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  • Women of Color in the Planetary Science Workforcenewton.uor.edu/FacultyFolder/julie_rathbun/WiPE2018woc.pdf · ge Planetary Science 2011 US 2010 US 2050 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
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Women of Color in the Planetary Science Workforce: General par7cipa7on and membership within spacecra< mission teams Lynnae C. Quick (Smithsonian Ins7tu7on), Serina Diniega (Jet Propulsion Lab, California Ins7tute of Technology) Demographics of the Planetary Science workforce do not match US demographics Julie A. Rathbun PSI/U of R [email protected] twiNer.com/LokiVolcano Women on science teams of Planetary robo2c missions • Since 2001, percentage of women on missions has remained flat (best fit slope = -0.07), despite an increase in the number of women in planetary science [4,5] • 2001-2016, average percentage of women on teams 15.8% • Of the 15.8% of women on teams, most are white women Recommenda2ons Refs: 2011 Planetary Science Workforce Survey [1], 2010 US Census [2], US Popula7on predic7ons [3] Planetary Scien7st Pipeline References: [1] White, et. al. 2011 (hNp://lasp.colorado.edu/home/mop/files/2015/08/Rep ort.pdf). [2] 2010 US Census Brief (hNp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br- 02.pdf). [3] Passel, J. S. and Cohn D. (2008) US Popula7on Projec7ons: 2005- 2050, (hNp://assets.pewresearch.org/wp- content/uploads/sites/3/2010/10/85.pdf). [4] Rathbun, J. A., et al. (2015) DPS, 312.01 [5] Rathbun, J. A. (2016) DPS, 332.01 [6] Leslie S.-J. et al., 2015, Science, 347(6219), 262-265. [7] Nielsen, M.W., 2016. Sci & Pub. Pol., 43(3), 386-399. [8] McCoy, D.L., et al., 2015. J. Diversity Higher Ed., 8(4), 225-242. [9] Guarino, C.M. & V. Borden, 2017, Res. In Higher Ed., 58(6), 672-684. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 White Asian Black Hispanic Percentage Planetary Science 2011 US 2010 US 2050 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% US 2010 Planetary Science 2011 Women Men General Popula7on For this study, we are focused on the net effect -- not the individual many factors and influences. Men Women White 1661 554 La7nx 19 6 Black 19 6 Asian 134 45 Other 76 26 Numbers of planetary scien7sts are calculated based on [1]: Used total number of scien7sts contacted, response rate, and percentage that self-iden7fy as planetary scien7sts to calculate 2525 total planetary scien7sts. Determined total numbers in each demographic based on reported percentages and assuming that percentage of women is constant across racial lines (percentages shown at le<). Our own count of Black and La7nx planetary scien7sts shows that men do not significantly outnumber women as they do for white scien7sts. However, our count does agree that there are small numbers of planetary scien7st from both groups. What’s going into the pipeline? Assump7ons: 1. Demographics of the group going into the pipeline matches the 2010 US census distribu7on 2. Number of white men going in = number coming out. Men Women White 1661 1772 La7nx 382 396 Black 355 368 Asian 146 152 Other 62 65 What percentage of each group makes it from the US popula2on, through the pipeline, to become planetary scien2sts? Success rate men Success rate women White 100% 32% La2nx 5% 1.5% Black 5% 1.5% Asian 92% 30% Other n/a n/a Example barriers to Entry • Assump7on of a “meritocracy” system, and a related assump7on that that well qualified minori7es fail to make it in science because they are not good candidates [6,7] • “Color-blind” approaches to mentoring of diverse students is less effec7ve [8] and, along with a lack of racially-diverse role models, can be detrimental. • A lack of diversity within the mentor-popula7on enhances the emo7onal and “service” labor requested from those present (and this work is undervalued) [9]. Note that references [6-7, 9] focus only the impact of gender – however, all of these barriers may more strongly affect women of color and/or be compounded by race. The planetary science workforce is not nearly as diverse as the society from which membership is drawn and the majority of our funding comes. There is clearly a pipeline problem and then barriers for success for women in planetary science – and in par(cular, for women of color. • Asian Americans are represented in planetary science at rates comparable to white women, but may s7ll be poorly represented on spacecra< science teams • Women of Color (not including Asian women) are the most underrepresented group in science. • White women are much closer in representa7on to white men than to women of color • For every 3 white men that make it through the pipeline there is 1 white women. • For every 10 white women that make it through there are only 1-2 women of color. • More than 95% of poten2ally talented women of color are being leI behind and kept out of the planetary science community. • The low numbers of women of color in the field directly affects the number of women of color on spacecraI science teams. • Purely gender-focused efforts are unlikely to sufficiently help women of color remain in the field. • Future demographic studies of the Planetary Science workforce should consider and report race and gender simultaneously to determine the role of intersec7onality on par7cipa7on in planetary science. • Recruitment and reten2on efforts need to focus on the groups that are the most underrepresented in planetary science: racial minority groups. • More studies are needed into the barriers to equal representa7on along the en7re pipeline, including within planetary science. Planetary Scien7sts Women of Color (not including Asian women) are the most underrepresented group in science, being more underrepresented than white women by a factor of 10. The representa2on of other racial iden22es, such as indigenous peoples, were so low that they were not included in this analysis, a testament to gross underrepresenta2on in the field. Conclusions

