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WJCC School Closure Extended Learning

World History I

Dear WJCC Families, This packet contains activities, resources, and information to extend learning for your child during this extended school closure. Additional resources may be posted on Student VUE for this course and other classes on your child’s schedule. Students are encouraged to check Student VUE during this time. Thank you for your partnership and support of WJCC Schools. Sincerely, WJCC Staff

Adapted from WH1 © 2013 HRETA, Inc. 1

Directions: Begin at the topic you most recently covered in your World History I class. Complete ONE topic for EVERY OTHER day we are out of school. Additionally, complete the SOL review material for the units you have already studied in class. Work on the SOL review on the days you are not working on the topic readings.

Readings and Questions: World History I

Topic 1: The Geography and Development of Ancient Greece (1000 BCE – 500 AD)

The geography of Greece played an important role in the development of Greek civilization.

Early Greek Civilizations

Before the famous city-states of Athens and Sparta came to dominate the Greek landscape, several early civilizations lived on mainland Greece and the Greek island of Crete. Evidence of these civilizations have only been discovered in the past two hundred years.

1. When was evidence of civilizations on the island of Crete discovered?

Economic, Political, and Social Development

One of the things that you may have noticed is that Greece is not just one large section of land. The country itself is made up of a mainland and many islands. That means that the surrounding seas played a significant role in Greek life, including being a source of food and a means of transportation. In addition, the vast majority of Greece is mountainous. Because Greece is so mountainous, there was little arable, or farmable, land. Instead of grains and wheat, Greeks produced olives and grapes, which are more suited for Greece's climate. Because the Greek people had to conform to Greece's mountainous terrain and harsh climates, city-states emerged where the land was fertile and where natural resources were available. A polis (Greek for city-state) would form in such an area, instead of in the mountains where the land was unusable. The mountains would both help and hinder the development of city-states. Mountainous barriers prevented large-scale farming. As populations increased, the Greeks developed colonies in other locations like Africa, Italy, and other areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea.

A polis might specialize in a certain trade while another polis may specialize in a different good, depending on its available resources. This also helped develop the Greek economy because in order to get needed supplies and food, the poleis had to trade with one another through a barter economy. A barter economy is one in which people trade goods for other goods. Through their trade contacts with other cultures, like the Phoenicians, the Greeks adopted coins for use as money. As trade among the polis increased, it was easier to use coins instead of hauling goods. Each polis also issued its own coinage for commerce.

A polis had its own independent government, and they were quite competitive. Each took pride in their identity as a people. They had their own symbols and patron gods. For instance, the goddess Athena was the patron goddess of Athens. As commerce grew through trade, so did the spread of Greek culture. Small poleis (plural for polis) became very important for promoting civic and commercial life through their architecture and arts, such as dramas.

Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy). Athens evolved from a monarchy into the world's first democracy. Modern-day democratic concepts of direct voting by citizens, public debate, and expected participation among citizens are rooted


in Athens's government. In contrast, the city-state of Sparta had a rigid social structure with a political system rooted in its military.

Socially, society was divided into free and enslaved populations. People became slaves by being captured

as prisoners of war, born to enslaved parents, or by failing to repay their loans and debts. Along with

women and foreigners, enslaved people did not have power, political rights, or status. Most families

owned slaves as household servants or laborers.

2. Why was there little arable land in Greece? 3. Where did Greece develop colonies as populations increased? 4. How did people become enslaved in Greece?

Greek Mythology

Like many civilizations before them, ancient Greece's religion was polytheistic, and included many gods and goddesses. Greek gods and goddesses (and their stories) were used to explain occurrences ranging from weather and natural phenomena, like earthquakes and flooding, human emotions and personality traits, like love and hate, as well as major and minor life events, like childbirth and marriage. The Greek religion impacted their culture, politics, and art.

Greek mythology contains many myths that include the gods and goddesses interacting with one another, and with their human contemporaries. The gods and goddesses played an important role in Greek life throughout the year in rituals and festivals, as humans attempted to appease or receive favors from the heavens.

