- women in stem careers in japan- · the association of 90 academic societies in stem (2015) 12...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Beyond the Bias and Barriers
- Women in STEM Careers in Japan-
Tokyo, Japan, March 8, 2018
Hisako Ohtsubo1, Haruko Ogawa2, Megumi Sato3, Noriko Hirata-Kohno4
1SeniorResearcher,NihonUniversity.Email:[email protected],OchanomizuUniversity.Email:[email protected]
3Lecturer,NihonUniversity.Email:[email protected],NihonUniversity.Email:[email protected]
ERN2018#2:GENDEREQUALITYINRESEARCH&DUALCAREERS
LowRaJoofFemaleResearchersinJapan
2
• NumbersofFemaleResearchersareincreasing.
2005: 98,700(11.9%) --→ 2017: 144,100(15.7%)
• RaJoofthefemaleresearchersaresJlllow,becauseofitslowraJointhecompaniesandindustries(8.2%).
Japan’sNumericalTarget:202030
(15.7%in2017)�
1.One Numerical Target, 30% by 2020 (2003) (30% of female ratio in leading positions in all the area in society)
2. Two Basic Plans Every 5 years (since 2005, 2010, 2015) 1) The Basic Plan for Science and Technology 2) The Basic Plan for Gender Equality 3. Three Programs by MEXT (2006 - present) 1) Supporting Activities for Female Researchers (2006 - present )
Supporting Positive Activities for Female Researchers (2009-2011) (“KASOKU”-Program/Acceleration-Program)
2) Restart Postdoctoral (RPD) Fellowship (2006 - ) 3) Support for Female High-School Students into Science(2006 - )
Policies & Measures Supporting Gender Equality in STEM Field in Japan
4
%
男女雇用機会均等法 Basic Law for a
Gender-Equal Society
科学技術基本法
第2期科学技術基本計画
第3期科学技術基本計画
モデル育成事業RPD制度理系選択支援
加速プログラム
第4期科学技術基本計画
年0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
合計(理工農)
教授(理工農)
助(准)教授(理工農)
講師(理工農)
助教+助手(理工農)
助手(理工農)
助教(理工農)
合計(全体)
2004
独 法 化
Increase of Female Ratio of Researchers in STEM
4
Equal Employment Opportunity Law
The Basic Act on Science and Technology
The 2nd Basic Plan for Science and Technology
The 4th Basic Plan for Science and Technology
Megumi Sato et al., Transactions of Nihon University School of Dentistry 44, 69-75
The 3rd Basic Plan for Science and Technology
5
Almost 100 Universities/Institutions have been participating in these MEXT Programs. (2006 ~ present)
5
1. Supporting Activities for Female Researchers (2006 ~)“Common Programs” among the Institutions Next slides!!
“Unique self-check system”(2010 – present)• Ochanomizu University
Supporting Positive Activities for Female Researchers“KASOKU-Program”/Acceleration-Program (2009-2011)
Good Examples:• Kyushu University• Nagoya University
2. Restart Postdoctoral (RPD) Fellowship (2006 ~) “Restart from childcare leave”
A kind of“Quotas System” brought spillover effects
6
http://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp
Up-skilling Program
Work-LifeBalance
MentoringProgram
Gender Equality
Office
On-CampusNursery
Climate Change
On-CampusChildcareAfter school
Support for Women Students
Supporting Program
HeForShe(UN Women)
Various Programs for Promoting Gender Equality by Nagoya University
Annual Reports
LocalNetworking
http://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp
7
• Since 2010 ~ present• In 2016,
Excel Sheets to 98 institutions. 41, recovered (41.8% recovery)
• 50 questions → 100 points• Average score: 61.8 points
Top: 80 points, Bottom: 17 points• Popular items:
ü Set up the Organization (eg: GE Office)
ü Offering information support via Homepage
ü Taking measures to prevent sexual harassment
• Various use:ü self-check and follow changes over
the years, ü data-based evidence for
negotiation to the top.
“Ochadai Index”, A Self-Check INDEX for leveling the field
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥
⑦②
③
⑤
①
④
⑦
⑥
http://www-w.cf.ocha.ac.jp/leader/cosmos/contents/consolidation/ochaindex/howtoochaindex/
8
“KASOKU-Program”/Acceleration-Program
Women Researchers Promotion Program by Kyushu University
by courtesy of Prof. Eriko Jotaki@ Kyushu University
Two steps competition are required in selection procedure.
