpoliciesandallmannerofdonoraidprogramming.ThroughitsRecommendationNumber30,issuedinOctober2013,theConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen(CEDAW)furtherrenewedthefocusontheimplementationofUNSCR1325throughadequatelyfundedNationalandRegionalActionPlans.Afghanistan’sNationalActionPlanfortheimplementationofUNSCR1325(NAP1325)wasreleasedinJune2015.Inpractice,AfghanistanhasahigherpercentageofwomeninitsgovernmentthantheUnitedStates,France,Australia,andtheUnitedKingdom.1However,thereductionin2013-2014ofthequotaforfemaleprovincialcouncilmembersinAfghanistanfrom25percentto20demonstratesthetenuousnessofrelativelyhighnumbersoffemalesindifferentstructuresofgovernment.Thedepartureofinternationalsecurityforcesbytheendof2014hasmeantthatmanyofthethousandsofwomenwhoworkedfortheinternationalsecurityforces,auxiliarybusinesses,andnumeroushumanitarianandotherNGOsthatoperatedunderthesafetyumbrellaofinternationalsecurityforceshavelosttheirjobssince2014duetothedrawdownofinternationalforces.ThistrendhasbeencoupledwithsignificantincreasesintheintensityandfrequencyofarmedoppositionactivityasexemplifiedinKunduz,Helmand,andNangarharsincelate2015.Higherratesofunemploymentamongmenhasalsobeenlinkedtoincreasedtensionwithinhouseholdsanddomesticviolenceagainstwomen.2

1See:http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/09/27/1137274/-The-Gender-Gap-Percentage-of-Women-in-Government-Worldwide-We-re-Number-One-Right-Not-So-Much#

2See“MonitoringWomeninSecurityTransition”reportsforCycles3-5(2014-2014),availablefrom:http://appro.org.af/category/publications/andAIHRC(2013),“ViolenceAgainstWomeninAfghanistan:BiannualReport”(Kabul:AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission).

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Thisrapidassessmentwascarriedoutagainstthisbackdroptotakestockofthecurrentconditionsin15provinces(38urbanandruraldistricts)fordevelopingevidence-basedadvocacytoolstobeusedinmeetingUNSCR1325/NAP1325objectivesforAfghanistan.Thereporttakesaccountofthegeneralsecuritysituation,theexistinggenderrelationswithinthetargetcommunities,theexistingcapacityrequirementsforWPSinterventionstotakeplace,andwhetherornotthereisdemandforsuchinterventions.

2.Scope

Thisreportprofileseachofthe15provincesprofiledseparatelybasedonthefourpillarsofUNSCR1325.Thepillarsare:Participation,Prevention,Protection,andReliefandRecovery.TheproxiesusedfortheoperationalizationofindicatorsunderthesefourpillarsaredescribedinAppendix1.Figure1:TargetProvinces

Thetargetprovincesforthisassessmentwere:KabulandParwan(Central),BamyanandDaikundi(CentralHighlands),Helmand,Kandahar,andUruzgan(South),Paktya(SouthEast),NangarharandLaghman(East),KunduzandBadakhshan(NorthEast),BalkhandFaryab(North),andHerat(West).(Figure1).

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3.ApproachandMethodology

AccordingtotheUnitedNations,

The…SecurityCouncilResolution1325(2000) [is]thefirstResolutiontoaddressthe

disproportionateanduniqueimpactofarmedconflictonwomen.TheResolutionstressesthe

importanceofwomen’sequalandfullparticipationasactiveagentsinthepreventionand

resolutionofconflicts,peace-buildingandpeacekeeping.Itcallsonmemberstatestoensure

women’sequalparticipationandfullinvolvementinalleffortsforthemaintenanceand

promotionofpeaceandsecurity,andurgesallactorstoincreasetheparticipationofwomenand

incorporategenderperspectiveinallareasofpeacebuilding.

Asafollowupto1325,theSecurityCounciladoptedResolution1889 whichcallsforfurther

strengtheningofwomen'sparticipationinpeaceprocessesandthedevelopmentofindicatorsto

measureprogressonResolution1325.Recognizingtheimpactthatsexualviolenceinconflicthas

onthemaintenanceofpeaceandsecurity,theSecurityCounciladoptedResolution1820

whichexplicitlylinkssexualviolenceasatacticofwarwithwomenpeaceandsecurityissues.

SecurityCouncilResolution1820reinforcesResolution1325andhighlightsthatsexualviolencein

conflictconstitutesawarcrimeanddemandspartiestoarmedconflicttoimmediatelytake

appropriatemeasurestoprotectciviliansfromsexualviolence,includingtrainingtroopsand

enforcingdisciplinarymeasures.

Resolution1888 ,asafollowuptoResolution1820,mandatesthatpeacekeepingmissions

protectwomenandchildrenfromsexualviolenceduringarmedconflict,andrequeststhatthe

Secretary-Generalappointaspecialrepresentativeonsexualviolenceduringarmedconflict

(OfficeoftheSpecialRepresentativeoftheSecretary-GeneralonSexualViolenceinConflict).

MostrecentlyResolution1960wasadoptedwhichbuildsonanddeepensthewomen,peaceand

securityagendaonsexualviolence.

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The“MonitoringWomen,Peace,andSecurity”(MWPS)projectisdesignedtocontributetoeffortsinmeetingAfghanistan’scommitmentstotheUNSCR1325.Assuch,theprojectaimstoreduceviolenceagainstwomen,fosterwomen'sparticipationinpoliticsandsupporttheirroleinthepeaceprocess,andimprovegenderrelationsinthesecuritysector.Theprojecthasspecificactivityareasfortakingstockofcurrentconditionsinthetargetprovinces,appliedresearchonthematicissues,mobilizationatthecommunitylevel,andadvocacyatthelocal,sub-national,national,andinternationallevels.Thisrapidassessmentreportconstitutesthefirststepinestablishingthecurrentconditionsinthetargetprovinces.ThefindingsareintendedtoinformactivityplanningbyEPDwhiletherecommendationsareintendedtooutlinefutureactivitiesintermsofappliedresearchandadvocacy.Thetoolsusedinthecollectionofprimarydataforthisreportwerekeyinformantinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsinthe15provinces.SeeAppendix2forthelistofkeyinformantsandfocusgroupdiscussions.SeeAppendix3forthecodingofkeyinformantinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussions.3See:http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/issues/women/wps.shtml

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SecondarysourcesofdatawereCentralStatisticsOffice(CSO),UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),andIndependentElectoralCommission(IEC).

4.OrganizationofThisReport

Thenextsectionprovidesanoverviewofthecurrentstandingofwomeninpolitics,education,health,civilservices,prisons,andinternallydisplacedpersons.ThisoverviewisintendedtodrawattentiontoareaswherewomenneedthemostattentionandwhereprogramminginterventionguidedbytheprinciplesofUNSCR1325andAfghanistan’sNationalActionProgramtoimplementUNSCR1325arelikelytomakethemostsignificantcontributions.Section6reportsthefindingsfromtheanalysisoftheinterviewandfocusgroupdiscussiondatafromthe15provinces.TheanalysisinSection6isdividedupbyprovinceandgroupedunderthefourpillarsofUNSCR1325.Section7concludeswithgeneralrecommendations.

5.SectoralOverview

Women'sparticipationinpoliticsremainslimiteddespitethesignificantchanges,includinglegislativereform,since2001toincreaseparticipation.ThecurrentlegislatedquotaforwomeninProvincialCouncilsaselectedbodiesis20percent.Withoutthisquota,women’srepresentationwouldhavebeensignificantlylowerthanthecurrentlevels.Women’sroleinthepeaceprocessisslightlyhigherasapercentage.WiththeexceptionofKabulat30percent,allotherprovinceshavepercentagesofwomenlowerthan20(Figure1).Figure2:WomeninProvincialCouncils(PC)andProvincialPeaceCouncils(PPC)

Source:IEC(2015)forPCdataandinterviewswithPPCmembersfordataonPPCmembershipWomeninbothprovincialcouncilsandprovincialpeacecouncilscomplainthattheirpresenceinbothbodiesismostlysymbolicandthattheirrolesarenottakenseriouslybytheirmalecounterparts.Inaddition,womenrepresentativesoftenhavefewerprivilegesthanmenincludingprovisionsfortheirsecurity.

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Officialdataonwomen'semploymentwithintheAfghanNationalPolice(ANP)isclassified.However,inallprovincesthemaleandfemaleintervieweesfromANPexpressedanurgentneedformorefemalepoliceofficers.ThefactorsthatcontinuetoimpedeemploymentofwomeninANParetraditionalconservatismagainstwomenintheworkforce,workingforentitiesreputedtohavequestionablemoralvalues(i.e.,ANP),highlevelsofinsecuritywhichtendtomakeworkingwomentargetsofassassinations,andpoorinfrastructureandfacilitiesattheworkplacewhichtendtoaffectwomenmuchmorethanmen.Thenumberoffemaleteachershasbeenincreasingsteadilyovertheyears.Alsosignificantisthehighpercentageoffemalestudents(Figure2).Thekeychallengesintheeducationsectoraretheinsufficientnumberoffemaleteachers,highdropoutrateofgirlsathighergrades,andthegenerallypoorqualityofeducationthatfailstoadequatelypreparegirlsandwomenfortheworkforce.Figure3:WomenandEducation

Source:CSOYearbook(2013/2014)Inthehealthsector,quiteapartfromaccesstoserviceissuesforwomen,thereisadrasticshortageoffemaledoctorsandhealthprofessionals(Table1).Table1:TotalNumbersofFemaleDoctorsandHealthAssociates

Province TotalNo.ofDoctors FemaleDoctors TotalNo.ofHealthAssociates

FemaleHealthAssociates

Badakhshan 257 77 721 323Balkh 500 136 639 242Bamyan 91 19 420 162Daikundi 59 1 250 88Faryab 108 21 199 81Helmand 152 9 316 80Herat 507 113 748 302Kabul 3,470 948 4,517 1,602Kandahar 209 25 481 120Kunduz 184 25 424 128Laghman 131 10 227 78Nanagarhar 555 62 942 222Paktia 176 17 325 81Parwan 129 12 213 74Uruzgan 72 6 166 63Source:CSOYearBook(2013/2014)

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BadakhshanhasthehighestnumbersoffemaledoctorsandhealthassociateswhileDaikundihasonlyonefemaledoctor(Figure3).Clearly,thisseverelackoftrainedandavailablehealthprofessionalsplaysamajorroleinthefailure,praticularlyinremoteareas,toprotectvastnumbersofwomenagainstcurablehealthproblems.Figure4:PercentagesofFemaleDoctorsandHealthAssociates

Sources:CSOYearBook(2013/2014)Duetopositivediscriminationandquotas,thepercentageofwomenincivilservicesishighrelativetoneighboringcountriessuchasIranandPakistanandisinfacthigherthanthepercentageofwomenincivilservicesinCanada,Australia,France,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.Althoughmanywomenfacediscriminationandharassmentintheworkplace,theworrybyaallwomen’srightsandhumanrightsactivistsisthetenuousnessofAfghanistan’srelativelyhighnumberofwomenincivilservices(Figure4).TheremovalofthequotaorconcessionstoreducethequotainreturnforpeacewiththearmedoppositiongroupsoraccommodatingtraditionalconservatismislikelytoseverelyunderminethepresenceofwomeninAfghanistancivilservicesandthustheirparticipationingovernmentdecisionmaking.Figure5:PercentageofFemaleCivilServants

Source:CSOYearbook(2013/2014)

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Women'spresenceincivilservicesisthelowestinPaktia,UruzganandLaghman.ThesecondlowestnumbersareinKandahar,HelmandandBamyan.Thelownumbersaremainlyattributedtotraditionalformsofconservatismandheightenedinsecurity.Humanrightsdefendersandprotectorsofhumanrightsoftenpointtothenumberofwomeninincarcerationandhowtheyaretreatedaspartialindicatorsofwomen’swellbeinginsociety.TheofficialstatisticsforAfghanistanshowrelativelylownumbersoffemaleinmatesinthe15provinces.However,DaikundiandBalkhstandoutashavingunusuallyhighpercentagesforfemaleinmates(Figure5).InUruzgantherearenofacilitiesforholdingfemaleinmates.ConvictedfemalesaresenttoKandahartoservetheirsentences.Figure6:FemaleInmates

Source:CSOYearbook(2013/2014)SomeprotectionworkcenteredonfemaleinmateshasbeenundertakenbyAfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommissionandinternationalcivilsocietyorganizationssuchasInternationalRedCrossCommittee.Afterreleasefromprisonwomenfacenumerouschallengesinreintegrationintotheircommunitiesduelargelytothestigmaofhavingbeenincarcerated.Thisstigmaalsomakesthewomenmorepronetoviolence.Intermsofprotection,muchneedstobedoneabouttheconditionsoffemaleinmates,manyofwhomliveinprisonswiththeirchildren,aresubjectedtosexualharassmentandabuse,andfearthefailureofreintegrationafterrelease.Moreattentionneedstobepaidtheprotection,education,andreintegrationoffemaleinmates.OngoingconflictandeconomichardshiphaveplayedamajorroleinthedisplacementoflargeswathesoftheAfghanpopulation.Fortyeightpercentofalldisplacedpersonsarefemalerangingfrominfants(around10percent)topersonsagedbetween18and59yearsofage(around20percent).(Table2).Table2:AgeandGenderBreakdownofIDPs–June2015Agegroups PercentageofMales PercentageofFemales0-4Years 10% 9%5-11Years 11% 9%12-17Years 9% 9%18-59Years 20% 18%60+Years 3% 3%Total 52% 48%Source:UNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata

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Basedontheavailabledataitcanbeconcludedthattherearearoundonemilliondisplacedindividualsinallagecategorieswithwomenmakinguparound50percentofthedisplacedand,assuch,needparticularattentioninUNSCR1325-basedinterventionprogramming.TheavailabledataalsoshowsthattherewasarapidriseinthenumberofIDPsinthecentralregions(Ghazni,Kabul,Kapisa,LogarandWardak)in2012andespecially2014.Alsoin2014therewasalsoamajorriseinnumberofIDPsintheSouthernRegion(Helmand,KandaharandUruzgan).ThereisasharpincreaseinthenumbersofIDPsinKabulandNangarharin2014andKunduzin2015.TheriseinKunduzisattributedtotheongoingassaultbyAOGssinceearly2015,especiallyinKhanabadandAliabaddistricts.ThesharpincreaseinNangarharcanalsobeattributedtotheincreaseinAOGactivityinsomedistricts(Figure6).Figure7:Conflict-inducedDisplacementbyProvinceandYear

Source:UNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015)TheprotectionofIDPsfallsunderthemandateoftheMinistryofRefugeesandRepatriation(MoRR).ThedatafromthefieldsuggeststhatinsufficientassistanceisprovidedbyMoRRtoprotecttheIDPswiththemostvulnerablebeingneglectedthemost.UNHCRistheagencyreferredtoastheentitythatprovidesthemostassistance.Intermsofprotectionandpreventionprogrammingmuchmoreneedstobedoneintemporaryshelterstoaddressbasicfoodandshelterneedswhileeffortstoprovideeducationforchildrenandadults,vocationaltrainingforwomen,andhealthservicesforwomenneedtobeintensified.

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6.AnalysisofInterviewandFocusGroupDiscussionData

Thissectionhighlightsthefindingsfromtheinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsheldinthe15provincestoprovidespecificdetailsonthemosturgentneedsofwomen.ThefindingsaregroupedunderthefourmainpillarsofUNSCR1325:Participation,Prevention,Protection,andReliefandRecovery.

BadakhshanProvince,FaizabadcityandArgoandYaftalDistricts

DateofVisit:August14,2015

Table3:DemographicProfileofBadakhshanProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 80% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 92% 8%PercentageofPrisoners 96% 4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50%Percentageofteachers 69% 31%PercentageofStudents 54% 46%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 27

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)DataonPCandPPCmembershiparederivedthroughinterviews.

ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsinBadakhshanisrelativelylimited.Twooutof26ProvincialPeaceCouncilarewomenandwhilewomen’srepresentationintheProvincialCouncildoesnotexceedtheminimumrequirementof20percent(threeoutof15).4Themainimpedingfactorsforwomen’sparticipationinBadakhshanaresaidtobesocietalconservatism,lackofawarenessandagenerallylowstandardofliving.5Thesocietyclearlyconsistsofagroupthatsupportswomen’sparticipationandonethatdoesnot:

Theattitudeofourcolleaguesandmeninthesocietyingeneraldiffer.Asmallergroupthatiseducatedandaware,supportwomen’sparticipation,whilealarger,moreconservativegroup,donotappreciateandwantwomentoparticipate.Theirnaturalreactioniswhatdowomenhavetodowithpeaceandpolitics.6

With29percentofgovernmentemployeesinBadakhshanbeingfemale,intervieweesbelievethatmajorimprovementscanbemadeifthelevelofawarenessandwomen’scapacitytoworkareincreased.7

4DataonPPCmembershipareretrievedthroughaninterviewwithPPCmember.SeeIEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)fordataonPCmembership

5KI-F-CSO-3-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants6KI-F-PW-ARG-Bad,similarviewsconfirmedbytwootherkeyinformants7KI-F-PW-Yaf-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants

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Thoughimpedingideologiesandconservatisminthesocietystillpersist,awarenessraisinginitiativeshavehelpedreducetheextentofdiscriminationintheworkplace.8ThereisaneedformorefemalepoliceofficersinBadakhshan,especiallyindistrictsandthesinglemainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationissaidtobesocietalconservatism:

TherearenofemalepoliceofficersinYaftaldistrict,soIcannotsaywhethertheyfacegender-basedchallenges.Buttherearefemalepoliceofficersinthecenteroftheprovince(…)ThesocietyisdividedaboutwomenworkingforANP.Someareeducatedandunderstandthatitisimportant(…)othershaveanegativeviewofwomenworkingforANP…9

ThelocalFRUstatedthatthereisnoinappropriatebehaviorofmalecolleaguestowardsfemalepoliceofficersandthelevelofawarenessinthesocietyisincreasingasfemalepoliceofficersarenotinsultedduringtheirwork.10

PreventionWomeninBadakhshanaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostofwhicharecausedbyinsecurityandlackofaccesstolegalandjudicialinstitutions.11Themostcommontypesofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoarephysicalabuse,followedbyforcedandunderagemarriagesthatleadtoescapingfromhome,denyingalimonyandrape.12Societalconservatismisthemainimpedingfactorforlackofwomen’saccesstojustice.Familiesdonottoleratetheirwomenseekingjusticeoutsidetheirhomes.13DuetolackoffemaleANPpersonnelandtheshortcomingsoftheformaljudiciary,formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeenfruitful.14Corruptionwithinthejudiciarypreventsjusticefrombeingservedandviolatorsofwomen’srightsarerarelypunished.15Informaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofawarenessraisingandmediation.TheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsstatedtohaveprogramswheremosquesandreligiouseldersareencouragedtoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsintheirsermons.16NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.ThoughthereisawarenessabouttheEVAWlawanditsimplementationincentralareasoftheprovince,mostintervieweesstatedthatduetotheshortcomingsoftheformaljudiciary,EVAWlawisnotbeingimplementedaccordingly.17

