wnte evaluation oce 10102006 -...
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Evaluation of the suitability to European conditions of the WNTE control zone concept as set out in the
OCE GTR
Henk Dekker - TNO
Stefan Hausberger, Martin Rexeis - TUG
Patrik Soltic – EMPAHeinz Steven - TUEV Nord
10 October 2006
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 2
WNTE Evaluation
• European driving conditions
• European ambient conditions
• Evaluation WNTE control zone and alternative approaches
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 3
WNTE Ambient Conditions Proposal
• Measurements valid if
– altitude < 1680 m above sea level
– humidity between 7.14 and 10.71 g water per kg dry air. Outside these conditions: correction factors for theemissions.
– ambient temperature between 12 and approximately 35 °C (two options exist). Below 12 °C : correction factors, aboveabout 35 °C correction factors (option A) or invalidity(option B)
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 4
Analysis of Ambient Conditions in Europe
• Main alp-crossing transitions Brenner (1375 m), Frejus (1312 m) and Gotthard (1175 m ) lie below the proposed 1680 m
• Weather: Analysis of daily European weather stations data of the year 2005 (source: NOAA)
-20 -10 0 10 20 3035
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
longitude [°]
latitu
de [
°]
altitude [
m.a
.s.l.]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
station altitude [m.a.s.l.]n
um
be
r o
f s
tati
on
s
• Average daily temperature of all stations: 9.6 °C
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 5
Frequency Distribution of Temperature and Humidity
0 5 10 15-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Fre
quency (
%)
humidity [g/kg]
avera
ge t
em
pera
ture
[°C
]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
WNTE
zone
(total 20.4%)
dry
zone
(total 2.5%)
wet
zone
(total 18.5%)
cold
zone
(total 11.4%)
hot zone
(total 0%)
hot&dry
zone
(total 0%)
hot&wet
zone
(total 0%)
cold&dry
zone
(total 47.2%)
cold&wet
zone
(total 0%)
→→→→ Only 20.4% of average temperatures in 2005 lied within theproposed WNTE conditions
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 6
Geographical Distribution of the Weather Conditions
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
hot&dry: T > 35°C & humidity < 7.14 g/kg
total :0.00016%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
hot: T > 35°C & humidity 7.14...10.71 g/kg
total :0.00016%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
hot&wet: T > 35°C & humidity > 10.71 g/kg
total :0.0016%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
dry: T 12...35°C & humidity < 7.14 g/kg
total :2.56%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
in WNTE ambient boundaries
total :20.4%
latitu
de [
°]0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
wet: T 12...35°C & humidity > 10.71 g/kg
total :18.5%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
cold&dry: T < 12°C & humidity < 7.14 g/kg
total :47.2%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
cold: T < 12°C & humidity 7.14...10.71 g/kg
total :11.4%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
40
50
60
70
Fre
quency (
%)
longitude [°]
cold&wet: T < 12°C & humidity > 10.71 g/kg
total :0%
latitu
de [
°]
0
20
40
60
80
100
northern European and alpine
countries are often cold and dry
southern European countries
are often wet
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 7
Influence of Widening the Zone
minimum zone temperature [°C]
de
lta
hu
mid
ity
ra
ng
e [
g/k
g]
80
70
60
50
40
30
contour label: coverage of average 2005 daily conditions (%)
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
currentproposal
→→→→ If the minimum zone temperature would be lowered to 5°C and the humidity range would be widened by 3 g/kg, about 65 % of the average European conditions could be covered (instead of ~ 20% with the current proposal) without the use of correction factors.