Qualities of candidates as well as motivation of the departments are examined.
(2009~2018)
9
“KASOKU-Program”/Acceleration-ProgramNo one could say any more “Is there any female applicants?” and so on,
Such as “It is deterioration of academic level” !!
by courtesy of Prof. Eriko Jotaki @ Kyushu University
High spillover effect was observed!
Quotas
Numbers of Female Faculty Members
1010
Division of Biological Sc.i, Graduate School of Sci., Nagoya Univ.http://www.bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp/introduction.html
2006 2016
Three is a magic Number!
by courtesy of Prof. Narie Sasaki @ Nagoya University
Drastic Increase in 11 years in Biology Division@Nagoya-U.
Numbers of AwardeesIncluding the continued
fellows
Applicant
Awardee
Adoption rate
63.2
90
10.5
3.7
10.5
1.710.5
3.15.3 1.4
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
RPD PD
Jobsa*er5years
unemployedpart-?mejobpart-?meresearcherpostdocfull-?meresearcher
RPD*:Advancement in the past decade
*: Restart Pstdctoral Fellow ¥ 362,000/month for 3yrs
2006 2016
2006 2016
Numbers of Applicants & Awardees
https://www.jsps.go.jp/j-pd/rpd_gaiyo.html
12
The association of 90 academic societies in STEM (2015)
12
EPMEWSE ─ Renraku-kai (established at 2002)
Japan Inter-Society Liaison Association Committee for Promoting Equal Participation of
Men and Women in Science and Engineering (EPMEWSE)
1. Large-scale surveys every 5 years2. Proposals and Requests to the Government3. Annual symposium every fall 4. Surveys of female ratio in each societies5. Summer camp & Workshop for high-school girls
The Major Rolls
<http://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html>
13
Visibility Surveysof Female Scientistsin Scientific Societies& Scientific Meeting
Large Scale Surveys every 5 years
Analysis & Reports
Proposals & Requests
WELCOME to EPMEWSE: English Homepagehttp://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html
VisibilityoftheFemaleScienJstsinScienJficSocieJes
TheMathemaIcalSocietyofJapan
TheChemicalSocietyofJapan
PhysiologicalSocietyofJapan
ThePhysicalSocietyofJapan
TheZoologicalSocietyofJapan
Ordinarymembers
Studentmembers
President/VPs
Directors
SpeakersinvitedtoSymposium
Organizers:MenonlyMen&Women
ArewevisibleenoughinthescienIficsocieIes?WeseeUnconsciousBiaseverywhere!
HommaMK.,MotohashiR.andOhtsuboH.GenestoCells18(07):529-532(2013)
h^p://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/2013_raIo/2013_raIo_table.pdf
FemaleRa?ooftheSocie?es(2013)
(10/82havefemaleP/VP.)
15
Large-Scale Survey in STEM Every 5 Years
15
The 3rd Large-Scale Survey of Actual Conditions of Gender Equality in Scientific and Technological Professions
August 2013
Contents of the Report:Chapter 1 Summary of Results Chapter 2 Gender Gap in Job Positions Chapter 3 Child and Nursing Care Chapter 4 Limited-term Employment and Postdocs Chapter 5 Programs and Policies Chapter 6 Written Comments
81 Scientific Societies in STEM field, Survey was done in the fall of 2012Numbers of respondents: 16,314 (Male 11,958 & Female 4,356)http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf
Under 39
Numbers of children in younger generation
Numbers of children Numbers of children they wish and they could
More than two children are desired, but it is difficult for younger generations.
The reasons why they do not have children
Men financial matterWomen difficult to maintain career and family
Male Female Male Female
Over 40
0.9 at 40 years old
http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf
17
Heavy family responsibility to women’s side (2007)
in the Lab
http://www.djrenrakukai.org/2007enquete/h19enquete_report_v2.pdf
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Male
Female
Shorter working hours (11‐14 hrs/week) in the Lab
Longer working hours (20 hrs/week) at home
Female<Male Female>Male
00.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.55
Male
Female
at home�
Hours at workplace per week Hours for household & childcare per day
1818
Childcare Leave: The rate is increasing, but・・・
1368 700 272 1262
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
Didnottakeleave
Tookleave,butnotasrequested
Tookleaveasrequested
17737 17
32
78
247
19
13482 48
210
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
Didnottakeleave
Tookleave,butnotasrequested
Tookleaveasrequested
7736 18
9
107
2
4
37 6
29
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Didnottakeleave
Tookleave,butnotasrequested
Tookleaveasrequested
Male (Universities) Female (Universities) Female (Corporations)
1135
21
241
59
32
10
666
154
118
70
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male
FemaleWasunnecessary
Didnotwishtotakeleave
Homeenvironment
Workplaceenvironment
Noprovisionexisted
Why Parents with Pre-school Children did not take Childcare Leave!