8KI-F-CSO-3-Bad,confirmedbytwokeyinformants9KI-M-FRU-Yaf-Bad10KI-F-F-FRU-Bad11KI-F-CSO-3-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants12KI-F-CSO-1-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants13KI-F-CSO-1-Bad,confirmedbytwokeyinformants14KI-F-CSO-1-Bad,confirmedbytwokeyinformants15KI-F-FRU-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants16KI-F-DoWA-Bad,issuesofawarenessraisingalsoaddressedbyfiveotherkeyinformants,includingANP,FRUandCSOs

17KI-M-CSO-2-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants

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ProtectionThelevelofawarenessinurbanandcentralareasofBadakhshanisrelativelyhigh,whichallowswomensomeaccesstotheformaljusticesystem.18However,eveninthoseareas,therearecomplaintsofcorruptionwithinthejudiciary,whichpreventsjusticefrombeingserved.19Thesocietyinruralareasismoreconservative,whichdeterswomenfromseekinghelpfromtheformaljudiciary:

…BecausethesocietyinArgoisconservative,mostofoureffortsaredirectedtosolvingcasesthroughinformalmethods(…)forexample,wedirectcasestocommunityeldersandaskthemtosolveit.Butsometimeswedosolvecasesthroughformalmethodsbysendingittotheattorney’soffice.20

Becauseofthestigmathatgoeswithseekingjusticeoutsidethecommunity,womenindistrictsaresaidtopreferinformaljustice.21However,despitethecommonuseofinformaljustice,theelderspresidingoverinformalcourtsaresaidtolackawarenessanddonotrespecthumanrightsintheirdecision-making.22WomenwhoselivesareindangercanseekshelterinasafehouseinBadakhshan,whichissaidtobeaccessibletoanywomeninneed.23

ReliefandrecoveryTheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsinBadakhshanstatedtohaveapolicywherespecialprovisionsareassignedtowidowsanddisabledwomenandtheirchildren,butduetolackofresources,thepolicyisnotbeingimplemented.24ThoughnofinancialdonationandservicestoIDPsarementioned,oneCSOdidstatetoprovidetrainingsandworkshopsaboutgender-basedviolencetointernallydisplacedwomen,whichisfinancedbyUNHCR.25Femaleinmates’situationinprisonsissaidtohaveimprovedsignificantlyoverthelastyears:

Wemonitorwomen’sprisonsonamonthlybasis.Weseewhethertheirlivingconditionsareappropriate,whethertheyhaveaccesstoalawyers,whethertheyreceiveanytrainingsandwhetherthelawisbeingabided(…)Abouttwoorthreeyearsago,thesituationoftheprisonswasverysevere.Inmatesdidnothaveaproperlivingspaceandtherewasnoattentionpaidbytheguards(…)butnowthesituationwithregardstonutrition,hygieneandaccommodationshaveimprovedsignificantly.26

18KI-M-CSO-3-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants19KI-F-FRU-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants20KI-M-ANP-Arg-Bad,viewsonimplementationofinformaljusticeindistrictsisconfirmedbyfourkeyinformants21KI-F-DoWA-Bad22KI-M-CSO-3-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants23KI-F-FRU-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants24KI-F-MoL-Bad,25KI-F-CSO-1-Bad26KI-F-CSO-3-Bad

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Despitetherecentimprovements,women’sprisonsarestillsaidtolackspaceandinmatesdonotreceivepropervocationalandliteracytrainings.27Womenwholeaveprisonsareeithersentbackhome,oriftheirfamiliesdonotacceptthem,toasafehousethatislocatedintheprovince.28WomeninBadakhshandohaveaccesstoasafehouseandnocomplaintshavebeenmadeaboutthesituationofwomenwhoresidethere.ThesafetyofthosewholeavethesafehousesismonitoredbytheAIHRCforayearaftertheirdeparture.29Similarly,thelocalFRUandDoWAmakesurethatthefamilyguaranteesofnoharmbeingdonetothewomanwholeavesthesafehouseandgoesbackhome.30

27KI-F-CSO-1-Bad28KI-F-DoWA-Bad,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants29KI-F-CSO-3-Bad30KI-F-FRU-Bad,confirmedbythreekeyinformants

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BalkhProvince,MazarCityandDawlatabadandKhulmDistricts


Table4:DemographicProfileofBalkhProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 79% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 90% 10%PercentageofPrisoners 92,6% 7,4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 49% 51%Percentageofteachers 46% 54%PercentageofStudents 54% 46%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 122

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014).NumberofwomeninANPisprovidedduringinterviewswithANPandFRUpersonnel.

ParticipationThereisaconsensusamongtheintervieweesthatwomenarecapableofparticipatingandcontributingtopoliticaldecision-makingandtheformalpeaceprocess.31Despitetheoptimism,women’sparticipationremainslimitedthroughouttheprovince,especiallyindistricts.Threeoutof30membersofthePPCandthreeoutof19membersofthePCinBalkharewomen.32Differentreasonshavebeengivenascausesforlackofwomen’spresenceandparticipationatdifferentlevelsofdecision-making:

Womendoparticipateandhaveparticipated,buttheirpresenceandlevelofparticipationhasbeenuniformandlackeddiversity.Alsonoeffortshavebeenmadetoenhancewomen’sparticipation.Thereisdiscrimination,religiousandsocietalconservatism,patriarchy,etc.,whichstillpersistinMazar-e-Sharif…33

Otherreasonsmentionedarelackofawarenessamongwomenandlackofeducationandhighilliteracyratesespeciallyamongwomenlivingindistrictsandruralareas.34Society’ssupporttowomen’sparticipation,beitinlabormarket,isconditionalandthemalefamilymembershavefinalwordonwhetherornotawomanisallowedtowork.35With43percentofallgovernmentemployeesinBalkhbeingfemale,women’sparticipationincivilserviceintheprovinceisoneofthehighestinthecountry.36However,therearecomplaintsofmen

31KI-M-CSO-1-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants32IEC(2914)andPajhwak(2014)33KI-M-CSO-1-Bal34KI-F-CSO-3-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants35KI-F-PW-Daw-Bal36CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)

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generallyassumingthatwomenlackthecapacityandtheknowledgetofulfilltheirduties.37Despitethediscrimination,therearenocomplaintsofinappropriatebehaviororgender-basedviolenceagainstwomenwithinthecivilservice.ThereisinsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnel.Thesociety’sviewofwomenworkingforANPisgenerallynegative:

Womenwhoworkforthepolicefaceallkindsofchallenges,butbecauseofeconomichardshipandfearoflosingtheirjob,theydonotinformusaboutit.Themainproblemisthatsomeofthesewomenareeitherilliteratesofwidowedandbecausetheycannotfindanyotherjobs,theygoandjointhepolice.Atworkplace,theyaredenigratedandtheirilliteracyisrubbedintheirfaces.Womencouldevenbesubjectedtoverbalabuseandharassment.38

Anotherintervieweeaddedthoughthesocietyischanging,thereisalackoftoleranceforwomenjoiningthepolice.39However,noneofthepoliceofficersinterviewedinBalkhcomplainedaboutdiscriminationorbadattitudeofmalecolleaguestowardwomenwithinthepoliceforce.40

PreventionViolenceagainstwomeniscommoninBalkhandthetypesofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtodiffer:

Unfortunately,violenceandphysicalabuseofwomenhasturnedintoaculture.Violencesuchascuttingoffthenoise,hanging,andmurderarecommonindistricts.Baddadanisacommonpractice,whichmakesusquestionallourvalues.Inadditiontothat,thereareforcedandunderagemarriages.41

Anothertypeofviolencementionedisescapingfromhomeandalmostallviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoisofdomesticnature.42Informalmethodstopreventviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofadvocacyandengagementofthecommunitymembers.TheANPinKhulmdistrictstatedtoinitiallyseekthehelpofcommunityeldersandmediateinsteadoftakingthecasestoformalcourts.43Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeenuptothestandards.ThoughthereisEVAWlawandthoseinchargeofitsimplementationhavethetoolstodoso,therearecomplaintsofincompetencewithinanddiscriminationbytheformaljudiciary.44

37KI-M-CSO-1-Bal38KI-F-CSO-3-Bal39KI-F-PW-Daw-Bal40KI-M-ANP-Khu-Bal41KI-M-CSO-1-Bal42KI-M-ANP-Khu-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants43KI-M-ANP-Khu-Bal,awarenessraisinghasbeenmentionedbytwootherkeyinformants44KI-M-CSO-1-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants

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NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.TheEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen(EVAW)law,however,doesseemtobemoreinstitutionalized.However,thejudiciary’sweaknessimpedestheoptimalimplementationofEVAWlaw.45

ProtectionSocietalconservatism,lackofsecurity,corruptionandlackofcompetencewithintheformaljudiciaryanddiscriminationandunfairtreatmentofwomenbyjudicialinstitutionsimpedewomen’saccesstojusticeinBalkhsignificantly.46TheANPinKhulmdistrictstatedthat,inordertoavoidexpensesandunrestwithinthecommunity,theyuseinformaljudiciaryastheirinitialpointofcontactinminorcaseswherewomen’srightsareviolated.47Therefore,theuseofinformalcourts,presidedbycommunityandreligiouselders,hasbeenacommonpracticeinBalkh.Mostofthedecisionsmadebytheinformalcourtsareagainstwomenandsometimes,suchasincasesofbaddadan,evenagainstthelaw.48Manyintervieweesstatedthatthosewhopresideovertheinformalcourtsneedmoreawarenessonissuesconcerningwomen’srights.49Womenhaveaccesstosafehouses.However,theconservativenatureofthesocietydetersthemfromseekinghelporapplyingforsafehouses.50Accordingtomostoftheinterviewees,womencanbebetterprotectedifmoreisdoneonawarenessraisingwithinthecommunities,especiallythecommunityandreligiousleaderswhopresideoverinformalcourts.51

ReliefandrecoveryThegovernmenthasnospecialprovisionsforwidows,unlessthelatepartnerhadtherighttoapension,whichistransferredtothenextofkin.Similarly,provisionstohandicappedarelimitedtovictimsofconflictwhohavebeeninthemilitary.TheintervieweesstatedthattheIDPsintheprovinceprimarilydependonaidfromNGOs,whointurnrelyondonationsfromthepublic.52Thoughwomendohaveaccesstosafehouses,theconservativesocietyofBalkhisruthlesstowardswomenwhoendupinprisonsandsafehouses.53Theconditionsinsidethesafehousesaredescribedasgood,theprisonsontheotherhandlackthebasicrequirementsforwomen:

Themainprobleminp[risonsisthatthosewhocommitseriouscrimesarelockedupinthesamecellsasthosewhoarethereforminorcrimes.Becauseofthis,thereismuchtensionandabuse

45KI-M-CSO-1-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants46KI-F-PW-Daw-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants47KI-M-ANP-Khu-Bal48KI-F-CSO-3-Bal49KI-M-CSO-1-Bal50KI-M-CSO-1-Bal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants51KI-F-CSO-3-Bal,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants52KI-M-CSO-1-Bal53KI-F-PW-Daw-Bal

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withintheprisons(...)Also,youngchildrenwhoresideinprisonswiththeirmothersdonotgetthebasicneeds,suchasclothingandproperfood.54

Thewomenwhoreturntotheircommunitiesfromprisonsorsafehousesarestigmatizedandaresubjectedtofurtherviolence,aggression,andsometimesmurder.55

54KI-F-CSO-3-Bal,similarviewshavebeenconfirmedbytwootherkeyinformants55KI-M-ANP-Khu-Bal,confirmedbyonekeyinformants

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BamyanProvince,BamyanCityandYakawlangDistrict


Table5:DemographicProfileofBamyanProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 78% 22%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 85% 15%PercentageofPrisoners 95,9% 4,1%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50%Percentageofteachers 77% 23%PercentageofStudents 55% 45%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 52-54

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)DataonANP,PCandPPCmembershiparederivedthroughinterviews.

ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinformalpeaceprocessaswellaspoliticsinBamyanprovinceisdescribedassymbolicandpredominantlylimitedtocentralareas.56Twooutof27ProvincialPeaceCouncilmembersarewomen.57WomenwhoareactiveinthePPCcomplainofnotbeingtakenseriouslyandlistenedtobytheirmalecounterparts.58Apartfromdiscriminationontheworkfloor,lackoffacilitiesandincentives,suchaspromotions,aresaidtobethemainimpedingfactorsforwomen’sparticipation.59Despitethelimitations,women’sparticipationinpoliticsissaidtohaveimprovedinurbanareas,astheheadoftheProvincialCouncilinBamyanisawoman.60ThereisaneedformorewomenwithinthesecurityforcesinBamyan.61Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinANParesaidtobelackofawarenessinthesociety,lackoffacilitiesanddiscrimination.Womendonotgetpromotedandwhentheydo,theirmalecolleaguesdonotacknowledgetheirpromotion:

…AwomanoncetoldmeIwaspromotedinranktogetherwithamalecolleague.Despitebeingtheheadoftheunit,thosewhoarebelowmedonotsalutemeanddosalutemymalecolleagueswithasimilarrank…62

TheentiredistrictofYakawlangissaidtohaveonefemalepoliceofficerwhoisinchargeoffriskingwomen.63TheprovincialFRU,togetherwithAIHRChavestartedanadvocacycampaigninschoolswhere

56KI-M-MoL-Bam,confirmedbythreekeyinformants57IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014),dataonPPCmembershipareretrievedbasedoninterviewswithPPCmembers58KI-F-AIHRC-Bam59KI-F-PC-Bam,confirmedbythreekeyinformants60KI-F-DoWA-Bam61KI-F-FRU-Bam,confirmedbythreekeyinformants62KI-F-AIHRC-Bam,similarviewsconfirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants63KI-M-ANP-Yak-Bam

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childrenareinformedabouttheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinANP.64Itisnotmentionedwhetherthecampaignhasbeeneffectivesofar.DatafromCSOshowthat17percentofallcivilservantsarewomen,whichiscomparabletomoreconservativeandunsafeprovincesofHelmandandKandahar.65Lackofwomen-centeredfacilitiesattheworkplaceissaidtobethemainimpedingfactorforwomenparticipatinginlabormarketandjoiningthecivilservice.66

PreventionWomeninBamyanaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostofwhichisofdomesticnature.67Themostcommontypesofviolencethatwomenfacearephysicalabuse,forcedandunderagemarriage,denyingeducationandsuicide.68ThemainreasonforviolenceagainstwomeninBamyanissaidtobelackofawareness.69LackofresourcesaswellasfemaleemployeeswithintheANPandtheformaljudiciarypreventsEVAWlaw,whichisthemaindeterrentforviolatorsofwomen’srights,tobeimplementedproperly.70LackoffemalelawyersalsoimpedeseffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomeninBamyan.71InformalmethodstoeliminateviolenceagainstwomenconsistofanintegralefforttoraiseawarenessthroughseminarsandworkshopsorganizedbytheDoWAforcommunityandreligiousleaders:

Shohada,ActionAid,UNHCRandAghaKhanFoundationprovidefinancialassistancetoussothatwecancontinueourawarenessraisingseminarswithcommunityandreligiousleaders.Similarly,DepartmentofHajandReligiousAffairs,theDepartmentofJusticeandlocalandDistrictCouncilscooperatewithustomakeourseminarspossible.72

NoneoftheintervieweesstatedtoworkdirectlywithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.ThoughthereisawarenessabouttheEVAWlaw,itisnotimplementedaccordingly.73

ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljusticesystemshowssignificantshortcomingswhenitcomestoprotectingwomenandpunishingviolatorsofwomen’srights:

Violatorsofwomen’srightsarenotpunishedproperly.Menareusuallyforgiven.Amajorityoftheemployeesoflegalandjudicialorgansaremen,wholackprofessionalknowledgeandarestilluniversitystudents…74

64KI-F-FRU-Bam,confirmedbytwokeyinformants65CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)66KI-F-PC-Bam,confirmedbytwokeyinformants67KI-F-CSO-2-Bam,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants68KI-F-AIHRC-Bam,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants69KI-F-DoWA-Bam,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants70KI-F-CSO-3-Bam,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants71KI-F-AIHRC-Bam,confirmedbytwokeyinformants72KI-F-AIHRC-Bam,similarviewsconfirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants73KI-F-CSO-3-Bam,similarviewsconfirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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Formaljudicialorgansaresaidtobecorrupt,systematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomenandthedecisionsthatconcernwomentakelongtimetobemade,whichleadstowomenresortingtoinformaljustice.75Therearenocomplaintsaboutthequalityofdecisionsmadebycommunitycourtsintheprovince.WomenwhoselivesareindangerdohaveaccesstoasafehouseinBamyan,wheretheconditionsaresaidtobegoodandwomengettolearnsomebasicvocationalskills.76

ReliefandrecoveryTheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsinBamyanstatedtohavenospecialprovisionsforwidowsintheprovince.However,therearesometemporaryprogramsthatforwidowsandorphansthatarefundedbyIslamicReliefandUNHCR.77Thegovernmenthasalsostatednottoprovideanyprovisionstowomenwhoaredisabledandinternallydisplaced.78NorarethereanymentionofotherdonorsandinternationalNGOsprovidingsupport.AccordingtodatafromCSO,therearesevenfemaleinmatesinBamyan.79Allwardersandcorrectionalofficersinthefemaleprisonaresaidtobewomenandthegeneralconditionswithregardstonutrition,heatingandclothingofinmatesaresaidtobegood.80Thoughinmatesdoreceivebasicvocationaltrainingsinsidetheprison,therearenootherreintegrationmechanismsthatcanhelpwomenwhoarereleasedfromprisons.81WomenwhoselivesareindangerdohaveaccesstosafehousesinBamyan.However,somepartsofthesocietyissaidtolackawarenessandgenerallyviewthesafehouseasaplacewherewomenaresubjectedtorapeandsexualabuse.82Despitethemisconceptions,thesituationinthesafehousesisdescribedasgoodandwomenwhoresidetherereceivesomevocationaltrainingstohelpthemreintegrateinthesociety.83AccordingtoAIHRCinBamyan,womenwhoresideinsafehousesareactivelyrecruitedbyANPtobecometheirfemaleemployeesafterleavingthesafehouse.84ThiswouldmakeBamyanthefirstprovincetodoso.