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Page 1: Women of Color in the Planetary Science Workforcenewton.uor.edu/FacultyFolder/julie_rathbun/WiPE2018woc.pdf · ge Planetary Science 2011 US 2010 US 2050 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

WomenofColorinthePlanetaryScienceWorkforce:Generalpar7cipa7onandmembershipwithinspacecra<missionteams LynnaeC.Quick(SmithsonianIns7tu7on),

SerinaDiniega(JetPropulsionLab,CaliforniaIns7tuteofTechnology)

DemographicsofthePlanetaryScienceworkforcedonotmatchUSdemographics

JulieA.RathbunPSI/[email protected]/LokiVolcano

WomenonscienceteamsofPlanetaryrobo2cmissions

•  Since2001,percentageofwomenonmissionshasremainedflat(bestfitslope=-0.07),despiteanincreaseinthenumberofwomeninplanetaryscience[4,5]

•  2001-2016,averagepercentageofwomenonteams15.8%

•  Ofthe15.8%ofwomenonteams,mostarewhitewomen

Recommenda2ons

Refs:2011PlanetaryScienceWorkforceSurvey[1],2010USCensus[2],USPopula7onpredic7ons[3]

PlanetaryScien7

stPipeline

References:[1]White,et.al.2011(hNp://lasp.colorado.edu/home/mop/files/2015/08/Report.pdf).[2]2010USCensusBrief(hNp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf).[3]Passel,J.S.andCohnD.(2008)USPopula7onProjec7ons:2005-2050,(hNp://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/10/85.pdf).[4]Rathbun,J.A.,etal.(2015)DPS,312.01[5]Rathbun,J.A.(2016)DPS,332.01[6]LeslieS.-J.etal.,2015,Science,347(6219),262-265.[7]Nielsen,M.W.,2016.Sci&Pub.Pol.,43(3),386-399.[8]McCoy,D.L.,etal.,2015.J.DiversityHigherEd.,8(4),225-242.[9]Guarino,C.M.&V.Borden,2017,Res.InHigherEd.,58(6),672-684.

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Women Men

GeneralPopula7on

Forthisstudy,wearefocusedontheneteffect--nottheindividualmanyfactorsandinfluences.