5. What were some examples of occurrences that Greek gods and goddesses were used to explain? 6. Why did humans attempt to appease Greek gods and goddesses?

Athena, Athens, and the Parthenon

According to myth, Athena became the patron goddess of the city-state of Athens through a competition with Poseidon. The two gods were asked to give something of worth to the city-state. Poseidon presented the horse, while Athena provided the olive tree. The people of the polis saw the olive tree as having more worth, since olive oil can be used for cooing and heating, while the olive itself is a source of food, among other uses. Thus, the city-state became Athens, in reverence to the goddess Athena.

During the height of Athenian power, the city of Athens built the Parthenon as a temple to Athena. The Parthenon was built on the Athenian acropolis, an ancient fortress at the edge of the city. The building was highly decorated and contained a variety of sculptures dedicated to Athena and other gods.

7. How did Athena become the patron goddess of the city-state of Athens? 8. Why was the Parthenon built?

Additional Greek Gods and Goddesses

Zeus: Ancient Greeks believed Zeus was the king of the gods, and the most powerful. He was the god of the sky and thunder, and controlled the weather. He had different powers, his most famous being the


ability to hurl lightning bolts at those who displeased him. He hated dishonesty, and would punish those who lied or broke promises.

Hera: Hera was Zeus’ wife and queen of the gods. She was the goddess of women, marriage and family. Hera was well worshipped by the Ancient Greeks, and the oldest and most important temples of the region were built in honor of her. Her sacred animals were the cow, lion and peacock.

Aphrodite: Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty. The Greeks believed Aphrodite was created from the foam of the sea on the shores of Paphos, Cyprus. She was considered the most beautiful of the gods, and later married Hephaestus, god of metalwork and fire. Her sacred animal was the dove.

Apollo and Artemis: A son of Zeus, Apollo was the Greek god of music, arts, light and medicine. He was famous for playing the lyre (an instrument a bit like a small U-shaped harp) – and he was also believed to have invented the lute (a pear-shaped string instrument). Although associated with health and healing, together with his twin sister Artemis, he could bring disease and plague to humans.

Numerous city-states emerged in Greece as a result of the geography that forced people to areas with the natural resources to sustain them. While you may have heard of many city-states, such as Corinth or Argos, two of the most famous and powerful city-states were Athens and Sparta.

9. How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?

Topic 2: The Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War

The Persian Wars

Between 550 B.C. and 330 B.C., the Persian Empire spanned across regions and threatened Athens and Sparta. The Persian Wars took place in various locations throughout Greece and Asia Minor and lasted from 499 B.C. through 449 B.C. Prior to the unification of Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire, these two city-states were enemies; however, the events of the Persian Wars unified them against a common enemy.

The Legacy of Marathon

The name of the plain of Marathon may seem very familiar to you. In modern times, the word “marathon” is used to describe a competitive race of 26.2 miles. According to Greek legend, a road messenger names Pheidippides was sent the 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens after the Battle of Marathon. Upon his arrival in Athens, he announced “nenikekamen,” or “we won!” After he let others know of the Greek victory, he died from exhaustion.

1. What did the spread of the Persian Empire threaten? 2. What did Pheidippides announce when he arrived in Athens?

The Rise of Athens and the Peloponnesian War

Though the Athenians were forced to evacuate the city-state in 480 B.C., they returned soon after the events of the Battle of Salamis and regained control of most of the region of Attica. The Persian Wars had


united the Greek city-states and regions against a common enemy and they formed the Delian League in 478 B.C., collecting funds and troops as a group to pursue the Persians into Asia Minor. After the events of the Battle of Plataea and the Battle of Mycale, Sparta did not want to continue battling the Persians; therefore, they did not join the group. As the most powerful city-state, Athens became the leader of the Delian League.