74KI-F-CSO-3-Bam,similarviwsconfirmedbyfourkeyinformants75KI-F-DoWA-Bam,confirmedbythreekeyinformants76KI-M-MoL-Bam,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants77KI-M-MoL-Bam,confirmedbyonekeyinformant78KI-F-CSO-3-Bam,confirmedbytwokeyinformants79CentralStatisticalOrganization(2013-214):“NumberofPrisonsandPrisonersbyProvince”Table4-43,Pp.97-9880KI-F-CSO-2-Bam,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants81KI-F-DoWA-Bam,confirmedbytwokeyinformants82KI-F-CSO-1-Bam,confirmedbyonekeyinformants83KI-F-AIHRC-Bam,confirmedbythreekeyinformants84KI-F-AIHRC-2-Bam

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DaikundiProvince,NiliandShahristanDistricts


Table6:DemographicProfileofDaikundiProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 67% 33%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 89% 11%PercentageofPrisoners 89% 11%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 60% 40%Percentageofteachers 63% 37%PercentageofStudents 55% 45%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 30

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinformalpeaceprocessinDaikundiisdescribedaslimitedandsymbolic.85Twooutof18ProvincialPeaceCouncilmembersarewomen,whoaresaidtoberarelypresentinmeetingandgatherings.86Contrarytoparticipationinpeace,women’sparticipationinpoliticsintheprovinceisamongthehighestinthecountry.DaikundiistheonlymonitoredprovincewherefemalemembershipintheProvincialCouncilexceedsthe20%quota.87Withthegovernoroftheprovince,theheadoftheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsandtheheadofprovincialTVandRadiostationbeingallwomen,womenareactivelyinvolvedindecision-makingataleadershiplevelintheprovince.88Thesituationofwomenworkingforthepoliceissaidtohaveimprovedsignificantlyoverthelastyears:

…Inthepastwomenwhowerehiredtoworkforthepolicewereusedacooksorlaundrers,butnowtheyaretheydotheworkthattheyarehiredforandthereisevenanewfemalegenderofficerwithintheSecurityCommandCenter…89

Apartfromhavingagenderofficer,theheadofFRUandtheheadofcounterterrorismunitwithintheANParealsowomen.90AccordingtotheFRUintheprovince,therewasmuchdiscriminationandinappropriatebehavioragainstwomeninthepast,butithasimprovedoverthelastfiveyearsandwomenwithintheANPdonotfaceanykindofdiscriminationorilltreatmentbymalecolleaguesanymore.9185KI-M-CSO-3-Dai,confirmedbythreekeyinformants86KI-M-CSO-3-Dai,confirmedbythreekeyinformants87IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)88KI-M-MoL-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants89KI-M-AIHRC-Dai90KI-M-CSO-3-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants91KI-F-FRU-Dai

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Lackofwomen-centeredfacilitiesattheworkplaceissaidtobethemainimpedingfactorforwomenparticipatinginlabormarketandjoiningthecivilservice:

Womenenjoyalltherightsthatthelawgivestocivilservants.Wedonothaveanycomplaintsinthisregardsofar.Themajorproblemthatwomenfacewhileworkingisthattherearenofacilitiessuchaschildcarecentersthataccommodatestheirjobs(…)lackofthesefacilitiesisamajorimpedingfactorforwomenworkingforthegovernment.92

DatafromCSOshowthat29percentofallcivilservantsarewomen.93Therearenocomplaintsofbadattitudeofmentowardstheirfemalecolleaguesattheworkplace.

PreventionWomeninDaikundiaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingescapingfromhome,physicalabuse,forcedandunderagemarriagesandsuicide.94Almostallviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoisofdomesticnature,whichissaidcausedbylackofawarenessandlackofsecurity.95FormaleffortsconsistofDistrictsDevelopmentAssembly,incoordinationwiththeheadofANPandrepresentativesfromCommunityDevelopmentCouncilsmonitoringtheextentandtypesofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoandtakingaction:

…Wehaveparticipatedinmeetingswiththeheadofdistrictanddistrictattorneyanddirectedthemtobringviolatorsofwomen’srightstojustice.Theyhaveagreedsofarandthegeneralattitudehasimprovedovertime.96

TheANPandFRUhavestatedtotakeissuesconcerningwomen’srightsseriouslyandmakesurethatjusticeisbeingserved.97Thedepartmentofwomen’saffairsstatedtohaveamonitoringcommitteeforeliminationofviolenceagainstwomen,whichkeepstheDepartmentawareofthedevelopmentsintheprovince.98Informaleffortstoeliminateviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofawarenessraisingthroughgatherings,meetingsandworkshopsorganizedbytheDoWAandAIHRC.99NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.ThoughthereisawarenessabouttheEVAWlawanditsimplementationincentralareasoftheprovince,theAIHRCstatedthatmuchworkneedstobedonetoenhanceawarenessontheimplementationoftheEVAWlawindistricts.100

92KI-M-MoL-Dai93CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)94KI-F-FRU-Dai,confirmedbythreekeyinformants95KI-F-PC-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants96KI-F-DDA-Sha-Dai97KI-M-ANP-Sha-Dai,confirmedbyonekeyinformant98KI-F-DoWA-Dai99KI-M-AIHRC-Dai100KI-M-AIHRC-Dai

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ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljusticesystemshowssignificantshortcomingswhenitcomestoprotectingwomen.Formaljudicialorgansaresaidtobecorrupt,lackfemaleemployeesandsystematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomen.101Thedecisionsthatconcernwomentakelongtimetobemade,whichdeterswomentoseekhelpfromtheformaljudiciary.102Mostdecisionsaremadebycommunityeldersthroughinformaljustice,whicharesaidtobepresidedbyindividualswhoaregenerallyawareandtakefairdecisions.103ThoughthereisasafehouseinDaikundiforwomenwhoselivesareindanger,thesafehousesaresaidtolackbasicrequiredfacilitiessuchastrainingsandothereducationalprograms.104

ReliefandrecoveryProvisionsforwidowsinDaikundiareconditional:

TheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsdoesprovideprovisionstowidowswhohavelosttheirhusbandsasaresultofwar.Butwomenwhosepartnershavediedofnaturalcausesdonotreceiveanyspecialprovisions.Thesewomendogetsomeoccasionalhelp,buttherearenostructuralprovisions.105

Noneoftheintervieweesmentionedanyspecialprovisionsfordisabledwomen.UNHCRissaidtobetheonlyorganizationthatprovidesassistancetointernallydisplacedwomen,thoughtheydosoincooperationwiththeMinistryofRefugeesandRepatriation.106DisplacedwomencouldregisterthemselveswiththeDoWA,however,therearenospecialprovisionsattributedtotheregistration.107Thoughthebehaviorofthepersonnelisdescribedasgood,femaleprisonsinDaikundiisinneedofmuchimprovement.108Women’sprisonsaresaidtobeovercrowded,withfivetosixwomenandtheirchildreninoneroom,littlesunlightandnoeducationalandtrainingsfacilities.109Similarly,throughwomendohaveaccesstosafehouses,thequalityofservicesprovidedandtheavailablefacilitiesdonotmeettheneedofwomenwhoresidethere.110TheANP,FRU,DoWAandotherinvolvedpartiestrytomakesurethatwomenarenotsubjectedtoviolenceuponthedeparturefromthesafehouses:

TheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs,incoordinationwithotherlegalorganizations,theprovincialofficeandourofficeorganizesameeting.Inthismeeting,theyinvitetherelativesofthewomanin

101KI-F-CSO-2-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants102KI-M-ANP-Sha-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants103KI-F-FRU-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants104KI-F-CSO-2-Dai105KI-M-MoL-Dai106KI-M-AIHRC-Dai107KI-F-DoWA-Dai108KI-F-FRU-Dai,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants109KI-M-CSO-1-Dai,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants110KI-M-CSO-1-Dai,confirmedbytwokeyinformants

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questiontomakesurethatthewomanwholeavesthesafehouseisnotsubjectedtoviolenceupondeparture.Wemakethefamilyguaranteeusthesafetyandsecurityofthegirl.111

Thereisnomentionofwomenbeingmurderedorsubjectedtoextremeviolenceupondeparturefromthesafehouses,noristhesocietyconsideredextremelyintolerantofwomenwhoseektheirrefugeinasafehouse.

111KI-F-FRU-Dai

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FaryabProvince,MaimanahCityandPashtunKotDistrict


Table7:DemographicProfileofFaryabProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 50% 50%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 67% 33%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 91% 9%PercentageofPrisoners 98% 2%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 51% 49%Percentageofteachers 63% 37%PercentageofStudents 71% 29%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 40

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014).DataonPCandPPCmembershiparederivedthroughinterviews.

ParticipationMostintervieweesacknowledgedandemphasizedtheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpolitics.112However,women’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsinFaryabremainslimited.WomenholdninepercentmembershipintheProvincialPeaceCounciland,with20percent,justmeettheminimumrequiredpercentageintheProvincialCouncil.113Themainreasonsforwomen’slackofparticipationinpeacearesaidtobelackofresources,suchasfundsandtransportationtoremotedistrictsaswellastheAOG’sunwillingnesstotalktowomen.114

WomenwhoworkinpeacealsofacethreatstotheirlivesbytheAOG.115Women’sparticipationinpoliticsisimpededbysimilarfactorsaswellassocietalconservatism,mostfamiliesdonotallowtheirwomentoparticipateingathering,decision-makingandcampaigning.116TherewerenocomplaintsabouttheattitudeofmalecolleaguesandthefemalePCandPPCmembersinFaryabdescribedtheirmalecolleaguesasfriendly.117ThenumberofwomenworkingfortheANPinFaryabisestimatedat30andthemainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationissaidtobethedangerstheyfacewhentheychoosetoworkfortheANP:

…TalibanthreatenwomenwhoworkwiththeANP.Ifafatherallowshisdaughterorsistertoworkforthepolice,hisfamilymembersthatliveindistrictsgetthreatened,killedorkidnapped.ThemaindifficultyoffemalepoliceofficersisthreatsfromtheirsurroundingandtheAOG…118

112KI-F-PC-Far,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants113IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)114KI-F-DoWA-Far,confirmedbytwokeyinformants115KI-F-DoWA-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformants116KI-M-CSO-3-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant117KI-F-PC-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant

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TheANPinPashtunKotdistrictstatedthatthelackoffemaleANPpersonnelisoneofthemajorobstructionstopreventionofviolenceagainstwomen.119DatafromCSOshowthat26percentofallcivilservantsarewomen.120Societalconservatismandlackofawarenessaresaidtoprimarilyimpedewomenfromparticipatinginthelabormarket.121Therearenocomplaintsofbadattitudeofmentowardstheirfemalecolleaguesattheworkplace.

PreventionWomeninFaryabaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolencesomeofwhichareofdomesticnature.ThemostcommontypesofviolenceagainstwomeninFaryabarephysicalabuseofbeating,suicide,forcedandunderagemarriages,exchangeofgirlsandwomenandsomeintervieweesalsomentionedcasesofrape.122AccordingtoDoWAintheprovinces,thisyearalone,15casesofbad,whichisthepracticeofgivinggirlsasretribution,havebeenreportedtohavehappenedinKohestanandBilchiraghdistricts.123Themaincausesofviolencearesaidtobepoverty,unemployment,lackofawarenessandliteracyindistrictsmoresoinFaryabthanotherdistricts,drugaddiction.124ThemainformalinstrumentincombattingviolenceagainstwomeninFaryabistheapplicationofEVAWlaw.However,nepotismandcorruptionimpedetheimplementationofthelawandpunishmentofthosewhoviolatewomen’srights:

…Wearrestviolatorsofwomen’srights,butwegetphonecallsfromMPsorheadsofdepartmentsforcingustoreleasethedetainee.Thereforeourdesireisfornepotismandcorruptiontobeeliminatedandthesalariesoftheofficerstoberaised…125

Informaleffortstoeliminateviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofawarenessraisingthroughgatherings,meetingsandworkshopsorganizedbytheDoWAandcivilsocietyorganizationsinwhichcommunityandreligiouseldersareincluded.126NoneoftheintervieweesinFaryabstatedtohaveanyknowledgeofordealwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNAPforUNSCR1325.ThoughthereisawarenessabouttheEVAWlawandtheANPdoestrytoimplementit,nepotism,corruptionandlackofattitudebythejudiciaryimpedesitsexecution.127

118KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far119KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far120CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)121KI-M-CSO-3-Far,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants122KI-M-CSO-1-Far,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants123KI-F-DoWA-Far124KI-F-DoWA-Far,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants125KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far126KI-M-CSO-1-Far,confirmedbythreekeyinformants127KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far,confirmedbytwokeyinformants

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ProtectionAccordingtointerviewees,formalmechanismstoprotectwomen’srightsshowsignificantshortcomingsandwomenwhoseekformaljusticefacesignificantchallenges.128Themainchallengeforwomenseekingjusticeiscorruptionandnepotismwithinthejudiciary,whichissaidtoservemoneyandpowerinsteadofjustice.129Lackoffemalepoliceofficers,especiallyindistricts,makesitpracticallyimpossibletoprotectwomenwhoareindangerandpersecuteviolatorsofwomen’srights.130TheconservativesocietyofFaryabisnottolerantofwomenseekingjusticeoutsidetheirhomes.131Therefore,manywomenresorttoinformalortribalcourtsforjustice,whicharesaidtobeunjustandunfairtowardwomen:

…Informalcourtsalwayspunishwomen,evenwhensheisinnocent.Theyonlyexecutewhatthemanwants.Forexample,ifawomenissubjectedtoharshviolenceandleaveshome,informalcourtsaccusethewomanofnotlisteningtohethusbandandleavinghome.Youhavedisgracedyourfamilyandshouldbedivorced.Thewomangetsnothing.132

Therearenocomplaintsabouttheaccessibilityofsafehousesforwomenwhoseekshelterbecausetheirlivesareindanger.Womenareinitiallyprovidedwithanopportunitytostayatasafehouseforayearandifthesituationdoesnotimprove,thestayisextended.133

ReliefandrecoveryProvisionsforwidowsinFaryab,justlikemanyotherprovinces,areconditional:

TheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsprovidesaprovisionof5.000Afghanistowidowswhohavelosttheirspousesasaresultofwar…134

Sincethisprovisionislimitedtowidowsofwar,womenwhohavelosttheirhusbandsofcausesotherthanwardonotreceiveanyprovisions.135Similarprovisionsandsalaryisgiventowomenwhoaredisabledbywar,butnottothosewhoaredisabledbyothercauses.136Womenwhoselivesareindangerdohaveaccesstosafehouses,wheretheconditionsareexplainedasgood,butnotperfect.137Womenwholeavesafehousesaregenerallynotacceptedbytheirfamiliesandfacemorethreats.138However,DoWA,ANPandFRUensuretomakethefamiliessignanagreementthatguaranteesthesafetyofthewomaninquestionuponherreturntoherfamily,giventhathercommunityacceptsthewoman.139

128KI-F-DoWA-1-Far,confirmedbythreekeyinformants129KI-M-CSO-3-Far,confirmedbythreekeyinformants130KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far131KI-M-CSO-2-Far,confirmedbytwokeyinformants132KI-F-FRU-Far133KI-F-FRU-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant134KI-M-MoL-Far135KI-F-DoWA-Far,confirmedbytwokeyinformants136KI-F-MoL-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant137KI-M-CSO-1-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant138KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant139KI-F-DoWA-Far,confirmedbythreekeyinformants

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Thereisawomen’sprisoninFaryab,wheretheconditionsaresaidtobegood.140Womenwhoresideinprisonsgetmonthlycheck-upsatthehospitalandtheICRCmonitorstheprisonsonaweeklyandamonthlybasis.141Familiesandthesocietyoffemaleinmatesaregenerallymoreacceptantofthemreturningthanthoseofwomenwholeavesafehouses.142IntervieweesstatedthattherearenospecialprovisionsforwomenresidinginIDPcampsandIDPsingeneral.143

140KI-M-SCO-1-Far,confirmedbytwokeyinformants141KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far142KI-M-SCO-1-Far,confirmedbyonekeyinformant143KI-M-SCO-3-Far,confirmedbythreekeyinformant

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HelmandProvince,NadaliandNahriSaraj(Gereshk)Districts


Table8:DemographicProfileofHelmandProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 79% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 86% 14%PercentageofPrisoners 98,5% 1,5%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50%Percentageofteachers 82% 18%PercentageofStudents 76% 24%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 34


ParticipationThereisageneralconsensusamongtheintervieweesthatwomenarecapableofparticipatingandcontributingtopoliticaldecision-makingandtheformalpeaceprocess.144Despitetheoptimism,women’sparticipationremainslimited,moresothanotherprovinces.145threeoutof28membersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilinHelmandarefemale.Similarly,datafromIECshowthatthreeoutof15membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen.146Reasonsforthelackoffemaleparticipationareinsecurity,conservatismandpatriarchyincludingmen’sunwillingnesstoworkforwomen.147Themaincomplaintbywomenactiveinpoliticsandpeacecouncilsisnotbeingtakenseriously,listenedtoorgiventimeandspacetoactivelyparticipateindecision-making.148Mendonotacknowledgetheirfemalecolleagues’importanceandwomenaregenerallyignoredinmeetingsandgatherings.149Theconservativeattitudetowardswomenfurtherdeterswomenfromparticipatinginpolitics.150Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceremainslimited.With14percent,femaleshareofcivilservantsinHelmandisamongthelowestinthecountry.151Discriminationwithinthegovernmentandinthelabormarketaswellassocietalconservatismarethemainimpedingfactorsforwomenparticipatingincivilservice.152

144KI-M-Gov-Hel-Nad,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants145KI-F-PW-Hel-Ger,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants146IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)147KI-F-PW-Hel-Ger,confirmedbyfiveotherkeyinformants148KI-F-PC-Hel,confirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants149KI-F-PC-Hel150KI-F-MoL-Hel,similarclaimshavebeenconfirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants151CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)152KI-M-Gov-Hel-Nad,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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ThereisinsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnel.Thegeneralviewofwomen’sparticipationinANPremainslargelynegative.153TherearereportsofdiscriminationagainstfemaleemployeeswithintheANPaswomenarenothiredandthosethatdoworkfortheANParegiventediousandmundanejobs.154

PreventionWomeninHelmandaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,themostcommononesbeingphysical,verbalandmentalabuse,deprivationfromeducationandescapingfromhome.155Thegreatestpartofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoisofdomesticnatureandhappensinsidethehomes.156Thesinglemaincauseofviolenceagainstwomenissaidtobelackofawarenessamongmen.157Nospecificinformalmethodshavebeendescribedtopreventviolenceagainstwomen.Similarly,theimplementationoftheformalmethodsintheconservativesocietyofHelmandismorechallengingthanelsewhere.Thesocietyisruthlesstowomenwhoseekhelpfromtheformaljudiciaryandfamiliesofwomenwholeavehometoseekjusticearestigmatizedbythesocietyifnoactionistaken.158Helmanddoesnothaveasafehousewherewomenwhoselivesareindangercanresideandeffortstoopenonehavebeenblockedbythesociety.159NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.TheimplementationofEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen(EVAW)law,however,isusedbytheANPandFRUasthebasisfortheprosecutionofthosewhoviolatewomen’srights.160

ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljusticesystemshowssignificantshortcomingswhenitcomestoprotectingwomen.Formaljudicialorgansaresaidtobecorruptandsystematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomen,treatingthemunfairlyandunequallyascomparedtomen.Thisisespeciallythecasewhenwomenareilliterateandlackawarenessabouttheirrights.161Traditionalconservatismandsocialnormsaswellasalackoftolerancetowardwomenwhoseekjusticeoutsidethehomealsolimitwomen’saccesstoformaljustice:

Inourprovince,thereisnotmuchtalkofwomenseekingjustice.Peopledonotliketheirwivesorwomengoingtolegalorjudicialinstitutionsandaskingforhelp.Evenifwomenaresubjectedtoalotofviolence,theyfeeltooafraidtoseekjusticeorevencomplaintoothersabouttheirsituation.162

153KI-M-ANP-Hel-Ger,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants154KI-M-ANP-Hel-Ger,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants155KI-M-FRU-Hel,confirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants156KI-M-CSO-2-Hel,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants157KI-M-CSO-1-Hel,confirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants158KI-M-CSO-3-Hel,confirmedbyonekeyinformant159KI-M-CSO-3-Hel160KI-F-DoWA-Hel161KI-F-CSO-3-Hel,confirmedbythreekeyinformants162KI-M-FRU-Hel

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ThepracticeofinformaljusticeiscommoninHelmand;however,thedecisionsmadeinthosecourtsaregenerallyperceivedtobeagainstwomenplaintiffs.163TherearenosafehousesinHelmandtoprotectwomenwhoselivesareindanger.Inordertoprotectwomenagainstviolenceandenhancethegeneralstandardsintheprovince,thecivilsocietyorganizations,togetherwithDoWA,theDepartmentofJustice,DepartmentofReligiousAffairsandAIHRChaveengagedinawarenesscampaignswheretheyorganizegatheringsandmeetingswithcommunityelderstoinformthemabouthumanrightsissues.164

ReliefandrecoveryAccordingtoMoLSAMD,thegovernmentdoesnothaveanyspecialprovisionsforwidowsinHelmand.165Handicappedanddisabledwomenreceiveaninitialsmallamounttostartupanenterpriseorgetovertheinitialphaseofeconomichardship,buttheaidisnotcontinuous,noristhereanymentionofaproperregistrationandmonitoringprocess.166MoLSAMDhasaunitcalledtheUnitofCombattingNaturalDisasters,where,incooperationwithAIHRCandICRC,womenwhoareinternallydisplacedgetsomebasicassistanceandhelp.167However,themainchallengeofthedepartmentisthedispersionthatoccursafteradisaster,whichmakesithardforthemtolocatewomeninneedofhelp.168TherearenosafehousesinHelmandwherewomenwhoselivesareindangercouldseekrefuge.MostintervieweesstatedtonotknowmuchaboutthesituationofwomeninprisonsinHelmand,whichisattributedtothesecretivenatureoftheconservativesociety.