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 8
Evaluation OCE monitoring approaches
Requirements OCE monitoring approach:
• include all relevant operating conditions
• shall be able to detect defeat strategies
• compliant with PEMS
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 9
Methodology
Real life driving data
12 representative “HDV applications”: 45 hours driving from WHDC database
- rigid truck (mot / rur / urb)- truck trailer 30t (mot / rur / urb)- truck trailer 40t (mot / rur / urb)- garbage truck (urb)- urban bus (rur / urb)
Emission model “PHEM”
Measurements
↓Emissions for real life
driving
Emission data
EURO III:
measurements on 24 engines
→ 1 representative engine selected
EURO V:
only 1 engine measured
(SCR concept)
Evaluation of OCE monitoring
approaches
• Covered percentage of
HDV applications
• # monitored
“emission events”
• max / min / average of
“emission events”
• Comparison of monitored
emission levels with total
emission levels
Engine load patternsEngine emissions(in 1 Hz resolution)
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 10
WNTE current draft
12.1
6.9
12.2
11.5
10.5
7.4
5.6
8.5
5.3
5.3
5.0
4.9
6.8
4.5
4.5
4.4
5.0
6.7
4.3
4.3
4.6
5.1
6.4
4.9
4.9
5.0
5.4
15.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
engine speed [rpm]
en
gin
e p
ow
er
[kW
]Brake specific NOx emissions [g/kWh] / EURO III
NTE control area
Minimum samplingperiod: 30 seconds
g/kWh = Infinite
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 11
Distribution of NOx emissions
urban bus / urban
total WNTE
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 12
Coverage of the draft WNTE (all HDV)
(example: EURO III)
Coverage total HDV driving in Europe:
~22% time ~33% NOx ~28% PM
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 13
• Basic WNTE version:
Modified control area based concepts
Coverage total HDV fleet (example EURO III):
~22% time ~33% NOx ~28% PM
• Alternative WNTE version #1:- unchanged control area
- minimum sampling period reduced to 10s
~33% time ~53% NOx ~46% PM
Problems: - highly transient operation not covered- interpretability of short emission peaks- PM mass measurement with filter not applicable
• Alternative WNTE version #2:- enlarged control area
- minimum sampling period reduced to 10s
~41% time ~63% NOx ~57% PM
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 14
Enlarged WNTE control zone
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Engine speed [rpm]
En
gin
e T
orq
ue
[N
m]
modified NTE Control Area
PM carve out
70% max power
20% max power20% max torque
25% percentile of cumulative engine speed WHTC cycle
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 15
Alternative approach: „Work window“Method:
• Total driving time is measured and evaluated
• Calculation of [g/kWh] averaged over a fixed amount of engine work („work window“)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101
time [s]
en
gin
e p
ow
er
[kW
]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
cu
mu
lati
ve
po
sit
ive e
ng
ine
wo
rk [
kW
h]
engine power [kW]
cumulative positive engine work [kW]
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101
time [s]
NO
x [
g/s
]0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
cu
mu
lati
ve N
Ox e
mis
sio
ns [
g]
NOx [g/s]
cumulative NOx emissions [g]
fix
ed
wo
rkw
ind
ow
variable time window variable time window
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 16
Work window based emission events
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401 2601 2801 3001 3201 3401 3601 3801 4001 4201 4401 4601 4801 5001
time
insta
nta
neous N
Ox e
mis
sio
ns [g/h
] .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
work
win
dow
based N
TE
events
NO
x [g/k
Wh]
instantaneous NOx emissions [g/min] work-window events NOx [g/kWh]
WWHTC
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 17
Alternative approach: CO2 specific
Method:
• Total driving time is measured and evaluated
• Calculation of [g/kg CO2] averaged over a fixed amount of emitted CO2 („CO2 window“)
Coverage total HDV fleet (example EURO III):
~99% time ~99% NOx ~99% PM
Features of work window and CO2 specific method:
- all relevant operation conditions covered- classification of emission events possible(unavoidable high or „defeat strategy“) ifboundary conditions for test trip are well defined
- PM mass measurement with filter is applicable
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 18
Alternative approach: CO2 specific
Extra advantages CO2 specific method:
- No „tricks“ needed to prevent excessive emissions in [g/kWh] at low loads
- Less sensitive to ambient conditions