Men WomenWhite 1661 554La7nx 19 6Black 19 6Asian 134 45Other 76 26

Numbersofplanetaryscien7stsarecalculatedbasedon[1]:Usedtotalnumberofscien7stscontacted,responserate,andpercentagethatself-iden7fyasplanetaryscien7ststocalculate2525totalplanetaryscien7sts.Determinedtotalnumbersineachdemographicbasedonreportedpercentagesandassumingthatpercentageofwomenisconstantacrossraciallines(percentagesshownatle<).OurowncountofBlackandLa7nxplanetaryscien7stsshowsthatmendonotsignificantlyoutnumberwomenastheydoforwhitescien7sts.However,ourcountdoesagreethattherearesmallnumbersofplanetaryscien7stfrombothgroups.

What’sgoingintothepipeline?Assump7ons:1.  Demographicsofthegroupgoingintothepipelinematches

the2010UScensusdistribu7on2.  Numberofwhitemengoingin=numbercomingout.

Men WomenWhite 1661 1772La7nx 382 396Black 355 368Asian 146 152Other 62 65 Whatpercentageofeachgroupmakesit

fromtheUSpopula2on,throughthepipeline,tobecomeplanetaryscien2sts?

Successratemen

Successratewomen

White 100% 32%La2nx 5% 1.5%Black 5% 1.5%Asian 92% 30%Other n/a n/a

ExamplebarrierstoEntry•  Assump7onofa“meritocracy”

system,andarelatedassump7onthatthatwellqualifiedminori7esfailtomakeitinsciencebecausetheyarenotgoodcandidates[6,7]

•  “Color-blind”approachestomentoringofdiversestudentsislesseffec7ve[8]and,alongwithalackofracially-diverserolemodels,canbedetrimental.

•  Alackofdiversitywithinthementor-popula7onenhancestheemo7onaland“service”laborrequestedfromthosepresent(andthisworkisundervalued)[9].

Notethatreferences[6-7,9]focusonlytheimpactofgender–however,allofthesebarriersmaymorestronglyaffectwomenofcolorand/orbecompoundedbyrace.

Theplanetaryscienceworkforceisnotnearlyasdiverseasthesocietyfromwhichmembershipisdrawnandthemajorityofourfundingcomes.Thereisclearlyapipelineproblemandthenbarriersforsuccessforwomeninplanetaryscience–andinpar(cular,forwomenofcolor.•  AsianAmericansarerepresentedinplanetaryscienceatrates

comparabletowhitewomen,butmays7llbepoorlyrepresentedonspacecra<scienceteams

•  WomenofColor(notincludingAsianwomen)arethemostunderrepresentedgroupinscience.

•  Whitewomenaremuchcloserinrepresenta7ontowhitementhantowomenofcolor

•  Forevery3whitementhatmakeitthroughthepipelinethereis1whitewomen.

•  Forevery10whitewomenthatmakeitthroughthereareonly1-2womenofcolor.

•  Morethan95%ofpoten2allytalentedwomenofcolorarebeingleIbehindandkeptoutoftheplanetarysciencecommunity.

•  ThelownumbersofwomenofcolorinthefielddirectlyaffectsthenumberofwomenofcoloronspacecraIscienceteams.

•  Purelygender-focusedeffortsareunlikelytosufficientlyhelpwomenofcolorremaininthefield.

•  FuturedemographicstudiesofthePlanetaryScienceworkforceshouldconsiderandreportraceandgendersimultaneouslytodeterminetheroleofintersec7onalityonpar7cipa7oninplanetaryscience.

•  Recruitmentandreten2oneffortsneedtofocusonthegroupsthatarethemostunderrepresentedinplanetaryscience:racialminoritygroups.

•  Morestudiesareneededintothebarrierstoequalrepresenta7onalongtheen7repipeline,includingwithinplanetaryscience.

PlanetaryScien7sts

WomenofColor(notincludingAsianwomen)arethemostunderrepresentedgroupinscience,beingmoreunderrepresentedthanwhitewomenbyafactorof10.Therepresenta2onofotherracialiden22es,suchasindigenouspeoples,weresolowthattheywerenotincludedinthisanalysis,atestamenttogrossunderrepresenta2oninthefield.

Conclusions

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