163KI-M-Gov-Hel-Nad,confirmedbyonekeyinformant164KI-F-DoWA-Hel,confirmedbythreekeyinformants165KI-M-MoL-Hel166KI-M-Gov-Hel-Nad167KI-M-CSO-1-Hel,confirmedbytwokeyinformants168KI-M-MoL-Hel

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HeratProvince,GuzaraandInjilDistricts


Table9:DemographicProfileofKabulProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 79% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 90% 10%PercentageofPrisoners 95% 5%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 51% 49%Percentageofteachers 51% 49%PercentageofStudents 51% 49%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 170


ParticipationAllintervieweesinHeratexpressedtheirconfidenceinwomen’sabilitytoparticipatein-andcontributeto-thepoliticaldecision-makingandpeaceprocess.However,women’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsintheprovinceremainslimitedandfemalemembershipof(Provincial)PeaceCouncilsisdescribedassymbolic.169Threeoutof30membersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilinHeratarefemale.Similarly,datafromIECshowthatfouroutof19membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen.170Contrarytomanyotherprovinces,thelackoffemaleparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsinHeratisattributedtoadministrativestructuresratherthansocietalconservatism:

Whentherearetwowomenand30-50meninameeting,thenobviouslytheywouldnotbelistenedto.Inthesesettings,issuesthatwomenemphasizeondonotgetaddressed(…)womenareusedassymbols.Theyareappointedataposition,butnevergettheauthorityandthespacetooperateinthatcapacity.171

Or

OurroleaswomenwithinthePPCisnotsymbolic,wehavebeengivenasymbolicrole.Wecandoalotofthings,reachouttomassesandorganizemainevents,butwearedeniedtheresourcesandthespacetooperate.172

Becauseofthislackoftimeandspacethatwomenget,theyusuallyengageinadvocacyactivitiesandorganizeconferencesandothergatheringsoutsidetheirformaljobs.173

169KI-F-FRU-Her,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants170Pajhwak(2014)andIEC(2014)171KI-F-FRU-Her172KI-F-PPC-Her

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Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceremainslimited.While40percentofallgovernmentemployeesinHeratarefemale,womencomplainofdiscriminationintheworkplace,wheremenaremoreeasilyholidaysandtheirabsenteeismistoleratedmorethanwomen’s.174TherewerenocomplaintsofinappropriatebehaviorofmalecolleaguestowardwomenwithinthecivilserviceinHerat.ThereisinsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnelinHerat.Women’sparticipationintheANSFinHeratisdiscouragedbecausethesocietybelievesthatmenaresupposedtobeinthemilitary.175ThisviewmakesHeratdifferentfrommanyotherprovinceswherewomenwhoworkwiththeANSFareseenaswomenoflowmorals.176OfthethreeANPpersonnelinterviewed,nonecomplainedofindecentbehaviorbymalecolleagues.

PreventionAccordingtoANPandtheFamilyResponseUnit(FRU),womeninHerataresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingphysicalabuseandinjuries,verbalthreatsofphysicalviolenceanddenyingwomenalimony.177Self-immolationhastraditionallybeencommoninHeratand,thoughindecline,thepracticestillexists.178Oneoftheintervieweesstatedtohavewitnessedincidentsofbaddadan,whichareuncommoninHerat.179Themaincauseofviolenceagainstwomenissaidtobemoreawarenessamongwomenandlackofawarenessamongmen.180Womenknowwhattheirrightsareandthinktheycanpracticeit,butitprovokestheconservativesociety.181Othercausesofviolenceagainstwomenarepovertyandunemploymentamongmenandwomen.182InformalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofadvocacyandawarenessraisingbytheDoWAandCSOs.183ThelocalFamilyResponseUnitsandpolicetrytoengagewithcommunityandreligiouseldersasawaytoprotectwomen.184Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeeneffective.Theformaljudicialandgovernmentalorganizationsaresaidtonotfunctionideallyandthepolicearesaidtolackawarenessonwomen’srightsandgenderissues.185Accesstojusticeislimited,particularlyforwomen,andthejudiciaryisconsideredasgenerallybiasedandunfairtowardwomen.186

173KI-F-PC-Her,confirmedbythreekeyinformants.Organizingactivitiesoutsidetheformalsettingsoftheofficein

ordertoachievethatwhatcannotbeachievedintheformalsettingshasbecomeacommonpracticeandisbeingconsideredanintegralpartofthejob.

174CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013),discriminationisconfirmedbytwokeyinformants175KI-F-FRU-Her,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants.176Inalmostallotherprovincesmonitored,womenwhoworkfortheANParestigmatizedandseenasadisgrace

(e.g.seeParwan)177KI-M-ANP-Her-GozandKI-M-FRU-Her178KI-M-CSO-2-Her179KI-F-DoWA-Her,Baddadanisthepracticeofusinggirlsandwomenasretributionincasesofconflictbetween

tribesorfamilies.180KI-M-CSO-1-Her,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants181KI-M-ANP-Her-Inj182KI-F-PW-Her-Goz,confirmedbytwokeyinformants183KI-F-DoWA-Her,confirmedbythreekeyinformants184KI-M-FRU-Her,confirmedbytheheadofpoliceinInjildistrict185KI-M-CSO-1-Her,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants186KI-M-CSO-2-Her,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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TheintervieweesstatednottodealdirectlywithUNSCR1325,therecentlylaunchedNationalActionPlan,oritsimplementation.However,government’spoliciesincludetheimplementationofUNSCR1325,thegovernmentaldepartmentsinHeratstatedtoindirectlyimplementtheResolution.187TheimplementationofEVAWlaw,however,ismoreinstitutionalizedasANPandFRUbothclaimtouseitasthebasisfortheprosecutionofthosewhoviolatewomen’srights.188

ProtectionContrarytomanyotherprovinces,therehavenotbeenmanycomplaintsaboutthenatureoftheformaljudiciaryanditsattitudetowardswomen.However,womenaresaidtolackaccesstoformaljusticesystem.Themaincausesforlackofaccessaresaidtobesocietalconservatism,wherestigmatizationbythesocietydeterswomenfromseekinghelpfromtheformaljudicialorgans.189Otherimpedingfactorsarelackofpresenceofjudicialorgansandthepoliceindistrictsandlackofawarenessamongwomen,especiallyindistricts.190Therefore,womenindistrictshavemuchlessaccesstotheformaljudiciarythanthoselivinginurbanorcentralareas.Whereaccesstoformaljusticeislimited,appealsaremadeoninformaljustice,whichconsistsofcommunityandreligiouseldersactingasjudges.ThoughtheANPandFRUdotrytomonitortheworkingsoftheinformalcourts,theyaredescribedbyCSOsasunitsofviolenceagainstwomenwherepracticesofexchangeofgirlsandwomenaswellasbaddadanarestillcommon.191ThelocalFRUstatedtohaveplannedanawareness-raisingprojectamongthosewhopresidetheinformalcourts,lackofpersonnelandresourcespreventedthemfromexecutingthatplan.192WomenwhofacethreatsofviolenceinHeratcanaccesssafehouses.Theconditionsinthesesafehousesaredescribedaswomen-friendlyandwomencanstaythereforaslongastheyfeelitissafeforthemtoleaveand/orhaveanalternativesaferesidence.193ThesocialstigmaandthenegativeimagethatgoeswithsafehousesandwomenlivingarepresentinHerataswell,butnotasseverelyasinother,moreconservativeprovinces.194

ReliefandrecoveryThoughtherearenospecialprovisionsorpoliciesregardingwidows,divorceesandhandicappedwomenofHerat,MoLSAMDhasstatedtoacknowledgewidows’vulnerabilityandprioritizefemalewidowsintheirprojectandaidplanning.195UNHCRandWFPissaidtobetheonlyorganizationworkingfortheinternallydisplacedwomenHerat,mostofwhomareextremelyvulnerable.196187KI-F-DoWA-Her,confirmedbyonekeyinformant188KI-F-FRU-Her,confirmedbythreekeyinformants189KI-M-CSO-2-Her,confirmedbythreekeyinformants190KI-M-ANP-Her-Goz,confirmedbytwokeyinformants191KI-M-CSO-2-Her,confirmedbytwokeyinformants192KI-F-FRU-Her193KI-M-CSO-2-Her,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants194KI-F-FRU-Her,confirmedbytwokeyinformants195KI-F-MoL-Her196KI-M-CSO-1-Her

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InthedistrictsofHeratprovince,thepolicestationshavedetentioncellswherewomenaredetainedbeforebeingsenttothesinglewomen’sprisoninthecenteroftheprovince.197Itisestimatedthattherearemorethan100femaleprisonersinHerat.198Thewomen’sprisonisroutinelymonitoredbythelocalAIHRCandtheconditionsaredescribedasadequatewherewomenareprovidedwithopportunitiestolearnnewskillssuchastailoringandembroiderytofacilitatereintegration.199WomeninHeratcanaccesssafehouses.Theconditionsinthesesafehousesaredescribedaswomen-friendlyandwomencanstaythereforaslongastheyfeelitissafeforthemtoleaveand/orhaveanalternativesaferesidence.200Thereissomesocialstigmaaboutwomenwhoseeksafehouses,butisnotassevereasinother,moreconservativeprovinces.201

197KI-M-ANP-Her-Goz,confirmedbythreekeyinformants198KI-M-CSO-2-Her199KI-M-CSO-1-Her,confirmedbythreekeyinformants200KI-M-CSO-2-Her,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants201KI-F-FRU-Her,confirmedbytwokeyinformants

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KabulProvince,IstalifandBagramiDistricts

DateofVisit:July9,2015

Table10:DemographicProfileofKabulProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 52% 48%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 80% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 67% 33%PercentageofPrisoners 97,6% 2,4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 55% 45%Percentageofteachers 33% 67%PercentageofStudents 57% 43%NumberofWomeninANP Classified Classified


ParticipationThereisageneralconsensusamongtheintervieweesthatwomenarecapableofparticipatingandcontributingtopoliticaldecision-makingandtheformalpeaceprocess.202Despitetheoptimism,women’sparticipationremainslimitedandfemalemembershipof(Provincial)PeaceCouncilsisdescribedassymbolic.203Tenoutof60membersofthehighpeacecouncilinKabularefemale.204Similarly,datafromIECshowthatsevenoutof33membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen.205Reasonsforthelackoffemaleparticipationareinsecurity,conservatism,patriarchyandAOGs’unwillingnesstoengagewomenindialogue.206Themaincomplaintbywomenactiveinpoliticsandpeacecouncilsisnotbeingtakenseriouslybymen,listenedtoorgiventimeandspacetoexpressthemselves.207Thegenerallyconservativeattitudetowardswomeninpoliticsfurtherdeterswomenfromparticipatinginpolitics.208Thoughmalecolleaguesaredescribedasprofessional,femalemembersoftheProvincialCouncilhostilitiesbyothermenduringwork.209

202KI-M-FRU-Kab,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants203KI-F-DoWA-Kab,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants204InstituteforInclusiveStudy(2014)at:http://www.inclusivesecurity.org/conflict-region/afghanistan/#.Vb2-

iHgdJSUandCNN(2010)at:http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/afghanistan.taliban.reconciliation/(08-02-2015)

205Pajhwak(2014),Biographiesofthemembersofthepreviousprovincialcouncilcanbefoundat:http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/biographies-kunduz-provincial-council-members(08-02-2015),Seealso:IEC(2014),TheIndependentElectionCommissionprovidesthenamesofthecandidatesalongwiththenumberofvotesthattheyhavewonduringthe2014ProvincialCouncilElectionsat:http://results.iec.org.af/en/elections/get_prview_elected(08-02-2015)

206KI-F-MoL-Kab,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants207KI-F-PC-Kab,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants208KI-F-MoL-Kab,similarclaimshavebeenconfirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants209KI-F-PC-Kab

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Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceremainslimited.While34PercentofallgovernmentemployeesinKabularefemale,womencomplainofdiscriminationintheworkplace.210Discriminationinthelabormarketandattheworkplaceisseenasamainimpedingfactorforwomenparticipatingincivilservice.211TherewerenocomplaintsofinappropriatebehaviorofmalecolleaguestowardswomenwithinthecivilserviceinKabul.ThereisaninsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnel.Thegeneralviewofwomen’sparticipationinANPremainslargelynegative.212However,noneofthepoliceofficersinterviewedinKabulcomplainedaboutdiscriminationorbadattitudeofmalecolleaguestowardwomenwithinthepoliceforce.

PreventionAccordingtoANPandtheFamilyResponseUnit(FRU),womeninKabularesubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingphysicalabuseandinjuries,verbalthreatsofphysicalviolence,denyingwomenalimony,andsomecasesofmurder.213Thegreatestpartofviolenceagainstwomenisofdomesticnature,causedinpartbypoverty,unemployment,drugaddictionandlackofawarenessamongmenandwomen.214Informalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofadvocacyandawarenessraising.215ThelocalANPworkstogetherwiththelocalreligiousauthoritiesandvillagerepresentativestoenhanceawarenessofmenandwomenonwomen’srights.216TheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs(DoWA)designsmediationsinsuchawayastoenhanceawarenessofwomen’srightsinthesociety.217Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeensufficientlyfruitful.AccordingtoANPandFRUthisisduetoalackofqualifiedpersonneltoaddresstheissueofviolenceagainstwomenandprosecuteperpetratorsadequately.218Accesstojusticeislimited,particularlyforwomen,andthejudiciaryisconsideredasgenerallybiasedandunfairtowardswomen.219Corruptionwithingovernmentalorganizations,especiallythejudiciary,isconsideredtobeamaindeterringfactorforwomenseekingjustice.220NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.TheimplementationofEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen(EVAW)law,however,doesseemtobemoreinstitutionalizedwithANPandFRUbothclaimingthattheyuseEVAWlawasthebasisfortheprosecutionofthosewhoviolatewomen’srights.221210CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013):“AfghanistanStatisticalYearbook2013-14”,Table3-4:Numberof

CurrentGovernmentCivilServiceEmployeesbyProvince,Page17.Thisnumberincludesgovernmentcontractors.ThepercentageoffemalegovernmentemployeesinKabul,excludingthecontractors,is44percent

211KI-F-CSO-2-Kab,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants212KI-M-FRU-Kab,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants213KI-M-ANP-Kab-BagandKI-M-FRU-Kab214KI-F-PC-Kab,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants215KI-F-DoWA-Kab,confirmedbythreekeyinformants216KI-M-FRU-Kab,confirmedbytheheadofpoliceinBagramidistrict217KI-F-DoWA-Kab218KI-M-ANP-Kab-BagandKI-M-FRU-Kab219KI-F-DoWA-Kab,confirmedbythreekeyinformants220KI-F-DoWA-Kab,confirmedbyonekeyinformant221KI-M-FRU-KabandKI-M-ANP-Kab-Bag

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ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljusticesystemshowssignificantshortcomingswhenitcomestoprotectingwomen.Formaljudicialorgansaresaidtobecorruptandsystematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomen,treatingthemunfairlyandunequallyascomparedtomen.222Traditionalconservatismandsocialnormsaswellasalackoftolerancetowardwomenwhoseekjusticeoutsidethehomealsolimitwomen’saccesstoformaljustice.223Womenusuallyseekhelpfromtraditionaljusticeauthoritieswhosedecisionsaregenerallymoreinfavorofthemenandsometimescontradictorytotheformallaw.224Womenhaveaccesstosafehouses.However,thenegligenceoftheformaljusticesystemoffemalevictimsdepriveswomenofjusticeandextendstheirstayinthesafehousesforlongerthanneeded.225Accordingtothekeyinformantsfromcivilsocietyorganizations,womencanbebetterprotectedthroughmoreawarenessaboutwomen’srightsandplaceinsociety,andmorerecognitionforsuchorganizationsasAfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC),whoseworkhasamainfocusonprotectingandpromotingwomen’srights.226ThekeyinformantsfromANPandFRUemphasizedtheneedformoreawarenessofwomen’srightsaspartofanintegratedapproachforraisingrightsawarenesswithintheircommunitiesandincludingcommunityandreligiousleadersandANPpersonnel.227

ReliefandrecoveryTherearemorethan500,000widowsinAfghanistanwhopracticallyreceivenofinancialorotherformsofaid.228Thesmallsalaryofthosewhoreceiveassistanceissubjecttoadeductionbyofficialswhoapprovethedisbursementofthesalaries.229Handicappedanddisabledwomenreceiveamonthlysalaryofaround5,000AfghanisfromtheMinistryofLabor,SocialAffairs,Martyrs,andtheDisabled(MoLSAMD).230Nootherintervieweesmentionedanyotherprovisionsfordisabledwomen.UNHCRissaidtobetheonlyorganizationworkingfortheinternallydisplacedwomen,mostofwhomareextremelyvulnerable.231Femaleprisonsandsafehousesareinneedofmuchimprovement,particularlyforthewomen.232