- No ECM, kW or engine speed data necessary
- Less sensitive for possible PEMS flow measurement errors
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 19
Alternative approaches: CO2 specific methods
7.3
6.0
8.75.5
8.0
7.2
6.4
7.9
8.5
6.25.7
5.7
8.0
6.8
6.6
6.5
7.9
7.8
8.0
7.4
12.4
15.0
15.9
11.5
9.0
19.4
14.618.9
11.4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
engine speed [rpm]
en
gin
e p
ow
er
[kW
]
CO2 specific NOx emissions [g/kg] / EURO III
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 20
Alternative approaches: CO2 specific methods
within WNTE engine map and 30' window
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
all ambient
conditions
WNTE
ambient
conditions
zone
wet zone hot&wet
zone
hot and
hot&dry
zone
rela
tiv
e t
o e
mis
sio
ns
wit
hin
the
WN
TE
am
bie
nt
co
nd
itio
ns
zo
ne
NOx mass / work
NOx mass / CO2 mass
within WNTE engine map and 30' window
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
all ambient
conditions
WNTE
ambient
conditions
zone
wet zone hot&wet
zone
hot and
hot&dry
zone
rela
tiv
e t
o e
mis
sio
ns
wit
hin
the
WN
TE
am
bie
nt
co
nd
itio
ns
zo
ne
THC mass / work
THC mass / CO2 mass
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 21
Alte
rna
tive
sComparison OCE monitoring approaches
yes- -+oWNTE + minimum sampling period & work window for
averaging of emission events
no+ ++ ++“Compliance factor” based on CO2 specific emissions
yes+ +++“Work window”
yes- --o10s + enlarged control area
yes- ---
+ 10s minimum sampling period
yes- -+ +- -draft WNTE
ECU data necessary
feasibility
with PEMS (*)
“unavoid-able” high
emissions excluded
coverage of relevant
operating conditions
OCE monitoring approach
WN
TE
(*) incl. filter-based measurement of PM emissions
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 22
Summary I
•Findings are based on a large set of driving conditions from theWHDC database & emission data from ARTEMIS + COST 346 + D.A.CH.-NL (only one EURO V HDV):
•All approaches have specific advantages and disadvantages
•The actual proposal with a 30 second sampling period covers ~30% of European HDV emissions (large gaps especially in urban and rural driving)–> no large additional value to existing type approval
•Only ~20% of the European weather conditions are covered without the use of correction factors
•Reducing the minimum temperature from 12°C to 5°C & widening the humidity range by 3 g/kg, leads to a much better coverage ofweather conditions (65% instead of 20%)
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 23
Summary II
•PM mass measurement with filter is not applicable for control area based approaches
•An alternative with 10 second sampling and enlarged control areacovers ~55% of European HDV emissions, but transient and low load urban driving is still not covered–> reasonable additional value to existing type approval
•The work window based approach and the CO2 specific approach cover all relevant driving situations–> large additional value to existing type approval
•The CO2 based approach showed lower sensitivity to operating + ambient conditions and does not need measurement of engine work
•PM mass measurement with filter would be applicable
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 24
Summary III
•At least for work window and the CO2 specific approach further boundary conditions for the test trip would have to be defined
•The test trips and the evaluation should be divided at least into urban driving and highway driving
•The measured EURO V vehicle would have failed all OCE approaches due to increased emission levels after highly transient load changes and with inactive SCR in low loads; although the overall emission level was low (on average < 2g/kWh but scattering from 0.5 to 8 g/kWh)
•Without introducing OCE approaches EURO V and VI may have high NOx emission levels in several urban driving conditions which frequently occur
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 25
Open questions
Policy questions to define the boundary conditions:
•Shall OCE monitoring cover the thermal management of the engine and the exhaust gas after treatment too (e.g. cool down of SCR in stop&go)?If yes, low load driving has to be included in the trips
•Shall future HDV have low NOx emissions also in very unfavourabletraffic situations (e.g. highly transient conditions)?If yes, the control area based approach is not suitable
•Feasibility and costs for manufacturers should be considered too
Technological question:
•How can particulate mass be measured comparable to the typeapproval with filter method?
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 26
Thank you for your attention!