http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf
Requirements for Balancing Family and Work
0 20 40 60
仕事中心の考え方の変化
上司の理解 職場の雰囲気
介護サービスの拡充 勤務時間の弾力化
男女役割分担の意識の変化 学童保育の拡充
休業中に自宅で仕事を継続できる仕組み 病児保育
保育園のサービスの拡充 女性
男性
%
Female
Male
Expanded Nursery Service�
Flexible Working Hours�
Workplaces Atmosphere�
Sick Child Care�
Changes in “work as center” concepts�
Understanding from Supervisor �
Changes in male and female roll�
Expanded after-school care for children �
Expanded Nursing-care sirvice�
Variety of provisions for leave of absence�
The analysis of “The 4th Large-Scale Survey” has done in 2017.New data is open in our Homepage (http://www.djrenrakukai.org/enquete.html#enq).
http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf
Dennis Normile 記者(Science)
Science 349 Issue 6244 p127-128、 July 10, 2015 by Dennis Normile, in Tokyo
20
“WOMEN IN SCIENCE”, Interviewed by “Science”
21
051015202530354045
大学で主宰(男性)
大学で主宰(女性)
企業で主宰(男性)
企業で主宰(女性)
(%)
PIatUniversity(Men)
PIatUniversity(Women)PIatCompany(Men)
PIatCompany(Women)
MEXTprogramshavechangedtheaPtudeofWomenscienQsts.
Yes,wewanttobeleaders!!
TheProgramsStarted.
FromEPMEWSELargeScaleSurveys(2003–2017)
FromtheReportsonthe4thSurvey,October14,2017hcp://www.djrenrakukai.org/report/20171014_15th/4th_enq_report_S.pdf
• Introduction�• Unconscious Bias is a Relatively New Concept.�• Unconscious Bias Schema�• Unconscious Bias in Action (Examples)�• Unconscious is most extreme when…�• Implicit Association Test (IAT)�• Tools to Interrupt Unconscious Biases�• Closing Remarkes�
22
Leaflet“UnderstandingUnconsciousBias”EPMEWSEpublishedtheleafletinordertounderstandUnconsciousBiasweface,suchashiring,promoIon,awardingandsoon.
Englishversion:publishedinMarch,2018h^p://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html
h^p://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/2017/UnconsciousBias_leaflet_eng.pdf
References
23
The Large-Scale Survey by EPMEWSEThe 3rd Large-Scale Survey of Actual Conditions of Gender Equality in Scientific and Technological Professions (Survey Report: Concise Summary)http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf
Letters, Articles and Interviews Reports:1. Homma MK, Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.: Japan's Lagging Gender Equality. Science Apr 26; 340 (6131): 428-30 (2013) 2. Homma MK., Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.: Maximizing the Potential of Scientists in Japan: promoting equal participation for women scientists through leadership development. Genes to Cells 18(07): 529-532 (2013) 3. Still Less Equal: Japan’s government must stick by its promise to help women’s careers to prosper. Nature Editorials, 497 535, 30 May, 2013 4. Japan Aims high for growth: Innovation in science is at the heart of government plans to boost the economy. By David Cyranoski, Nature Letters, 497 548, 30 May, 2013 5. Women in Science: Plan to drop goals for women roils Japanese Science: Change stirs debate about how underrepresentation of women. Science 349 Issue 6244 p127-128、 July 10, 2015 by Dennis Normile, in Tokyo 6. Yokoyama, M., Ohtsubo, H., OGAWA, M., et al: The Policies Promoting Women’s Participation in STEM Fields in Japan from 2006 to 2015.:ジェンダー研究 : お茶の水女子大学ジェンダー研究所年報 (Gender Research Institute: Ochanomizu University. Annual Report) Vol.19 p.175 -192
URLs:Kyushu Univ.: Women Researchers Promotion Programs, http://wrp.kyushu-u.ac.jp/eng/busi/index.php#aNagoya Univ.: http://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp
24
Thankyou!
Girl’sDayand/orWomen’sDayinJapan!!