Womenresideinprisonswiththeirchildrensincetherearenootherstructurestocareforthechildrenoftheinmates.Femaleprisonersfearsexualviolenceonanongoingbasis.Uponrelease,femaleinmates222KI-F-CSO-2-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants223KI-F-CSO-1-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants224KI-F-CSO-2-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants225KI-M-CSO-1-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants226KI-F-CSO-2-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants227KI-M-ANP-Kab-Bag,confirmedbyonekeyinformants228KI-M-CSO-1-Kab229KI-F-CSO-3-Kab230KI-F-MoL-Kab231KI-M-CSO-1-Kab232KI-M-CSO-1-Kab,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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experiencegreatdifficultyinreintegratingintotheircommunitiesduetothenegativeperceptionoffellowcommunitymembersoftheimmoralityfemaleinmates.233Thewomenwhoreturntotheircommunitiesfromthesafehousesarestigmatizedandaresubjectedtofurtherviolence,aggression,andsometimesmurder.234Womeninsafehousesreceivesometrainingstolearnnewskillssuchastailoringbuttherearenopost-safehousemonitoringmechanismstoestablishwhetherandhowthetrainingshaveservedthewomen.235Keyinformantsfromgovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationsemphasizetheneedforhighereducationamongasoneofthekeyingredientsofrespectingandprotectingwomen’srights.236

233KI-M-CSO-1-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants234KI-M-FRU-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants235KI-M-CSO-2-Kab,confirmedbytwokeyinformants.TheMoLSAMDconfirmedtohavenospecificprovisionsfor

womenwholeavesafehousesand/orprisons.236KI-F-DoWA-Kab,confirmedbyallkeyinformants

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KandaharProvince,KandaharCityandArghandabandDamanDistricts


Table11:DemographicProfileofKandaharProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 79% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 90% 10%PercentageofPrisoners 99,4% 0,6%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50%Percentageofteachers 84% 16%PercentageofStudents 71% 29%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 119


ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsinKandaharislimited.Fouroutof39membersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilinKandahararefemale.237Similarly,datafromIECshowthatfouroutof19membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen.238Theintervieweesstatedthattheparticipationisprimarilylimitedtothecenterandurbanareasoftheprovince.239Reasonsforthelackoffemaleparticipationaredescribedasinsecurityandlackofawarenessorsocietalconservatism:

GiventhesecuritysituationinKandahar,women’sparticipationinpoliticsisnotverybad.However,ingeneral,thelevelofparticipationisverylowandwomen’sshareofparticipationneedstoincrease,beitintheProvincialCouncil,ProvincialPeaceCouncil,theParliamentortheSenate…240

Lackofawarenessamongmenandwomencombinedwithconservatismisespeciallysaidtobecommonindistricts,whichleadstosomefamiliesnotallowingtheirwomentoworkingoutsidetheirhomes.241With13percentofallcivilservantsinKandaharbeingfemale,women’sparticipationincivilserviceinKandaharisamongthelowestinthecountry.242AccordingtotheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsintheprovince,givingfemaleemployeesfinancialincentivesmightenhancetheirparticipationincivilservice.243Therewerenocomplaintsofdiscriminationinthelabormarketandfemalemembersofthe

237KI-F-PPC-Kan238IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)239KI-F-PC-Kan240KI-F-PC-Kan241KI-F-PW-Arg-Kan,confirmedbyonekeyinformant242CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2014)243KI-M-MoL-Kand

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ProvincialCouncilandProvincialPeaceCouncilstatedtobetakenseriouslybytheirmalecolleaguesandcounterparts.244Withy119femaleANPmembers,thenumberofwomeninANPinKandaharisoneofthehighestamongthevisitedprovinces.However,accordingtotheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs,successfuleffortsarebeingmadetoencouragemorewomentoparticipateinANSF.245TherearenocomplaintsofbadtreatmentofwomenwithintheANP,norarethereanymentionsofsociety’snegativeattitudetowardswomenworkingforANP.

PreventionThereismuchviolenceagainstwomenandKandaharmostofwhichisofdomesticnatureandpartiallycausedbypovertyandunemployment:

Thereisphysicalviolence,suchasbeatingbythewoman’shusband,mother-,father-orbrother-in-law.Therearealsoverbalviolenceandinsulting.Thereiseconomicviolencesuchasnotpayingalimony.Thepracticeofbaddadanismorecommonindistrictsthanitisinthecenter.Exchangeofgirlsiscommoninthecenteranddistricts.Askingtoohighdowrypricesiscommon,whichleadstoexchangeofgirls,especiallynowthattherearenotmanyemploymentopportunitiesformen.Forcedandunderagemarriageiscommon,whichsometimesleadsto13-14yearoldgirlsbeingsubjectedtoharshphysicallaborbytheirnewin-laws…246

Informalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofadvocacyandawarenessraisingactivitiesthroughouttheprovince.247ThelocalANPtodesigntheirmediationpracticesinawaythatallowsthemtoenhanceawarenessamongtheinvolvedpartiesinordertoavoidviolenceagainstwomeninfuture.248Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeensufficientlyfruitful.Women’saccesstojusticeremainslimitedduetosocietalconservatismandtheEVAWlawnottobeimplementedappropriately.249Thereisalackoffemalepersonnelwithinthejudiciary,whichcanleadtounequalandunfairtreatmentofwomen.250NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.ThoughEVAWlawisthere,itisnotbeingimplementedproperly,especiallyindistricts.251

ProtectionWomen’saccesstojusticeinKandaharislimited.Themaincausesforlackofaccessaresaidtobesocietalconservatism.252Familiesandtribesdonottolerateandareruthlesstowomenseekingjustice

244KI-F-PPC-Kan,confirmedbyonekeyinformant245KI-F-DoWA-Kan246KI-F-CSO-3-Kan,similartypesofviolencearementionedbytwootherkeyinformants247KI-F-DoWA-Kan,confirmedbytwokeyinformants248KI-M-ANP-Kan249KI-F-CSO-3-Kan,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants250KI-F-DoWA-Kan251KI-F-CSO-2-Kan,confirmedbyonekeyinformant252KI-F-CSO-3-Kan,confirmedbyonemorekeyinformant

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outsideoftheirfamilies.253Similarly,theformaljudiciaryisdescribedasmaledominated,wherewomen’svoiceisrarelyheard.254NoneoftheintervieweecomplainedofcorruptionwithintheformaljudiciaryinKandahar.TherearenosafehousesinKandaharwherewomen,whoselivesareindangercanseekshelter.Womenwhoarebeingthreatenedareplacedinwomen’sprisonsorintroducedtotheDoWAintheprovinceforprotection.255Mostintervieweesemphasizedontheimportanceofawarenessamongthepopulation,especiallyinruralareas,asameanstoprotectwomenfromviolence.256

ReliefandrecoveryAccordingtotheintervieweefromtheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs,thegovernmenthasnospecialprovisionsforwidowsinKandahar.257However,intervieweesfromCSOsandtheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsstatedthatthegovernmentdidhaveprovisionsforwidowswhosehusbandshadlosttheirlivesbywar.258ThesoleprovisionthatdisabledwomeninKandahargetfromthegovernmentconsistsofabiannualsalary.259ThegovernmenthasnospecialprogramsorprovisionsforfemaleIDPs.However,UNHCR,DRCandNRCissaidtobetheonlyorganizationsworkingfortheinternallydisplacedwomen.260TheinmatesaresaidtocomplainabouttheirsituationinprisonstomonitoringCSOs.261However,thecontentoftheircomplaintsisnotdisclosedandthesituationofwomeninprisonsinKandaharisdescribedasgood:

Icannotgiveyoutoomuchinformationaboutthesituationinsidetheprisons,becauseitwillcausesomeotherproblems.Whenweweremonitoringtheprisons,womendidcomplainbutwecannotsaywhat.ButthesituationinprisonsinKandaharisbetterthanmanyotherplaces.Womenhaverooms,theirchildrenarewiththemandthechildrenalsogotoschool.InKandahar,theyhavebeengivensomefreedom.262

Nospecialreintegrationmeasuresarementionedforwomenwhoartereleasedfromprisons.

253KI-F-CSO-3-Kan,confirmedbyonemorekeyinformant254KI-F-DoWA-Kan255KI-M-ANP-Kan,confirmedbythreekeyinformants256KI-F-DoWA-Kan,confirmedbythreekeyinformants257KI-M-MoL-Kan258KI-F-DoWA-Kan,confirmedbythreekeyinformants259KI-F-DoWA-Kan260KI-M-CSO-3-Kan,confirmedbyonekeyinformant261KI-F-CSO-2-Kan,KI-F-CSO-3-Kan262KI-F-CSO-3-Kan

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KunduzProvince,KunduzCenterandAliabadDistricts


Table12:DemographicProfileofKunduzProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 80% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 93,3% 6,7%PercentageofPrisoners 96% 4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50%Percentageofteachers 72% 28%PercentageofStudents 61% 39%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 44

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014).NumberoffemaleANPpersonnelisbasedonkeyinformantinterviews.

ParticipationAllintervieweesstatedthatwomendidhavethecapacitytocontributetopeaceandpoliticaldecision-making.However,withtwooutof30ProvincialPeaceCouncilandthreeoutof15ProvincialCouncilmembersbeingwomen,women’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsremainsverylimited.263However,women’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsisimpededprimarilybysocietalconservatism:

Attitudesdiffer,butingeneralpeopleareveryconservativeandhaveadarkattitudetowardswomen.Iwenttothepeacecouncilandproposedthattheyhavetwofemalemembersandshouldtaketwomore.Thementoldmethatifwewithallourpowercannotachieveanythinginthiscouncil,whatcouldawomanwithherheadscarfachieve?264

Apartfrompatriarchyandconservatism,lackofsecurityandlackofself-confidencearedescribedasthemainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpolitics.265With25percentofallemployeesbeingfemale,women’sparticipationincivilserviceinKunduzremainslimited.Thereasonsforwomen’slackofparticipationaresaidtobesocietalconservatismandlackofawarenessamongthepopulation.266Thoughwomendocomplainaboutbeingtreatedunfairly,thereisnomentionofinappropriatebehaviorbymalecolleagues.267ThereisinsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnel.Thegeneralviewofwomen’sparticipationinANPremainslargelynegative.268However,boththeANPandFRUstatedthatwomeninthepolicedonotgetsubjectedtosexualviolenceorintimidation.269263IEC(2014),confirmedbyKI-F-PPC-KunandKI-F-PC-Kun264KI-F-PC-Kun,confirmedbythreekeyinformants265KI-F-PW-Ali-Kun,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants266CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2014),reasonsforlackofparticipationconfirmedbytwokeyinformants267KI-F-PW-Ali-Kun,confirmedbytwokeyinformants268KI-M-ANP-Ali-Kun,confirmedbyonemorekeyinformant

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PreventionWomeninKunduzaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,themostcommontypesbeingphysicalabuse,suchasbeating,psychologicalandeconomicabuse,suchasabsenceofthehusbandordenyingalimonyandforcedandunderagemarriageleadingtoescapingfromhome.270Themaincausesofviolenceagainstwomenaresaidtobelackofawareness,especiallyamongmen,povertyandunemployment.271Informaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofawarenessraising.TheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsandanumberofCSOshavestatedtoorganizeroundtables,workshops,seminarsandotherkindsofgatheringstoinformpeopleabouttheirrightsandtheimportanceofpeace.272DoWAandtheCSOsalsostatedtooccasionallymediatebetweenpartiesinconflict.273Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeensufficientlyfruitful.Accordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljudicialorgansdonotsolvewomen’scasesandlackthewillandtheresourcestoimplementthelawproperly.274NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.ThelackofwillwithinthejudiciaryimpedestheproperimplementationofEVAWlaw.275

ProtectionTheintervieweesstatednottobesatisfiedwiththequalityofservicesprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.Therearecomplaintsofdiscriminationandunfairtreatmentofwomen.276Traditionalconservatismandsocialnormsaswellasalackoftolerancetowardwomenwhoseekjusticeoutsidethehomealsolimitwomen’saccesstoformaljustice.277Becauseofshortcomingsof-lackofaccessto-theformaljudiciary,peopleinKunduzgenerallyresorttoinformaljustice,whichissaidtobecontributetoviolenceagainstwomen:

Informaljusticesystemisnotjustandhelpfultowardswomen.Forexample,ifafemalerapevictimappealstotheinformalcourtandthesuspectisfoundguilty,thenthecourtusuallyhandstheoffender’ssistersovertothevictimsfamilyasretribution.Theoffender’ssisterisalsoawomanandherrightsarebeingcompletelyneglectedhere.Sotheinformaljusticesystemdoesnotsupportwomen.278

269KI-M-FRU-Kun,confirmedbyonekeyinformant270KI-M-FRU-Kun,confirmedbythreekeyinformants271KI-F-DoWA-Kun,confirmedbytwokeyinformants272KI-M-FRU-Kun,confirmedbytwokeyinformants273KI-M-FRU-Kun,confirmedbytwokeyinformants274KI-M-CSO-1-Kun,confirmedbyonemorekeyinformant275KI-M-CSO-1-Kun,confirmedbyonemorekeyinformant276KI-F-DoWA-Kun,confirmedbythreekeyinformants277KI-F-CSO-1-Kun278KI-M-ANP-Ali-Kun,similarsentimentwasexpressedbytwootherkeyinformants

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WomeninKunduzdohaveaccesstosafehousesandstayinsafehousesforaslongastheyfeelsafetobethere.Whentheychoosetoleaveandiftheydecidetogobacktotheirfamilies,theirsafetyandsecurityisconstantlymonitoredbythelocalFRU.279

ReliefandrecoveryTheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs(DoLSAMD)statedtohavenospecialprovisionsforwidowsinKunduzexceptfortheireligibilityfortheirlatepartners’pensions.Handicappedanddisabledwomenareprovidedwitha5.000Afghaniassistance,giventhattheirdisabilityiscausedbywar.280Theconditionsofwomeninprisonsaredescribedasrelativelygood,wherewomenhaveaccesstotheirbasicneedsandsometypesofvocationalandliteracytrainings.281Similarly,conditionsin-andaccessto-safehousesaredescribedasgood,thoughwomenwholeavesafehousesfacechallengesreintegratingintheirsocieties.282Therearenospecialprovisionstohelpreintegratewomenwholeavetheprisonsandsafehouses.283Whenwomenleavethesafehousesandprisonsanddecidetogobacktotheirfamilies,theirsafetyandsecurityisconstantlymonitoredbythelocalFRU.284NospecialprovisionsforfemaleIDPsarementionedinKunduz.AccordingtotheMoLSAMD,DoWAandAIHRChandlefemaleIDPs’cases.285

279KI-M-FRU-Kun280KI-M-MoL-Kun281KI-F-AIHRC-Kun,confirmedbythreekeyinformants282KI-F-AIHRC-Kun,confirmedbythreekeyinformants283KI-F-DoWA-Kun,confirmedbytwokeyinformants284KI-M-FRU-Kun285KI-M-MoL-Kun

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LaghmanProvince,MehtarlamandAlishangDistricts


Table13:DemographicProfileofLaghmanProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 78% 22%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 92% 8%PercentageofPrisoners 98,9% 1,1%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 52% 48%Percentageofteachers 93% 7%PercentageofStudents 54% 46%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 5

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)DataonANP,PCandPPCmembershiparederivedthroughinterviews.

ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinpeace,politicsandformaldecision-makingingeneralisverylimited.Twooutof25ProvincialPeaceCouncilmembersandtwooutofnineProvincialCouncilmembersinLaghmanarewomen.286Themainlimitingfactorsforwomen’sparticipationinaresaidtobelackofsecurity,lackofawarenessamongmenandwomenandtheconservatismofthesociety.287Amajorityofthepopulationthatopposewomenparticipatinginlabormarketorpeaceandpoliticaldecision-making,useculturalreasonstojustifytheiropposition.288AwarenesscampaignsconductedbytheCSOsinthepasthavebeenrelativelysuccessfulinchangingpeople’sattitudetowardswomen’sparticipation.289Accordingtowomenactiveintheformalpeaceprocessmoreawarenessisneededtoenhancewomen’sparticipation.290Thoughtherearenocomplaintsabouttheattitudeofmalecolleaguesbyworkingwomen,theabsenceofwomeninapeacecommitteeappointedbythePresidentisseenasanindicatorofgovernmentnotassigninganyvaluetowomen’svoiceinLaghman.291Withsixpercentofallgovernmentemployeesbeingwomen,women’sparticipationinLaghmanisoneofthelowestinthecountry.292Similartoparticipationinpeaceandpolitics,women’sparticipationin286DataonPPCmembershipareretrievedthroughaninterviewwithPPCmember.SeeIEC(2014)andPajhwak

(2014)fordataonPCmembership287KI-F-PPC-Lag,confirmedbythreekeyinformants288KI-F-CSO-1-Lag,confirmedbytwokeyinformants289KI-M-DoWA290KI-F-PPC-Lag,confirmedbythreekeyinformants291KI-M-DoWA-Lag292CentralStatisticalOrganization(2014)

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civilserviceisimpededbylackofawarenessandalowlevelofawarenesswithinthesociety.293Therearenocomplaintsaboutinappropriatebehaviorofmalecolleaguestowardswomenworkingincivilservice.Despitegovernment’seffortstocreateincentives,suchasextrafacilitiesandscholarshipsforwomenwhojointheANP,numberofpoliceofficersinLaghmanremainslow.294Thesocietyissaidtobeagainsttheirwomenjoiningthesecurityforces.295

PreventionThereismuchviolenceagainstwomeninLaghman.ThemostcommontypesofviolencethatwomeninLaghmanaresubjectedtoareforcedandunderagemarriages,escapingfromhome,apersonalanimosityagainstwomenwithinthefamiliesleadingtophysicalandverbalabuseanddenyingawomandivorce.296Almostalltheviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoisofdomesticnatureandonmanyoccasionsconsistsofviolenceofwomenagainstwomen.297Thoughnotverifiedbyothersources,theheadofANPinAlishangdistrictreportedariseinincidentsofkidnappingofwomenwhoworkonthefieldsorgetwater.298KidnappingsinthiswouldmakeLaghmanprovinceuniqueassuchincidentshavenotbeenreportedinotherprovinces.Mucheffortisbeingmadetopreventviolenceagainstwomenthroughformalmeans:

Wheneverproblemsorcrimes[concerningwomen’srights]arereportedtothecriminalinvestigationunit;WecontacttheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs,DepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs,theAttorney’sofficeandthecourts.WehaveadepartmentofWomen’sDomesticProblems,andthatdepartmenttalkstoandisengagedwithwomenwhoseekhelp…299

Similarly,oneCSOstatedtohaveprojectsthatraiseawareness-andwork-oneliminationofviolenceagainstwomenthroughengagingtheyouthandgivingworkshopsandtrainingsincollaborationwiththegovernorofLaghman.300ThesoleinformalmethodofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistofawarenessraisinginitiativebyCSOsandtheANP,whoorganizeworkshopsandtrainings,andthegovernmentthatbroadcastsTVandradioadsagainstviolenceagainstwomen.301NoneoftheintervieweesstatedtodirectlyworkwithUNSCR1325orAfghanistan’sNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.ThoughthereisawarenessabouttheEVAWlawanditsimplementationincentralareasoftheprovinceneedstobeimproved.302