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 27
Backup Slides
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 28
HDV mileage distribution
100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%TOTAL
2.0%1.1%1.6%1.5%urban
0.2%0.7%1.2%1.1%ruralurban bus
0.4%0.3%0.4%0.4%urbangarbage truck
4.0%10.3%2.2%3.2%urban
8.8%8.2%11.5%10.9%rural
31.4%22.9%32.5%31.4%motorway
truck&(semi)trailer(GVM: 40t)
2.0%4.0%2.8%2.8%urban
4.4%3.4%5.4%5.2%rural
15.7%9.9%14.2%13.9%motorway
truck&trailer (GVM: 30t)
7.2%5.2%8.1%7.7%urban
10.4%12.1%10.9%11.0%rural
13.5%22.1%9.2%10.9%motorway
rigid truck
7.1%10.6%82.3%100.0%
ANLGERmix
country / weighting factor
share on total HDV mileage
![Page 29: WNTE Evaluation OCE 10102006 - OICAoica.net/wp-content/...tno-presentaion-alternative-oce-approaches.pdf · Evaluation of the suitability to European conditions of the WNTE control](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022011800/5ace85117f8b9ac1478bcb68/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 29
Cumulative NOx emissions
total WNTE
truck + semitrailer 40t / motorway
![Page 30: WNTE Evaluation OCE 10102006 - OICAoica.net/wp-content/...tno-presentaion-alternative-oce-approaches.pdf · Evaluation of the suitability to European conditions of the WNTE control](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022011800/5ace85117f8b9ac1478bcb68/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 30
WNTE control area + variants – Euro III
5.555.84
4.91
4.35
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum
total trip (overall weighted) WNTE event
[g/k
Wh
]
NOx
5.55
8.03
4.98
4.23
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum
total trip (overall weighted) NTE event (10s minimum sampling period)
[g/k
Wh
]
NOx
5.55
9.27
5.13
4.15
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum
total trip (overallweighted)
NTE event (enlarged control area + 10s minimum sampling period)
[g/k
Wh
]
NOx
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 31
WNTE control area – Euro III
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke s
pecif
ic e
mis
sio
ns [
g/k
Wh
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t / mot
truck+semitrailer 40t / rur
truck+semitrailer 40t / urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
minimum sampling period: 30s
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 32
WNTE control area variants – Euro III
WNTE events / NOx
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke s
pecif
ic e
mis
sio
ns [
g/k
Wh
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t / mot
truck+semitrailer 40t / rur
truck+semitrailer 40t / urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
minimum sampling period: 10s
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 33
WNTE control area variants – Euro III
WNTE events / NOx
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke s
pecif
ic e
mis
sio
ns [
g/k
Wh
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t / mot
truck+semitrailer 40t / rur
truck+semitrailer 40t / urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
enlarged control area
minimum sampling period: 10s
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 34
Work Window approach #1 Euro III
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke
sp
ec
ific
em
issio
ns [
g/k
Wh
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t /mot
truck+semitrailer 40t /rur
truck+semitrailer 40t /urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 35
Work Window approach #3 Euro III
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke
sp
ec
ific
em
iss
ion
s [
g/k
Wh
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t /mot
truck+semitrailer 40t /rur
truck+semitrailer 40t /urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 36
CO2 based compliance factor Euro III
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
Co
mp
lian
ce
Facto
r [-
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t /mot
truck+semitrailer 40t /rur
truck+semitrailer 40t /urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 37
WNTE control area + variants - Euro V
1.92
7.42
1.91
0.040.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum
total trip (overall weighted) NTE event (10s minimum sampling period)
[g/k
Wh
]
NOx
1.92
2.74
2.22
1.56
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum
total trip (overall weighted) WNTE event
[g/k
Wh
]
NOx
1.92
8.61
1.78
0.000.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum
total trip (overall weighted) NTE event (enlarged control area + 10s minimum sampling period)
[g/k
Wh
]
NOx
