Women Fingerprints In Medicine

Waheed ShoumanProfessor of Chest Medicine

Zagazig UniversityEgypt

The start was hereIn Egypt

The Egyptian Imhotep (2667 - 2648 BC) is the first physician in history To him, Edwin Smith Papyrus, the oldest true medical paper, was attributed. It is the 1st surgical textbook that differentiate between medicine and magic He is considered the father of medicine Besides, He was architect and a priest

Merit Ptah

Merit Ptah

(2700 BC). She is most notable for being the first woman known by name in the history of the field of medicine, and possibly the first named woman in all of science as well.

Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt (69–30 BC)

She was aware of gynecological diseases and illnesses and had a deep knowledge in

pharmacology,

Queen Cleopatra

Agnodice or Agnodike

Agnodice or Agnodike (4th century BC) was the first female Athenian Physician and Gynaecologist She received her education in Alexandria, Egypt at the University of Alexandria, Some consider her as a myth

The first European female physicians was the Italian Dr Trotula of Salerno in the 12th century, almost 4,000 years after Merit-Ptah

Trotula of Salerno

سراج بن أحمد الطيب العالمالدين بشهاب الملقب الدين

الحنفى الصائغ بابن والمعروففى = 1036المتوفى 1626هجرية

و زمنه فى األطباء رئيس و مرئيسا ابنته صارت وفاته بعد

آنذاك مصر مستشفيات ألكبر . و المنصورى البيمارستان وهو

بالطب الواسع لعلمها ذلك

المنصورى قالوون البيمارستان المنصور السلطان بناه الذيالقاهرة 1279فى

The Bimaristan of Al-Mansouri founded by Memluke Sultan Al Mansour Qalawoon, 1279

I come here today … to tell you that coeducation has proved an absolute failure, from our standpoint. When I tell you that 33.3 per cent of the ladies, students, admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital at the end of our short session are to be married, then I tell you that coeducation is a failure. — William Osler, 1894

"…women are neither physically nor mentally strong enough to cope with the endless medical round…their delicate sensibilities surely equip them to be the handmaids of doctors…"

Dorothea Christiane Erxleben

Dorothea Christiane Erxleben (1715-1762) was the first certified female physician in Germany

James Barry began his, or rather her, medical training as early as 1812

James Miranda Stuart Barry (789-1799 – 25 July 1865, ), was a military surgeon in the British ArmyHe is a female and named Margaret Ann Bulkley, this was discovered at her death

Elizabeth Blackwell

• Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 1821 – 31 May 1910), born in England

• 1st women certified as a physician in USA, in 1849 from Geneva Medical College

• In 1847, All male students voted yes for her application as a joke

• Her sister Emily was the 3rd woman to have medical degree in USA

Elizabeth Blackwell set a precedent for women doctors in the modern world. On a visit to England in 1859 she met Elizabeth Garrett who went on to become the first woman doctor in Britain and also a pioneer of women's medicine in Europe

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

Gerty Cori

• In 1947, Gerty Cori, American biochemist, born in Prague, was the 1st female to win Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with her husband (Carl Ferdinand Cori) for discovery of Glycogen transformation to lactic acid in muscles (Cori cycle)

• Marie Curie-Skłodowska won Nobel prize twice 1901 in Physics (shared with her husband Pierre) and in 1911 in Chemistry unshared, not in Medicine

Virginia Apgar

• In 1952, Virginia Apgar, the first full Professor at Colombia University College of Medicine, developed Apgar Score, the best and 1st standardized test to evaluate neonates

سيداروس هيالنة

Dr Hilana Sedarous(1904-1998) is the first Egyptian female doctor. Born in Tanta She qualified as a doctor in 1930 and returned to Egypt

to work in Kitchener hospital in Cairo She opened a private clinic specialize in OB/Gyn and

she carried her surgical procedures at the Coptic hospital in Cairo.

عابدين زهيرة

Dr. Zahira Abdin

Dr. Zahira Abdin, (1917-2002) A pediatrician and rheumatic heart disease specialist The 1st female in kasr El-Aini Faculty of Medicine in 1936 The first Egyptian lady to become a member of the Royal College

of Physicians (Internal Medicine) in 1948 and later a Fellow of the Royal College

The 1st female to be appointed as Medical university staff in 1949

The 1st female awarded honorary doctorate from Edinburgh University in 1980

The founding of the Dubai Medical College (DMCG) for Girls in 1986 She was awarded the honorary title of Mother of Egyptian Doctors in 1990 She is considered as one of founders of social medicine

worldwide

Nazli M. Gad-el-Mawla

ديسمبر طبيبين 1954فى إلى حاجتها عن القاهرة بجامعة الطب كلية أعلنتبطلب المولى جاد محمد نازلى فتقدمت ، الباطنية األمراض بقسم نائبين

نائب وظيفة على للحصولالـ ترتيبها ديسمبر 24وكان دفعة خريجى زمالئها 1952بين

تؤخذ " " 1955فبراير 3فى أن حندوسة أحمد دكتور الكلية عميد طلبعميد أعطى أن بعد المؤيدين معسكر كفة فرجحت المشكلة لحل األصوات

نائبة أول نازلى بتعيين المجلس قرار وصدر ، المؤيد للجانب صوته الكليةنسبة الطبيبات منح تقرر كما الطبيبات من الباطنية من% 20لألمراض

النواب وظائف

Nazli M. Gad-el-Mawla

She was a pioneer Egyptian oncologist, who, as a member of a small group of oncologists working at the National Cancer Institute in Cairo in the 1960s and '70s helped to build the institute into one of the premier cancer centers in the Middle East. She founded the Department of Medical Oncology in 1970 and, as part of it, developed a strong pediatric oncology program

Nancy Dickey

In 1998, Nancy Dickey was the 1st elected woman as the president of the American

Medical Association (AMA)

Dr. Nada Haffadh, the 1st Arabic and Bahraini minister of health, 2004

ندي حفاظ

معصومة المبارك

Massouma al-Mubarak, the 1st Kuwaiti minister of health, 2007

Fatma Alhamroush, the 1st Libyan minister of health

Maha Al-Rabbat, the 1st Egyptian minister of health, 2013

• In 1905, women were 4% of graduated physicians, in USA

• In 1949, they were 12%• In 1965, they were 7%

Saudi Arabia 2004

Saudi Arabia 2004

• In USA, in 2010, 30% of all physicians, 45% of residents were women

• 60% of physician women are in 6 specialties: Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Family Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry and Anesthesiology

• Between 1980 and 2010, female physicians increased by 447%

• Since 1975 to 2010, female physicians increased 6 folds

Thank You