293KI-F-PPC-Lag,confirmedbythreekeyinformants294KI-M-ANP-Ali-Lag,confirmedbytwokeyinformants295KI-M-CSO-1-Lag296KI-M-CSO-1-Lag,confirmedbythreekeyinformants297KI-M-ANP-Lag,confirmedbythreekeyinformants298KI-M-ANP-Ali-Lag299KI-M-ANP-Lag300KI-M-CSO-1-Lag301KI-M-CSO-3-Lag,confirmedbytwokeyinformants302KI-F-CSO-2-Lag,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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ProtectionIntheorythereissomedegreeofformaljusticeinLaghman,whichnotonlyinvolvesthepoliceandjudiciary,butalsoDoWA,MoLSAMDandsomeCSOs.303Inpracticehowever,duetoinsecurity,lackofawarenessandtheconservativenatureofasociety,formalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeeneffective.304Lackofawarenessandsocietalconservatismareespeciallyhighinruralandremoteareas,wherewomenaresaidtohavenoaccesstoformaljudiciary:

…Evenifwomenaresubjectedtoviolence,theyusuallytoleratethesufferingandnotraisetheirvoice,becauseitisseenasasignofshameanddisgracetothewomanandthecommunity(…)Bettersecuritywouldmakeitpossibletoprosecuteviolatorsofwomen’srights.305

Theruleoflawwithregardstoprotectionofwomen’srightsinLaghmanhasnotprevailedandmanyviolationsofwomen’srightsremainasecretinsidefamilies’homes.306TherearenosafehousesinLaghmanandwomenwhoselivesareindangerareeithersenttoasafehouseinNangarharorsenttothewomen’sprisoninLaghman.307

ReliefandrecoveryTheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsinLaghmanstatedtohaveapolicywherewidowswhohavelosttheirhusbandsduetowarreceiveaprovisionof18.000-60.000Afghanisannually.308Inadditiontogovernment’said,someNGOs,suchasLifeandIRDarementionedtoworkwithwidowsandorphansandprovidethemwithmeanstoimprovetheirlivelihoods.309ThegovernmentdoesnotprovideanyfundsorresourcestofemaleIDPsinLaghmanandinistheOCHAcommitteeofUNOCHAthatprovidesmosthelptoIDPs.310Itisimpliedthattheconservatismwithinthesocietymightbethemainreasonfortheprovincenothavingasafehouse:

TherearenosafehousesinLaghman.TheformerheadofDoWAwouldkeepwomeninthepastwouldproviderefugetowomeninneedinherownhouse.Itispossiblethiswasthecauseofherbeingkilled.Weaskedforasafehouseanumberoftimes,becausewomenarenowkeptinprisonsorsenttoasafehouseinJalalabad.311

Thoughfoodandclothinginwomen’sprisoninLaghmanaresaidtobegood,femaleinmatesintheprovincereceivenovocationaltrainingandtherearenoreintegrationmechanisms.312Nangarhar

303KI-M-DoWA-Lag,confirmedbythreekeyinformants304KI-F-CSO-2-Lag,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants305KI-M-ANP-Ali-Lag,viewsonconservatismconfirmedbytwokeyinformants306KI-F-CSO-1-Lag,confirmedbytwokeyinformants307KI-F-CSO-2-Lag,confirmedbytwokeyinformants308KI-F-MoL-Lag,309KI-F-CSO-1-Lag310KI-F-CSO-2-Lag,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants311KI-F-CSO-1-lag,nothavingasafehouseisconfirmedbyfourkeyinformants312KI-F-MoL-Lag,confirmedbytwokeyinformants

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NangarharProvince,JalalabadandBehsudandKamaDistricts


Table14:DemographicProfileofNangarharProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 79% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 92% 8,0%PercentageofPrisoners 98,9% 1,1%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 51% 49%Percentageofteachers 89% 11%PercentageofStudents 60% 40%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 50


ParticipationIntervieweesareoftheopinionthatwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsandinsocietyingeneralisofcrucialimportance.313However,women’sparticipationremainslimitedandfemalemembershipof(Provincial)PeaceCouncilsisdescribedassymbolic.314Twooutof25membersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilinNangarhararefemaleanddatafromIECshowthatthreeoutof19membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen.315ThemainreasonforthelackoffemaleparticipationinNangarharisinsecurity.316Otherfactorsareconservatismandpatriarchy.317Themaincomplaintbywomenisthatthesocietyisnottolerantofwomenworkingoutsidetheirhomesandparticipatingincurrentaffairsandthatwomenarenotlistenedto,takenseriouslyorgiventimeandspacetoexpressthemselves.318Thoughmalecolleaguesaredescribedasprofessional,womengenerallyfindthemnotsupportiveandanimpedingfactortotheirparticipation.319Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceis,with10percent,oneofthelowestinthecountry.320Heretoo,societalconservatismisdescribedasthemajorimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationincivilservice.321

313KI-F-PW-Jal-Beh,confirmedbythreekeyinformants314KI-F-CSO-2-Jal,confirmedbyoneotherkeyinformant315IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)316KI-M-PPC-Jal,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants317KI-F-PC-Jal,confirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants318KI-F-DoWA-Jal,confirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants319KI-F-PC-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants320CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)321KI-F-PC-Jal,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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ThereisinsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnel.Thegeneralviewofwomen’sparticipationinANPremainslargelynegative.322TherearealsocomplaintsaboutthetreatmentofwomenwithintheANP,whereitissaidthatmalesuperiorssubjectwomentoinappropriatebehaviorandindecentproposals.323

PreventionAccordingtoalocalCSO,womeninNangarhararesubjectedtomoretypesofviolencethanthe22mentionedintheEVAWlaw.324Themostcommontypesofviolenceagainstwomenarephysicalandmentalabuse,escapingfromhome,divorce,andeconomicdeprivation,mostofwhichisofdomesticnature.325Themaincausesofviolencearesaidtobelackofawareness,especiallyamongmen,povertyandunemployment.326InformalmethodstopreventviolenceagainstwomenareprimarilyawarenessraisingstrategiesemployedbyDoWA,someCSOsandtheFRU.327InNangarhar,theuseofinformaljusticeorinformalcourtsisacommonpractice.However,thecourtsaresaidtousuallydecideagainstwomenandthosewhopresideoverthecaseslacktheminimumawarenessrequirements.328Formalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenhavemajorshortcomings.Theformalagenciesinchargeofthejudiciaryandlawenforcement,donotimplementthelaw,arecorruptandabusivetowardswomen.329Thejudiciaryandlawenforcementissaidtonottohesitatetotakeadvantageofhelplesswomenwithoutanyresourcesinneedofjustice.330NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.EVAWlawisnotbeingimplementedandthesoledeterminantofjusticeissaidtobepower,moneyornepotism.331

ProtectionThelawenforcementisnotconsideredhelpfultowomenwhoseekjustice.Itissaidthatbecausewomenattheirmercyaresubjectedtoabuse,womengenerallydonotseekhelpthroughformalmeans.332Thejudiciaryisdescribedascorruptandunfairtowomen,wherewomen’scasestakemuchlongertobeprocessedandthedecisionsareusuallyunjustandagainstwomen.333Becauseoftheformaljudiciary’sattitudeandlackofeffectiveness,itissuggestedthatinformaljustice,despiteallitsshortcomings,mightbeabetteroptionforwomen.334Becauseinformalcourtsarenotcorruptand

322KI-F-CSO-3-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants323KI-F-CSO-3-Jalstatedthataccordingtooneoftheirsurveys,40percentofallfemaleANPemployeeshavebeen

subjectedtosomekindofabuseatwork324KI-F-CSO-3-Jal325KI-M-ANP-Jal-Beh,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants326KI-F-DoWA-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants327KI-M-FRU-Jalconfirmedbytwootherkeyinformants328KI-M-ANP-Jal-Beh,confirmedbyonekeyinformant329KI-F-PC-Jalconfirmedbytwootherkeyinformants330KI-F-CSO-3-Jal,confirmedbyonemoreCSO331KI-F-CSO-3-Jal,confirmedbyonemoreCSO332KI-F-CSO-2-Jal333KI-F-PC-Jalconfirmedbytwootherkeyinformants334KI-F-CSO-3-Jal

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everyoneknowseachother,theycanbeparticularlyhelpfulinsolvingwomen’scivilcasescasessuchasinheritancerights.335WomeninNangarhararestatedtohaveaccesstosafehousesandtheconditionswithinthesafehousesaresaidtobegood.336Accordingtothekeyinformantsfromcivilsocietyorganizations,womencanbebetterprotectedthroughmoreawarenessaboutwomen’srightsandplaceinsociety,especiallyamongmen.337

ReliefandrecoveryTherearenospecialprovisionsforwidowsinNangarhar,theonlysourceofincomethatsomeofthemhaveistheirlatehusband’spension.338TheMoLSAMDstated,thatwithaidfromdifferentdonors,tohavegivenvocationaltrainingsandworkshopstomorethantwothousanddisabledwomenandhavehelpedthemfindwork.339However,itisnotmentionedwhethertheprogramwassustainable.UNHCRissaidtobetheonlyorganizationworkingfortheinternallydisplacedwomen,mostofwhomareextremelyvulnerable.340FemaleprisonsaresaidtohavedrinkingwaterandaTVineachroom.However,theconditionsstillneedtoimproveasthechildrenwhoresideinprisonswiththeirmothershavetheirrightsviolatedandfemaleprisonguardsaresaidtobesubjectedtoabusebytheirmalesuperiors.341Womenwhoselivesareindangerdohaveaccesstosafehouses.342Conditionsinsafehousesaremorefavorable,withwomengettingvocationalandliteracytrainingstohelpwomencontinuetheirlivesaftertheirrelease.343Womencanstayinsafehousesforaslongastheirsecurityrequiresit.Uponrelease,theANPsignsanofficialguaranteeofsafetyletterwiththefamiliesofthosethatdoreturntotheirhomes,toensurethatthesafetyofthewomaninquestionisguaranteed.344

335KI-F-CSO-3-Jal336KI-M-FRU-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants337KI-F-CSO-3-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants338KI-F-DoWA-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants.339KI-M-MoL-Jal340KI-M-CSO-2-Jal341KI-F-CSO-3-Jal342KI-F-CSO-2-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants343KI-F-CSO-2-Jal,confirmedbytwokeyinformants344KI-M-ANP-Jal-Kam

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PaktiaProvince,GardezandAhmadabadandMirzakaDistricts


Table15:DemographicProfileofPaktiaProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 80% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 93% 7%PercentageofPrisoners 99% 1%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50%Percentageofteachers 95% 5%PercentageofStudents 70% 30%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 20-25

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014).DataonPCandPPCmembershiparederivedthroughinterviews.

ParticipationParticipationofwomeninallaspectsofthedecision-makinginPaktiaissaidtobelowerthanmanyotherprovinces.Withtwooutof30membersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilbeingwomen,women’sparticipationinformalpeaceinPaktiaisoneofthelowestinthecountry.Similarly,threeoutof15membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen,whichjustmeetsthe20percentfemalerepresentationquota.345Themainreasonforlackofwomen’sparticipationissocietalconservatism,whileothercausesmentionedarelackofsecurityandlackofawarenessamongmenandwomen.346Familiesusuallydonotallowtheirwomentoworkandthesocietyisskepticalofwomenwholeavetheirhomestoparticipateinlabormarketingeneralandpeaceandpoliticsinparticular.347Withashareofjustoverfourpercent,women’sparticipationincivilserviceinPaktiaisamongthelowestinthecountry.348Theconservativenatureofthesocietylimitswomen’smobilityandaccesstowork:

PeoplewhorespectIslamicdresscodeandacknowledgetheimportanceofreligioninoursocietyareusuallyfreetowork.ButthosewhodonotacknowledgeIslamicdresscodearedefinitelysubjectedgossipandcriticismbythesociety.Peoplequestionherethics(…)familiesalsodonotallowtheirwomentoworkoutsidetheirhomes.349

Women’sparticipationinANSFinPaktiaislimitedbythesamefactors:

345IEC(2014),datafromPajhwok(2014)wronglysuggestthatthePCinPaktiahas9seatsinsteadoftheactual15

seats346KI-F-DoWA-Pak,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants347KI-F-PPC-Pak,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants348CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)349KI-F-PC-Pak,similarviewsaboutconservatismareconfirmedbytwokeyinformants

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Thereareabout20-25womenactiveinANSFandbecausethesocietypatriarchalandamajorityofthoseemployedaremen,womenwhojointheANSFfacealotof[genderbased]challenges.Theyalsofacesecuritychallengesontheirwaytoworkandbackandcannotliveindistricts.Allofthemliveinthecenter.350

AnintervieweefromtheFRUstatedthatthegovernmentdoestrytoaccommodatewomenwhowanttoworkwiththeANSF,butlackofsecurityandsocietalconservatismistoobigofadeterrent.351

PreventionWomeninPaktiaaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostifwhichisofdomesticnature:

Husbandstortureandabusetheirwives.Incaseofdivorce,thefathergetsthechildren.Womenaredeniedtheexpensesneededforhouseholdshoppinganddailychores.Mothers-andsisters-in-lawalsosubjectwomenunderalotofpressure.Womensufferunderpsychologicalandmentalpressure…352

Themostcommontypeofviolenceagainstwomenissaidtobephysicalabuse,whileforcedandunderagemarriages,leadingtowomen’slackofaccesstoworkandeducation,happenonaregularbasisaswell.353Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavebeenratherfruitless.TheANPandFRUstatestolackpersonneltocoverdistrictsandremoteareasandtheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsstatesthatthealllegalandjudicialorganslackknowledgeoftheEVWAlawanditsimplementation.354Becauseofthelackofcapacityandawarenessamongthelegalandjudicialorgans,almostallcasesofviolenceagainstwomenaresolvedthroughinformaljustice,wherecommunityandreligiouseldersconstitutingthetribalorinformaldistrictcouncils,operateasmediators.355ThoughtheANPandFRUstatetocollaboratecloselywithdistrictcouncilstoensurethatsomejusticeisbeingserved,thevastmajorityofthedecisionsmadebycommunityeldersaresaidtobeinfavorofmen.356

ProtectionWomen’saccesstoformaljusticesystemandthepoliceinPaktiaisverylimited.Themainimpedingfactorsaresocietalconservatism,lackofcapacitywithintheformallegalandjudicialorgansandlackofwillingnesswithintheformaljudiciarytohandlewomen’scases.357ANP’smainreasonforitsinabilitytoprotectwomenislackoffemalepersonnelandadequatefacilities:

Inordertoensurewomen’ssecurity,weneedfemalepoliceofficerswhocanfriskotherwomenandenterpeople’shouses.Evenincasesofwomenbeingmurdered,weneedfemalepolice

350KI-F-CSO-1-Pak351KI-M-FRU-Pak352KI-M-ANP-Ahm-Pak,similarviewshavebeenexpressedbytwootherkeyinformants353KI-F-CSO-3-Mir-Pak,confirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants354KI-M-FRU-Pak,confirmedbytwokeyinformants355KI-F-CSO-3-Ahm-Pak,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants356KI-M-FRU-Pak,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants357KI-M-ANP-Ahm-Pak,confirmedbyfiveotherkeyinformants

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officerstoinvestigate(…)wealsoneedsomefacilitiesthatallowandencouragewomentoworkwithus…358

ThesocietyinPaktiaisdescribedasveryconservativeandwomenwhoseekhelpoutsidetheircommunitiesarenottolerated,whichdetersmanywomenfromapproachingtheformaljudiciaryandthepolice.359Illiteracyandlackofawarenessamongwomenissaidtocontributetowomen’slackofaccesstojusticeandformaljudiciary.360Becauseoflackofaccesstoformaljudiciary,useofinformaljustice,wherethedecisionsaregenerallymadeinfavorofmen,isacommonpracticeamongmenandwomeninPaktia.361TherearenosafehousesinPaktiaandwomenwhoselivesareindangeraredirectedtoDoWAforhelp,whothentriestosolvethecasethroughmediation.362

ReliefandrecoveryThoughtheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsinPaktiadidstattohavespecialschoolsandhousingwhereorphansintheprovincecanresideandgetaneducationatanaffordablerate,nospecialresourcesorprovisionsareattributedtowidowsintheprovince.363Disabledwomendogetanannualcontributionof60.000AfghanisfromtheMoLSAMD.364Womenwhoselivesareindangerhavenoplacetoseekrefugeintheprovince.365Duetolackofasafehouse,ifDoWA’smediationattemptsfail,thevictimissenttoasafehouseinKabul.366Thefacilitiesandthequalityofservicesprovidedtofemaleinmatesinwomen’sprisonneedmuchimprovement:

Noattentionhasbeenpaidtotheconditionoffemaleinmatesinwomen’sprisons.Therearenofacilitiesforthemtoreceivevocationalandliteracytrainings.Similarly,womenstaymuchlongerinprisonthantheirsentencerequiresthemto.367

However,femaleinmatesaretreatedwellbytheprisonemployeesandtheattitudeoftheguardsisdescribedasappropriate.368ThoughoneintervieweedidstatethatthelocalpopulationdotrytohelpIDPsintheprovince,nootherspecialprovisionsorservicesaremadeavailabletofemaleIDPsinPaktia,norareanynon-governmentalorganizationsordonorsmentionedtohelpfemaleIDPsintheprovince.369

358KI-M-ANP-Ahm-Pak,similarviewshavebeenexpressedbytwootherkeyinformants359KI-F-CSO-3-Mir-Pak,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants360KI-M-ANP-Ahm-Pak,confirmedbytwokeyinformants361KI-F-CSO-1-Pak,confirmedbytwokeyinformants362KI-M-CSO-4-Pak,confirmedbytwokeyinformants363KI-M-MoL-Pak,confirmedbytwokeyinformants364KI-M-MoL-Pak365KI-M-ANP-Ahm-Pak,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants366KI-F-CSO-2-Pak367KI-F-CSO-3-Pak,similarviewshavebeenexpressedbytwootherkeyinformants368KI-F-CSO-2-Pak,confirmedbythreekeyinformants369KI-F-CSO-3-Pak,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants

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ParwanProvince,BagramandCharikarDistricts

DateofVisit:July10,2015

Table16:DemographicProfileofParwanProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 80% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 92% 8%PercentageofPrisoners 95,6% 4,4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 56% 44%Percentageofteachers 85% 15%PercentageofStudents 62% 38%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 20

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014),numberofwomeninANPisprovidedduringinterviewswithANPandFRUpersonnel.

ParticipationAllintervieweesagreedontheimportanceoffemaleparticipationandwomen’sabilitytoparticipateinpeaceandpolitics.However,women’sparticipationinbothareasremainssignificantlylessthanmen.TheProvincialPeaceCouncil(PPC)inParwanconsistsof15members,threeofwhomarewomen.370TheProvincialPeaceCouncilhas25membersofwhomtwoarefemale.Oneofthefemalemembersissaidtohavebeenabsentforanumberofmonths.371Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinpoliticsistraditionalconservatism,whichviewswomen’sparticipationinpoliticswithdisdain:

…We,aseducatedwomenofthesocietywholeavetheirhomesandengageinpoliticshavenotearnedourfreedomyet.Wemighthavesomefreedomfromourfamilies,buthavenotearnedthefreedomfromthejudgmentofthesociety…372

Dominantpatriarchalvaluesaregivenasthemaincauseofwomen’sexclusionfromdecision-making.373Women’sparticipationinPPCsisviewedbythewomenassymbolicbecause“alldecisionsaremadebythemenandthewomenwhodoparticipate,dosobecausemenhavedecidedthattheyshouldparticipate”.374Thoughnotengagedinformalpeacetalks,whensecurityallows,womenengageinmediationactivitiesthroughpeacecommitteesinanumberofdistrictsandvillages.375Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceremainsverylimited.While13percentofallgovernmentemployeesinParwanarefemale,womencomplainofdiscriminationintheworkplace.376Traditional

370IEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)371KI-F-PPC-Par372KI-F-CSO-3-Par,societalconservatismwasconfirmedbyfourotherkeyinformants373KI-F-PW-Par,discriminationisconfirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants374KI-M-ANP-Par-Bag375KI-F-PW-Par,discriminationisconfirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants376CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013):“AfghanistanStatisticalYearbook2013-14”,Table3-4:Numberof

CurrentGovernmentCivilServiceEmployeesbyProvince,Page17.Thisnumberincludesgovernmentcontractors.ThepercentageoffemalegovernmentemployeesinParwan,excludingthecontractors,is12%.