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 38
WNTE current draft
Emission events detected for the EURO V (40t truck trailer)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
bra
ke s
pecif
ic N
Ox e
mis
sio
ns [
g/k
Wh
]
Total range of emissions with
active SCR
Total range of emissions with
inactive SCR
Only 3 events(total duration: 120s) within 10.000 secondsof measurements
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 39
WNTE control area variants - Euro V
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
NO
x e
vent [g
/kW
h]
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
NO
x e
vent [g
/kW
h]
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
NO
x e
vent [g
/kW
h]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
NO
x e
ve
nt [g
/kW
h]
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 40
Alternative approach: Work Window Euro V
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
quantil
NO
x [
g/k
Wh
]
Approach 1: W_WHTC
Approach 2: 0.5*W_WHTC
Approach 3: WHTC; Pmin=4%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
quantil
NO
x [
g/k
Wh
]
Approach 1: W_WHTC
Approach 2: 0.5*W_WHTC
Approach 3: WHTC; Pmin=4%
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 41
Alternative approach: CO2 Euro V
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
Com
plia
nce
Facto
r [-
]
NOx
CO
HC
PM
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
percentil
Com
plia
nce F
acto
r [-
]
NOx
CO
HC
PM
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 42
Work Window approach #1 Euro V sim
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke
sp
ec
ific
em
iss
ion
s [
g/k
Wh
]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t /mot
truck+semitrailer 40t /rur
truck+semitrailer 40t /urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 43
Work Window approach #3 Euro V sim
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
bra
ke
sp
ecif
ic e
mis
sio
ns
[g
/kW
h]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t /mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t/ mot
truck+semitrailer 40t/ rur
truck+semitrailer 40t/ urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 44
CO2 based Euro V (simulated engine)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
quantile
Co
mp
lia
nc
e F
ac
tor
[-]
rigid truck / mot
rigid truck / rur
rigid truck / urb
truck+trailer 30t / mot
truck+trailer 30t / rur
truck+trailer 30t / urb
truck+semitrailer 40t /mot
truck+semitrailer 40t /rur
truck+semitrailer 40t /urb
garbage truck / urb
urban bus / rur
urban bus / urb
![Page 45: WNTE Evaluation OCE 10102006 - OICAoica.net/wp-content/...tno-presentaion-alternative-oce-approaches.pdf · Evaluation of the suitability to European conditions of the WNTE control](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022011800/5ace85117f8b9ac1478bcb68/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 45
WNTE limits
WNTE limits for EURO III engines EURO III ETC limit
[g/kWh] WNTE limit
[g/kWh]
OICA proposal 04/2006 6.25 NOx
OICA proposal 06/2006
5.00
6.36
OICA proposal 04/2006 0.200 PM
OICA proposal 06/2006
0.16
0.211
HC 0.78 0.98
CO 5.45 6.81
WNTE limits for EURO V engines
EURO V ETC limit [g/kWh]
WNTE limit [g/kWh]
OICA proposal 04/2006 3.00 NOx
OICA proposal 06/2006
2.00
2.50
OICA proposal 04/2006 0.045 PM
OICA proposal 06/2006
0.03
0.039
HC 0.55 0.83
CO 4.00 5.00
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 46
Alternative approach: CO2 specific
1. Assessment of the CO2-specific emission behaviour in the type approval cycle “TA” based on the
according emission limits:
0,273
][content)(carbon [g/kWh] 190
[g/kWh] limit)(emission ]/g[gTA
fuel
cycleTA transient
CO2emissions −∗
=
2. Determination of the CO2 specific emission events during the OCE monitoring “OCE”:
Boundary constraint:
a) In the OCE testing the same fuel has to be used as in type approval test
b) The emission events “OCE” are calculated by averaging the CO2 specific emissions over
periods fixed by the amount of CO2 emitted in the type approval test:
[g] )CO (mass
[g] emissions) (mass
]/g[g OCEcycleTA transient 2
testOCE
CO2) (mass
CO2emissions
cycleTA transient
∑=
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 47
Alternative approach: CO2 specific
3. The considered OCE test complies with the regulations, if all compliance factor events
“CFOCE”(calculated by division of the CO2 specific emission events in the OCE monitoring
“OCE” by the constant CO2-specific emission behaviour in the type approval cycle “TA”) are
lower or equal the defined limit for the compliance factor for passing the OCE regulations
“CFFail”:
Fail
!