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conservatismanddiscriminationinthelabormarketandattheworkplaceareseenasthemainimpedingfactorsforwomen’sfullparticipationinthecivilservice.377ThenumberofwomeninAfghanNationalSecurityForcesremainslow.Thisduetoanumberoffactors,summedupbyonefemaleintervieweeasfollows:

Womendonotjointhepolicefirstofallbecausetheirfamiliesobject,thenthereisthenegativeviewofwomeninthepolicebytheircommunitymembers.WomenwhoworkinANPorAfghanNationalArmyarelookedupondisapprovingly.Thereisalsomistreatmentanddisrespecttowardwomenbymaleco-workers.Thentherearedifficultieswithtransportationandlackoffacilitiessuchaschangingroomsandwomen’stoilets.378

PreventionManywomeninParwanaresubjectedtophysical,sexual,economicandpsychologicalabuse.Themostcommontypesofviolencearephysicalabuse,harassmentinpublic,forcedandunderagemarriages,whichsometimesresultinwomenescapingfromhome.379Themoreextremecasesofviolencementionedduringtheinterviewsarestabbings,cuttingoffbodypartsand,accordingtoalocalNGO,casesofburningorsettingwomenonfire(reportedinGhorbanddistrict).380Mostviolenceagainstwomenisofadomesticnatureandoftenrelatedtoeconomichardshipanddrugabuse.381InformalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyoforganizingworkshopsandgatheringsbylocalCSOsandthepolice(ANPandFRUs)toraiseawarenessaboutwomen’srights.382Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeeneffectiveduetothelackofcapacitywithintherelevantgovernmentalinstitutions.383Women’saccesstojusticeremainsminimalandcommunityasawholedoesnotholdingoodesteemwomenwhoseekjusticeoutsidethehomeorcommunity.384NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedAfghanNationalActionPlanforUNSCR1325.TheimplementationofEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen(EVAW)law,however,ismoreinstitutionalized,withANPandprosecutorsappearingtohaveareasonableunderstandingofthelaw.385

ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,lackofawarenessamongwomen,lackoffacilitiesforwomentoseekjusticeandineffectivenessoftheformaljusticesystemarethemaincausesoffailureinprotectingwomenandtheirrights.ThepoliceandtheFamilyResponseUnitscomplainaboutalackofqualified

377KI-F-DoWA-Par,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants378KI-F-FRU-Par,themaleANPintervieweefromBagramconfirmedallpoints,butdeniedthattherewas

disrespectattheoffice379KI-M-CSO-3-Par,confirmedbythreeotherkeyinformants380KI-F-CSO-1-Par381KI-M-ANP-Par-Bagconfirmedbyonefocusgroup382KI-F-CSO-1-Par,confirmedbytwokeyinformants383KI-M-CSO-3-Par,confirmedbytwokeyinformants384KI-F-CSO-1-Par,confirmedbyonefocusgroupandtwokeyinformants385KI-F-DoWA-Par,confirmedbyonekeyinformant

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andtrainedpersonnelandcorruptionwithinthegovernmentalorganizationsasthemainbarriersintheirworktoprotectwomenandtheirrights.386Traditionalconservatismandsocialnormsandalackoftolerancetowardwomenseekingjusticeoutsidethetraditionaljusticestructuresalsolimitwomen’sabilitytorealizetheirlegalrights.387Womenwithdomesticissueshaveaccesstosafehouses.Someintervieweesapprovedofwomenusingsafehouseswhileothersfeltstronglyaboutthestigmasufferedbywomenseekingshelter:

Iwouldrathertolerateviolencethangotoasafehouse.Ifthesafehousesarereallysafe,thenwhydoesthegovernmentnotrunthem?(…)Womeninsafehousesdonotfeelsafeandaresubjectedtoexploitation…388

Somefeltthatwomencouldbebetterprotectedthroughmoregeneralawarenessaboutwomen’srightsandplaceinsociety,especiallyamongmen.389Difficultiesexperiencedbywomenintheworkplacewereattributedbysometoagenerallackofprofessionalpersonnelandadequatefinancialandtechnologicalresources.390

ReliefandrecoveryIntervieweesfromtheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs(DoWA),theMinistryofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled(MoLSAMD)andCSOsexpressedconcernthattheyhadnospecialprovisionsforattendingtotheneedsofthemostvulnerable,suchaswidowsanddisabledwomen.391Femaleprisonsandsafehouseslackadequateresourcesandinfrastructure.392Womenresideinprisonswiththeirchildrensincetherearenootherstructurestocareforthechildrenoftheinmates.Theholdingroomsfortheinmatesaretoosmallandcrowdedandthereisageneralsentimentamongtheinterviewees(exceptthemaleANPinterviewee)thatfemaleinmatesmaybesubjectedtosexualabuseinprisons.393Womeninsafehousesreceivesometrainingtolearnnewskillssuchastailoringbuttherearenopost-safehousemonitoringmechanismstoestablishwhetherandhowthetrainingshaveservedthewomen.394Therearenospecificstructuresormechanismstohelprehabilitatewomenafterleaveprisonsandsafehouses.395AccordingtoDoWAwomenwholeaveprisonscanreturntotheirhomesandiftheyarenotsafethere,thentheycanbesenttoasafehouseagainandstayforaslongastheyareindanger.396TheANPandFRUstatedthatthefamiliesofthewomenwhoreturnhomefromsafehousesareobligedto386KI-F-FRU-Par,confirmedby387KI-F-CSO-2-Par,confirmedbytwokeyinformants388KI-F-CSO-2-Par389KI-M-CSO-3,confirmedbytwokeyinformants390KI-F-DoWA-Par,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants391KI-M-MoL-Par,confirmedbytwootherkeyinformants392KI-F-FRU-Par,confirmedbythreekeyinformants393KI-M-CSO-2-Par,confirmedbythreekeyinformants394KI-F-DoWA-Par395KI-M-MoL-Par,confirmedbythreekeyinformants396KI-F-DoWA-Par

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signanagreementpromisingnottohurtorharassthem.397However,itisnotclearwhetherornotthefamiliescomplywiththeagreementduetotherenotbeingapost-releasemonitoringprogram.Therearenoprovisionsfortheinternallydisplacedwomen,manyofwhomliveintentsandareextremely,vulnerableandsubjectedtoabusebyoutsiders.398

397KI-M-ANP-Par-Bag,confirmedbyonekeyinformant398KI-M-MoL-Par,confirmedbythreekeyinformants

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UruzganProvince,TarinKowtandDehRawodDistricts


Table17:DemographicProfileofUruzganProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 78% 22%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil X% 1PercentageofPrisoners 100% 0%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 51% 49%Percentageofteachers 95% 5%PercentageofStudents 85% 15%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 22


ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinallaspectsofdecision-makinginUruzganislow.Thereasonsforlackofparticipationaresaidtobelackofcapacityandhighilliteracy,insecurityandsocietalconservatismleadingtofamiliesnotallowingtheirwomentowork.399TwooutofnineProvincialCouncilmembersarewomenandtheProvincialPeaceCouncilhasonlyonefemalemember,whostatestofacedifferentkindsofchallenges:

Iamtheonlywomanwhoisactiveintheformalpeaceprocess;therearenootherwomen.Thishasanumberofreasons:First,thereisnosecurity,second,noeffortsarebeingmadetomakeworkaccessibletowomenandthird,therearenotmanywomenwhoareliterateandhavethecapacitytojointhepeaceprocess(…)Iworkonpeace,butmyownhusbandhaswarnedmeanumberoftimesnottogoanymorebecauseofbadsecurity.400

Women’sshareofcivilserviceinUruzganisfourpercent,whichisthelowestofallmonitoredprovinces.401Justlikeparticipationinpeaceandpolitics,lackofcapacity,societalconservatismandinsecurityarethemainimpedingfactorsforwomen’sparticipationinlabormarket.402Thoughthereisaneedformorefemalepoliceofficers,womenwhoworkforthesecurityforces,andmorespecificallytheANP,aresubjectedtodiscriminationandridicule:

…WomenwhoworkforANSFfacemanygender-basedissues,meaningmendonottakethemseriouslyandevenotherwomendonotlikewomenwhoworkwiththesecurityforces(…)Whenwomenridiculewomen,thenyoucanimaginethatmenarecompletelyagainstwomenworking

399KI-F-PW-Deh-Uru,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants400KI-F-PPC-Uru,seeIEC(2014)andPajhwak(2014)fordataonProvincialCouncilmembership401CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2013)402KI-M-MoL-Uru,confirmedbyfourkeyinformants

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withthepolice(…)Femalepoliceofficersdonothaveanyauthorityeither,theyareonlyallowedtofrisk.403

ThenegativeattitudeofpeopletowardswomenjoiningtheANPisattributedtolocalcultureandtraditionsandnotthegovernment’sshortcomingsinfacilitatingwomen’saccesstosecurityforces.404

PreventionWomeninUruzganaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingphysicalabuse,verbalabuse,harassment,baddadan,forcedandunderagemarriagesandexchangeofgirls.405Almostallviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtoisofdomesticnatureandisprimarilycausedbylackofawareness,insecurityandsocietalconservatismwhichlimitswomen’saccesstoeducation.406FormaleffortstopreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistmainlyofawarenessraisingattemptsandprojectsbyDoWAandAIHRC.407Similarly,ANPstatedtohavehadincidentalattemptstoenhanceawarenessamongthepopulation.408Informaleffortstopreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofinvolvingcommunityandreligiousleaderstoinformpeopleaboutwomen’srightsandreduceviolenceagainstwomen.409

ProtectionWomen’saccesstoformaljusticeinUruzganislimitedandtheimpedimentiscausedbyavarietyoffactors.AIHRCwhoworkwithinthelegalandjudicialsectorstatestohaveitsworkimpededbybadsecuritysituationandconstantthreatsandANPclaimstolackfacilitiesandpersonneltohelpwomenindistrictsandremoteareas.410Theweaknessoftheformaljudiciaryandthepolicemakesthemostvulnerableinthesocietymoresusceptibletoabuse:

…Asixyear-oldgirlwasrapedandwewentandvisitedheratthehospital.Wewantedtocampaignforheraccesstojustice,butherfamilysaidthattheydidnotwanttheirhonortobedamagedmorethanitalreadyhasbeen.Also,theysaidthattheoffenderisrichandpowerfulandwedonothaveanythingandwehavebeenthreatenedtodoanything.411

ThesocietyinUruzganisveryconservative,wherewomenwhoseekjusticeoutsidetheirhomesarenotforgiven.Thisdetersmanywomenfromseekinghelpfromtheformaljudiciary.412Apartfromsomeimprovisedcontainersputtogetherbytheformerpolicechiefintheprovince,therearenosafehousesorprisonsinUruzganwherewomenwhoselivesareindangercouldseekshelter.413

403KI-F-AIHRC-Uru404KI-M-ANP-Deh-Uru405KI-M-ANP-Deh-Uru,confirmedbythreekeyinformants406KI-M-CSO-3-Uru,confirmedbytwokeyinformants407KI-F-DoWA-Uru,confirmedbytwokeyinformants408KI-M-ANP-Deh-Uru409KI-M-ANP-Deh-Uru410KI-M-ANP-Uru,confirmedbytwokeyinformants411KI-F-AIHRC-Uru412KI-F-DoWA-Uru,confirmedbythreekeyinformants

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ReliefandrecoveryDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairsinUruzganstatedthatwidowswhosehusbandshavelosttheirlivesduetowarreceivesomevocationaltrainingsinadditiontoamonthlysalaryof5,000Afghanis.414DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsstatedtohavehadprogramsfordisabledwomeninthepast,butthattheaidwasdiscontinuedduetolackofavailableresources.415Nootherprovisionsfordisabledwomenarementioned.TherearenofemaleprisonsinUruzganandthereforenoformaleffortstoreintegratewomenwhoarereleasedfromprison.416FemaleoffendersinUruzganaretransportedtoprisonsinKandaharprovince,whichmakesvisitationsbyfamilymembersachallengingenterprise.417Thoughthereisanimprovisedsafehousewithinthepolicecommandcenter,society’slackoftolerancetowardsafehousesdeterswomenfromseekingshelterinthosesafehouses.418DespiteeffortsfromtheANP,FRUandAIHRC,womenwholeavesafehousesinUruzganaresubjectedtomoreviolenceandevenmurder:

Womenwholeavethesafehousesfacemanychallenges.Theyareusuallysubjectedtomorebeating,insultedanddenigratedbytheirfamiliesandsometimesevenmurdered.Butwhenawomanletsusknowthatsheisleavingthesafehouse,wemakesurethatwehavesomekindofguaranteefromherfamilythatshewillbesafe,beforewelethergo.419

TheDepartmentofRefugeesandrepatriationissaidtohavehandedoutsomeallowancestotheIDPs,buttheintervieweesdidnotmentionanyspecialprovisionsorprotectionstofemaleIDPs.420

413KI-ANP-Deh-Uru,confirmedbytwokeyinformants414KI-M-MoL-Uru415KI-F-DoWA-Uru416KI-M-MoL-Uru,confirmedbyonekeyinformant417KI-F-AIHRC-Uru,confirmedbytwokeyinformants418KI-F-CSO-1-Uru419KI-F-AIHRC-Uru,theANPandFRUalsostatedtosignanagreement/guaranteeofsafetywiththefamilies420KI-M-CSO-3-Uru

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7.Conclusion

NumerousgainshavebeenmadebyandforwomeninAfghanistansince2001.Thepercentageofgirlsinschools,thenumbersofschoolsandclinicsandthenumbersofteachersandmedicalpersonnelhaverisensteadily,albeitunevenlyandwithreservationsaboutservicequality,throughoutthecountry.Attheformalpolicylevel,theGovernmentofAfghanistaniscommittedtocontinuetomakemeasurablestepstoincreasenumberofwomenintheworkforceandstrengthenwomen’splaceinsociety.Similarly,therehavebeenupwardtrendsforthenumberofmaleandfemaleteachers,butalsowithregionalvariationsandreservationsaboutthelackofprofessionalismandqualityoftrainingprovidedfortheteachers.Therehasbeenasteadyincreaseintheratioofdoctorstopopulation.Inabsolutenumbersthewidespreadparticipationofwomeninthe2014elections,attwoconsecutiverounds,wasthehighesteverturnoutbywomentovoteinelectionsthroughoutAfghanistan’shistory.Evenifthisnumberisdiscountedforquestionableorfraudulentvotes,thenumberremainsverysignificant.Theuncertaintyfollowingthepresidentialelectionsin2015,andintensifiedAOGactivitysincethelastquarterof2015,appeartohavehadanegativeimpactontheoptimismthatsetinwiththeformalresolutionofthedisputeabouttheoutcomeoftheelections.However,sincelate2015,thedeteriorationinsecurityconditionscombinedwithweakenedpoliticalstability,persistentpoverty,andtheriseinunemploymentamongmenandwomenhavecontributedtotheturntowardtraditionalism,societalconservatism,corruption,anddiscriminationagainstwomen.ProgramminginsupportofAfghanistan’sNAP1325willneedtobebasedontherecognitionthatforthemostpartAfghanistanremainssociallyconservative,femaleexclusionary,andunacceptingofwomen’srights-centeredinterventionsinthevastmajorityofitsmanyheterogeneouscommunities.Toavoidbacklashesagainstwomen-centeredprogramming,conscientiouseffortswillneedtobemadetoengagemenandboys,aswellasyoungmenandwomen,onthenecessityandbenefitsofequalandsustainablepresenceofwomenindifferentspheresofsociety.Nationalandinternationalentitieswithmandatesonwomen’srightswillneedtoexaminetheirapproachestoensurethatthereisabalancebetweenwomen’srightsactivismandinclusiveandconstructiveengagementandadvocacyonwomen’srightswithlocalcommunities.ThefocusinprogrammingonNAP1325shouldalsoshiftfromhigh-levellegislationandsettingupofvariousformalstructureschargedwiththeresponsibilityforgenderequalitytomoregrassroots,communitylevelengagementtoimplementthemanywomen-centeredlegalprovisions.Therearenoseriousshortagesofpolicies,laws(includingquotas),regulations,andphysicalstructuresinAfghanistantoattendtowomen’smanyfundamentalissues.ThereisaMinistryofWomen’sAffairswithprovinciallineministriesinmostprovinces.Allkeyministrieshavehadagenderpolicy,genderunit,andagenderfocalpoint.TheNationalActionPlanforWomenofAfghanistan(NAPWA)hasnowbeensupersededbythe2015NAP1325,creatingadditionalimpetus.ThekeyconcernaboutNAPWAandallotherlegalprovisionspredatingNAP1325hasbeenweakornonexistentcommitmenttoimplementandasystemicfailuretomainstreamwomenthroughthelegitimacyofthemanyformalprovisions.ThatlittleornothinginpracticehashappenedasadirectresultofNAPWAsince2008orNAP1325sinceJune2015shouldnotleadtotheconclusionthatthesetwomostimportantlegaldocumentshavenoutility.Rather,thechallengeforthegovernment,theinternationaldonors,andcivilsocietyistofind

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waysofusingthesetwoimportantinstrumentsaslegitimacyfortheirproposedactionsonimprovingtheconditionsofwomeninAfghanistan.Akeystepinthisdirectionistolinkthesignificant,albeitadhoc,gainsmadeforwomenthroughsectoralpoliciesinsuchkeysectorsaseducation,health,andjusticetotheobjectivesofNAPWAandNAP1325andtousethesetwopolicyinstrumentstoplacelegitimatedemandonthegovernment(anditsinternationaldonors)toallocateahigherportionoffundsforensuringbasicandsustainablerightsforwomen.

GeneralRecommendations

1. ProvideawarenesstrainingwithinthetargetcommunitiesonlocalpeacerequirementsandreadinessforpeacenegotiationswithArmedOppositionGroups.

2. Engagewithgovernmentalauthorities,e.g.,lineministries,intargetdistricts/provincesonMWPSprojectanditsrelevancetooperationalizingUNSCR1325andAfghanistan’sNAP.