OCE CF TA
OCECF ≤=
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 48
Reasons for HDV OCE monitoring
Example: 1 manufacturer, 3 emission standards
EURO I
0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0
Pe/P_rated 0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0
n_norm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NO
x [
(g/h
)/kW
_ra
tedP
ow
er]
EURO II
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Pe/P_rated 0.00.2
0.40.6
0.81.0
1.2
n_norm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
No
x[(
g/h
)/kW
_ra
ted
pow
er]
EURO III
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Pe/P_rated 0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0
n_norm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NO
x[(
g/h
)/kW
_ra
tedP
ow
er]
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 49
Reasons for HDV OCE monitoring
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
BS
NO
x [
g/k
Wh
]
type approval limit
type approval measured
real world highway
real world city
Pre EURO EURO I EURO II EURO III EURO V
1993/94 1995/96 2000/01 2008/09
Inactive SCR system
(low catalyst temperature)
Only oneengine
measured(SCR-
concept)
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 50
Current WNTE control zone
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Engine speed [rpm]
En
gin
e T
orq
ue
[N
m]
NTE Control Area
PM carve out
70% max power
30% max power30% max torque
25% percentile of cumulative engine speed WHTC cycle
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 51
European driving data
• Basis of the analysis was the European part of the WHDC database, used for the development of a Worldwide Harmonised Heavy-Duty Engine Emissions Test Cycle
motorway rural urban total
1 coach 16000 310 259 136 108 503
1 garbage truck 26500 180 478 478
12 rigid truck 5600 to 24000 50 to 198 1321 1865 1224 4410
16trailer/semitrailer
truck28000 to 41380 160 to 407 39754 18960 1318 60031
5 urban bus 12300 to 27600 137 to 177 75 958 1033
total 41334 21036 4087 66456
No of vehicles
distance driven in km
vehicle categorygross vehicle
mass in kgrated power in kW
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 52
Percentage of driving time in WNTE zone
vehicle category motorway rural urban
coach 51.1% 36.2% 19.1%
garbage truck 45.9%
rigid truck 62.7% 45.1% 25.8%
trailer/semitrailer truck 50.7% 44.6% 26.8%
urban bus 32.2% 25.0%
percentage of time in NTE area related
to driving time
vehicle category motorway rural urban
coach 24.2% 4.2% 0.0%
garbage truck 15.0%
rigid truck 38.6% 13.7% 1.5%
trailer/semitrailer truck 30.6% 16.5% 2.1%
urban bus 3.6% 1.1%
percentage of time of >= 30 s events in
NTE area related to driving time
No time window
30 s time window
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 53
Percentage of driving time in WNTE zone
20 s time window
10 s time window
vehicle category motorway rural urban
coach 29.8% 9.8% 0.0%
garbage truck 20.2%
rigid truck 44.1% 17.7% 3.0%
trailer/semitrailer truck 36.4% 22.5% 4.0%
urban bus 8.1% 2.9%
percentage of time of >= 20 s events in
NTE area related to driving time
vehicle category motorway rural urban
coach 37.0% 19.9% 2.2%
garbage truck 28.8%
rigid truck 52.0% 27.2% 7.8%
trailer/semitrailer truck 43.2% 32.7% 10.2%
urban bus 16.5% 8.7%
percentage of time of >= 10 s events in
NTE area related to driving time
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 54
Distribution of the duration of NTE events
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
duration of NTE events in s
cum
fre
quen
cy
veh 3, motorway
veh 3, rural
veh 3, urban
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10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 55
Distribution of the duration of NTE events
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 30 60 90 120 150
duration of NTE events in s
cu
m f
req
ue
ncy
veh 6, motorway
veh 6, rural
veh 6, urban