3. ThereisaneedforgeneralawarenessraisingandadvocacyonUNSCR1325andAfghanistan’sNAPamongallstakeholders.

4. ThereisaneedforawarenessraisingonissuesregardingVAW.5. Informalcourtsandjustice:Urgentawarenessraisingandtrainingisneededtotheelders

presidingoverthecourts(inHerat,Kabul,Parwan,Nangarharetc).6. Thereisanurgentneedforcampaigningforwomen’saccesstoformaljusticeincludingmore

femalepolicepersonnel.7. Moreacceptanceofwomenseekinghelpforformaljudiciary.8. FemaleANPpersonnelneedbetterprotectionagainstabuseanddiscriminationbytheir

superiors.9. MoreacceptanceofthesocietyforwomenworkingforANP/ANA.10. Genderissuesneedtobeincorporatedinhumanitarian(aidandproject)planning.11. Asystematicapproachneedstobebuilttoreintegratewomenaftersafehousesandprisons.12. Moreattentiontowell-beingandsafetyandsecurityoffemaleinmates,includingfacilitiessuch

aslocksonthedoorsfrominside.13. Moreattentionneedstobepaidtotherightsofchildrenresidinginprisonswiththeirmothers14. Additionalservicestowidows,IDPsanddivorceesareneeded.15. Thereisaneedforpsychologicalassistanceandhelptofemalevictimsofwar,including

diagnosisandtreatment.16. Ministriesandgovernmentalorganizationsshouldbeencouragedtoincludeprioritizewidows

andhandicappedwomenintheirrecruitmentpoliciesandstrategies.17. Thegovernmentalorganizationsshouldhaveaquotaontheminimumpercentageof

handicappedanddisabledwomenthattheyhire.18. SafehousesinHelmand,Kandahar,Laghman,PaktiaandUruzgantoproviderefugeforwomen

whoselivesareindanger.19. Awomen’sprisoninUruzgantoavoidfemaleinmatesbeingtransportedtoprisonsKandaharto

sittheirsentence.20. AlmostalltheintervieweesinNangarharaskedformoreawarenesscampaignsspecifically

designedformen.21. DepartmentofWorkandSocialAffairsinKandaharstatedtogivewomenfinancialincentives,

suchabettersalariesthanmen,inordertoenhancetheirparticipationincivilservice.22. DaikundicouldserveasanexampleofhowdiscriminationwithintheANPcanbeeliminated.

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Appendix1:ProxiesforUNSCR1325Pillars

ParticipationResolution1325callsforincreasedparticipationofwomenatalllevelsofdecision-making,includinginnational,regional,andinternationalinstitutions;inmechanismsfortheprevention,managementandresolutionofconflict;inpeacenegotiations;inpeaceoperations,assoldiers,police,andcivilians;andasSpecialRepresentativesoftheU.N.Secretary-General.Indicators:

1. Extenttowhichwomenareactivelyinvolvedinpoliticaldecision-makingprocess2. Extenttowhichwomenareactivelyinvolvedinformalpeaceprocesses3. Extenttowhichformalandinformalpeaceagreementsaffectwomenandgirls4. ExtenttowhichwomenarerepresentedinANSFbasedonprofessionalrole,rankandnumber5. Extenttowhichwomenparticipateincivilservice

SamplequestionsforthisIndicator:

a) Howandtowhatextentarewomeninvolvedinpoliticaldecision-making?b) Howandtowhatextentarewomeninvolvedinformalpeaceprocess?c) Howcanwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsbeenhanced?d) Howdoformalandinformalpeaceagreementsaffectwomen’slives?e) Howarewomenwhoareinvolvedinpeaceand/orpoliticstreatedbytheircolleaguesand

thesociety?f) DowomenwhoworkforANSFfacespecificgenderbasedchallenges?g) Whatisthenumber/percentageoffemalegovernmentemployees(quantitative)?

PreventionResolution1325callsforimprovinginterventionstrategiesinthepreventionofviolenceagainstwomen,includingbyprosecutingthoseresponsibleforviolationsofinternationallaw;strengtheningwomen’srightsundernationallaw;andsupportinglocalwomen’speaceinitiativesandconflictresolutionprocesses.Indicators:

1. Typesandnatureofviolenceagainstwomen2. Extenttowhichviolationofwomen’srightsarereported,referredandinvestigated3. ExtenttowhichtheANSFaddresscasesofviolenceagainst4. Extenttowhichviolatorsofwomen’srightsandprosecuted5. ExtenttowhichEVAWandtheNAP1325areputimplementation


a) Whatarethemostcommontypesofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedto?b) WhatformalandinformaleffortsdoANP/FRU/CSO/DoWAyoumaketoprotectwomen

fromVAW?Focusofprevention?c) Dowomenwhoseekjusticefacespecificgenderbasedchallenges?d) Whatimprovementscanbemadetobetterprosecutethosewhoviolatewomen’srights?e) HowareEVAWandNAP1325areputtoimplementation?

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ProtectionResolution1325callsspecificallyfortheprotectionofwomenandgirlsfromsexualandgender-basedviolence,includinginemergencyandhumanitariansituations,suchasinrefugeecamps.Indicators:

1. Extenttowhichwomenareprotectedfromsexualandgender-basedviolencethroughformaljusticesystem

2. Extenttowhichwomenareprotectedfromsexualandgender-basedviolencethroughinformaljusticesystem

3. Extenttowhichfemalevictimsofsexualandgender-basedviolenceareprovidedwithalternatives(safehousesetc)

4. Genderperspectiveinsocial/economicplanning(reflectedinbudgetsatthedistrictlevel)SamplequestionsforthisIndicator:

a) Howcanyourorganizationbetterprotectwomenfromsexualandgender-basedviolence?b) Whatarethesocial/traditionalbarriersforvictimsofsexualandgender-basedviolencein

accesstojustice?c) Arewomenprotectedbytheinformaljusticesystem?How?d) Howisgenderperspectiveincludedinhumanitarianprogramplanning?e) Dowomenhaveaccesstoshelters?Whathappenstothemaftertheyleavetheshelters?f) Dowomenwhoseekjusticefacespecificgenderbasedchallenges?

ReliefandrecoveryTheReliefandRecoveryPillaroftheWomen,PeaceandSecurityagendafocusesonensuringthatreliefneedsspecifictowomenandgirlsaremetandthatspecialattentionispaidtothemostvulnerable,includingdisplacedwomenandgirls,survivorsofgenderbasedviolence,andthosewithdisabilities.Italsocallsforeffortstosupportwomen'sactivitiesasagentsinreliefandrecoveryefforts,includingprovidingwomenwithequalaccesstolivelihoodsactivities.421Indicators:

1. Extenttowhichgenderperspectiveisincludedinhumanitarianprogramplanning2. ExtenttowhichCSOshaveaccesstocapacityandresourcestoaddressagenderperspective3. Theextentofformalprovisionsprovidedtowomenwidowedanddisabledasaresultofconflict4. Theextentofinformalprovisions(atacommunitylevel)providedtowomenwidowedand

disabledasaresultofconflict5. Extenttowhichthespecificneedsofinternallydisplacedwomenaretakenintoaccountand

acteduponbygovernmentanddevelopmentactors6. Extenttowhichwomenhaveaccesstohealthandeducationservices7. Existenceandpracticeofrehabilitationmeasuresforwomenreleasedfromsafehouses8. Existenceandpracticeofrehabilitationmeasuresforwomenreleasedfromprisons


a) Whatcapacitiesdoyouhavetoaddressagenderperspective?b) Howisgenderperspectiveincludedinhumanitarianprogramplanning?

421http://www.peacewomen.org/e-news/article/women-peace-security-panel-series-wps-panel-series-relief-and-

recovery-pillar

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c) Whataretheworkingconditionsoffemalegovernmentemployeesandhowcanitbeimproved?

d) Howdoyoustimulatewomen’semploymentandentrepreneurship?e) Dowomenhaveaccesstoshelters?Whathappenstothemaftertheyleavetheshelters?f) Howarefemaleinmatestreatedinprison?Whathappenstothemwhentheyleavethe

prison?g) Whatprovisionsaretherebythegovernment,CSOs,donorsorNGOsforInternally

DisplacedWomen?h) Whataretherehabilitationmeasuresforwomenoutofprisonsandsafehouses?i) Whatprovisionsaretherebythegovernment,CSOs,donorsorNGOsforwidows?j) Dowomenhaveaccesstohealthandeducationservices?Whatarethebarriers?

QuantitativeDatafromSecondarySources:

1. ThenumberofwomeninProvincialCouncils(AvailableonIEC)2. TheNumberofwomeninProvincialPeaceCouncils(Wehavesome,butneedthemupdated)3. Numberoffemaleinmates(AlsoavailableinCSOyearbooks)4. Numberofwomeninshelters(AskANP,FRUand/orCSOs)5. WomeninCivilService(AvailableinCSOyearbooks)6. Numberoffemaleteachersandstudents(AvailableatCSOyearbook)7. Thenumberfemalehealthprofessionals(AvailableinCSOYearbooks)

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Appendix2:InterviewsandFocusGroupDiscussions

Province District FGD Individualinterviews VisitDateBadakhsan FiazAbad,Argo

andYaftal- 8Femaleand4Male Aug1-8/2015

Balkh

Mazar,DawlatabadandKhulm

- 8Femaleand5Male Aug1-8/2015

Bamyan Bamyan,andYakawlang

PWNFemaleFGD 7Femaleand4Male Aug1-8/2015

Daikundi NiliandShahristan - 5Femaleand5Male Aug9-16/2015Faryab Maimanaand

PashtunKotPWNFemaleFGD 6Femaleand4Male July2-28/2015

Helmand Lashkargah,NadaliandGereshk

- 6Femaleand5Male July9-16th2015

Herat Herat,InjilandGuzara

PWNFemaleFGD 7Femaleand3Male July2-28/2015

Kabul Kabul,IstalifandBagrami

PWNFemaleFGD 4Femaleand6Male July9-16th2015

Kandahar Kandahar,ArghandabandDaman


Kunduz Kunduz,andAliabad

PWNFemaleFGD 5Femaleand4Male Aug9-16/2015

Laghman MehtarlamandAlishang

- 8Femaleand6Male July2-28/2015

Nangarhar JalalaAbad,BehsoodandKama


Paktia Gardiz,AhmadabadandMirzaka


Parwan CharakarandBagram


Uruzgan TarinkotandDehRawud


15Provinces 38Districts 7FemaleFGDs 90Females/56Males

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Appendix3:KeyInformantandFocusGroupCodes

BadakhshanNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Bad DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Bad FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Bad DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Yaf-Bad HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-F-PW-Yaf-Bad ProminentWomen6 KI-F-CSO-Bad-1 Representativeofwomenforwomen7 KI-F-CSO-Bad-3 Representative Afghanistan International Human Right Commission in

Badakhshan8 KI-M-CSO-Bad-2 JusticeforAll9 KI-M-ANP-Arg-Bad ArgodistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice10 KI-F-PW-Arg-Bad ArgoDistrictGovernor11 KI-F-Mol-Bad DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled12 KI-F-PC-Bad FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncilBalkhNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-PC-Bal ProvincialCouncil2 KI-F-CSO-Bal-1 CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetwork3 KI-F-CSO-Bal-3 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninBalkh4 KI-M-CSO-Bal-2 WelfarecenterforWomenandYouth5 KI-F-PPC-Pak FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil6 KI-M--Kha-Bal HeadofAfghanistannationalpoliceinKholomDistrict7 KI-F-DoWA-Bal HeadofDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs8 KI-M-FRU-Bal HeadofFamilyResponseUnit9 KI-F-PW-Bal MemberofDevelopmentCouncilinArghandabdistrictofKandahar10 KI-M-ANP-Daw-Bal HeadofAfghanistannationalpoliceinDawlatabadDistrict11 KI-M-ANP-Bal Deputyheadofcriminaldepartment(Afghanistannationalpolice)12 KI-M-Mol-Bal DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled

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BamyanNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Bam DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Bam FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Bam DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Yak-Bam HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-M-CSO-Bam-1 ProvincialAfghanWomen'sNetwork6 KI-F-CSO-Bam-3 CivilSocietyAssembly7 KI-F-Mol-Bam DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Bam HeadofProvincialCouncil9 FGD-PWN-Bam FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork10 KI-F-PW-Yak-Bam PresidentofWomenOrganization11 KI-F-AIHRC-Bam RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninBamyanDaikundiNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Dai DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-M-PPC-Dai HeadofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Dai DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Sha-Bam HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-M-CSO-Dai-1 CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetwork6 KI-F-CSO-Dai-3 Payamdevelopmentandeducationalinstitution7 KI-F-Mol-Dai DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Dai FemalememeberofProvincialCouncil9 KI-F-PW-Sha-Dai PresidentofWomenOrganization10 KI-M-AIHRC-Dai RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninDaikundi 11 KI-M-CSO-Dai-2 OfficeoftheCivilSocietyNetworkFaryabNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Far DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Far FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Far DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Pas-Far HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-M-CSO-Far-1 Culturaltrainingforwomenandyouth6 KI-F-CSO-Far-3 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninFaryab7 KI-F-Mol-Far DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Far FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncil9 FGD-PWN-Far FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork10 KI-M-CSO-Far-2 CultureintellectualsandcivilsocietyHelmandNo Code Affiliation

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1 KI-M-ANP-Hel ThepolicechiefofHelmandprovince.AfghanistanNationalPolice2 KI-F-PPC-Hel FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Hel RepresentativeofDepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-Gov-Nad-Hel DistrictGovernor5 KI-CSO-Hel-1 RepresentativeofWazirMohammadAkabarkhanOrganization6 KI-F-CSO-Hel-2 AfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation7 KI-F-Mol-Hel DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Hel FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncil9 KI-F-CSO-Hel-3 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninHelmand

HeratNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Her DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-M-PPC-Her FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Her DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Goz-Her HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-M-CSO-Her-1 HeadofWASAorganizationinHerat6 KI-F-CSO-Her-3 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninHerat7 KI-F-Mol-Her DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Her FemalememeberofProvincialCouncil9 KI-F-PW-Goz-Her ProminentWomen10 KI-M-ANP-Inj-Her HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice 11 KI-M-CSO-Her-2 HeadofPTROinHerat12 FGD-PWN-Her FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetworkKabulNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Kab DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits3 KI-F-DoWA-Kab DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Bag-Kab HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-F-CSO-Kab-1 RepresentativeofCSHRN6 KI-F-CSO-Kab-3 Women'sSolidarityforJustice7 KI-M-CSO-Kab-2 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninKabul8 KI-F-Mol-Kab DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled9 KI-M-PC-Kab MemberofProvincialCouncil10 FGD-PWN-Kab FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork

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KandaharNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Kan DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Kan FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Kan RepresentativeofDepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-F-CSO-Par-1 AfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommission5 KI-F-CSO-Kan-2 AfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation6 KI-F-Mol-Kan DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled7 KI-F-PC-Kan FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncil8 FGD-PWN-Kan FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork9 KI-F-PW-Arg-Kan MemberofDevelopmentCouncilinArghandabdistrictofKandahar10 KI-F-CSO-Kan-3 JusticeforAllKunduzNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Kun DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Kun FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Kun DepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-ANP-Ali-Kun HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice5 KI-CSO-Kun-1 RepresentativeofPeaceTrainingandResearchOrganization6 KI-F-CSO-Kun-3 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninKunduz7 KI-F-Mol-Kun DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Kun FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncil9 FGD-PWN-Kun FGDwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork10 KI-F-PW-Ali-Kun ProminentWomenLaghmanNo Code Affiliation1 KI-M-CSO-Lag-1 EmployeeofYHDO2 KI-M-FRU-Lag DirectorofFamilyResponseUnite3 KI-M-ANP-Ali-Lag DeputyHeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice4 KI-F-PW-Ali-Lag ProminentWomeninKamaDistrict5 KI-M-FRU-Lag DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits6 KI-F-CSO-Lag-2 Head of JFAO 7 KI-F-DoWA-Lag DepartmentofWomen'sAffairs8 KI-M-PPC-Lag MemberofthePeaceCommittee9 KI-F-PC-Lag MemberofProvincialCouncil10 KI-M-Mol-Lag DepartmentHeadofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled11 KI-F-CSO-Lag-3 AfghanWomenNetwork

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NangarharNo Code Affiliation1 KI-M-ANP-Bah-Nan HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice2 KI-M-ANP-Kam-Nan HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice3 KI-F-PW-Kam-Nan ProminentWomeninKamaDistrict4 KI-M-FRU-Nan DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits5 KI-F-CSO-Nan-1 WomenForAfghanWomen6 FGD-F-PWN-Nan FocusGroupDiscussionProvincialWomen'sNetwork7 KI-F-CSO-Nan-2 )CAfghan Women's Educational Center (AWE 8 KI-F-DoWA-Nan DepartmentofWomen'sAffairs9 KI-F-PW-Bah-Nan ProminentWomeninBehsoodDistrict10 KI-M-PPC-Nan ClerkofthePeaceCommittee11 KI-F-PC-Nan MemberofProvincialCouncil12 KI-M-MOL-Nan DepartmentHeadofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled13 KI-F-CSO-Nan Women's rights advocacy director of Afghanistan International Human Right

CommissionPaktiaNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-PC-Pak ProvincialCouncil2 KI-F-CSO-Pak-2 SheenChamanOrganization3 KI-F-CSO-Pak-1 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninPaktia4 KI-M-CSO-Pak-4 AfghanWomen’sNetwork5 KI-F-CSO-Pak-Ahm-3 AhmadAbadZawananoTolana6 KI-F-CSO-Pak-Mar-3 MirzakayouthsCounicl7 KI-M-PPC-Pak HeadofProvincialPeaceCouncil8 KI-M-ANP-Pak DeputyHeadofcriminaldepartment(AfghanistanNationalPolice)9 KI-M-ANP-Pak-Mar HeadofAfghanistanNationalPoliceinMirzakaDistrict10 KI-F-DoWA-Pak HeadofDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs11 KI-M-Mol-Pak DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled12 KI-M-FRU-Pak HeadofFamilyResponseUnit

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ParwanNo Code Affiliation1 KI-F-FRU-Par DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Par FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Par RepresentativeofDepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-M-Gov-Bag-Par HeadofDistrictPolice5 KI-F-CSO-Par-1 RepresentativeofHakaOrganization6 KI-F-CSO-Par-2 RepresentativeofWomenforWomeninternational7 KI-F-Mol-Par DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled8 KI-F-PC-Par FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncil9 FGD-PWN-Par FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork10 KI-F-PW-Bag-Par MemberofDevelopmentCouncilinParwanasaProminentWomen11 KI-F-CSO-Par-3 AfghanWomen’sSkillsDevelopmentCentreUruzganNo Code Affiliation1 KI-M-FRU-Uru DirectorofFamilyResponseUnits2 KI-F-PPC-Uru FemaleMemberofProvincialPeaceCouncil3 KI-F-DoWA-Uru RepresentativeofDepartmentofWomenAffairs4 KI-F-CSO-Uru-1 RepresentativeAfghanistanInternationalHumanRightCommissioninUruzgan5 KI-F-CSO-Uru-2 AfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation6 KI-M-Mol-Uru DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabled7 KI-F-PC-Uru FemaleMemberofProvincialCouncil8 FGD-PWN-Uru FocusGroupDiscussionwithProvincialWomen'sNetwork9 KI-F-PW--Uru MemberofDevelopmentCouncilinArghandabdistrictofKandahar10 KI-F-CSO-Uru-3 JusticeforAll11 KI-M-ANP-Dah-Uru HeadofDistrictAfghanistanNationalPolice

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