The Delian League consisted of most of the coastal areas of the Greek world, and this gave control of the Aegean Sea to Athens. Since the Greeks relied on the sea for many resources, including food and goods, transportation, and protection, this was advantageous for Athens. After the Persian Wars, Athens continued to make advancements in government and culture. Competition between Athens and Sparta, continued to grow. Athens became stronger and stronger after the Persian War, and Sparta began to worry. When Athens began to use the navy of Delian League for its own purposes, Sparta attacked the region of Attica with its allies in the Peloponnesian League, which had formed in the 6th century B.C.

The Peloponnesian War lasted for twenty-seven years from 431 B.C. until 404 B.C. It was fought in three phases.

The battles during the Peloponnesian War destroyed Greek land, and both Athens and Sparta suffered major losses of human life. It is estimated that Athens lost around half of its male population to battle, disease, and famine. Though they succeeded in conquering the Athenians, Sparta's population was also heavily impacted. Greek advances in civilization, including cultural, political, and military advances, slowed. The Greeks worked to rebuild their land from the effects of the war, and Greece was left vulnerable to outside attacks.

3. What areas did the Delian League consist of? 4. How long did the Peloponnesian War last?

Topic 3: The Golden Age of Greece

The Rule of Pericles

During the time period between the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian orator and general, Pericles, came to power. Pericles was a leader in Athens from 461 B.C. through 429 B.C. Before this time period, the government in Athens was a direct democracy; however, not many Athenian males were considered citizens. Under the leadership of Pericles, citizenship was extended to lower-class males. In addition, city officials received a salary, making it possible for poorer people to take office and be equally represented in government. The leaders who ran the daily business of the Athenian government were elected officials, and could be removed from office after their term.

During the Persian Wars, the Persian had destroyed much of Athens. Pericles sought to repair and rebuild many of the structures that were destroyed. Also, he believed in investing in public projects. The Parthenon to Athena was built on the Athenian Acropolis, an elevated area in the middle of Athens, starting in 447 B.C. It was under Pericles' leadership that the arts and architecture were celebrated in Athens.

1. Who was citizenship extended to under the rule of Pericles? 2. Where was the Parthenon to Athena built?


Contributions of Greek Culture

The Greeks laid the foundation for many civilizations today, especially those of Western civilization. During the time period between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, Greek culture flourished. It was during this time that Greeks made advances in many fields including: politics, drama, poetry, history, art, architecture, science, math, and philosophy.

In daily life, you may encounter some Greek contributions: it might be in a formal debate at school, terminology at the doctor's office, when completing geometry or English homework, or during an election. Read below to identify specific cultural contributors:

o Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles o Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey) o History: Herodotus, Thucydides o Sculpture: Phidias o Architecture: Types of columns, including the Doric (Parthenon), Ionic, and Corinthian o Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates o Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras o Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

3. What are some Greek contributions that you may encounter in daily life? 4. What happened to Greek culture during the time period between Persian and Peloponnesian

wars?

Plato's The Republic

The philosopher Plato wrote his most famous work, The Republic, around 360 B.C. The Republic is written as a spoken dialogue between the philosopher Socrates and several Athenians and non-Athenians. Plato used the conversations to express his opinions on subjects ranging from politics to philosophy. Take a few moments to read through the quotes below from The Republic. Consider how the ideas expressed in the quotes impact today's American society.

"I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is that I know nothing."

"The beginning is the most important part of the work."

"The object of education is to teach us to love what is beautiful."

"If women are expected to do the same work as men, we must teach them the same things."

Topic 4: Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Conquests

As you may remember from your study of Greek geography, Macedonia was a northern kingdom during the time of ancient Greece. In early Macedonian history, the Macedonians were organized into tribes. The Greeks considered the Macedonian people to be barbaric, even trying to exclude them from the early Olympic games. The Persians controlled Macedonia for a short time period of time, until the Macedonians shook off Persian rule in the 5th century B.C. During the Peloponnesian War, the Macedonians had sometimes supported the Athenians and sometimes supported the Spartans.


1. When did the Macedonians get rid of Persian rule? 2. Who did the Macedonians support during the Peloponnesian War?

King Philip II of Macedon

In 359 B.C., Philip II took the throne and ruled over Macedonia. His goal as the new king was to control a large empire, starting with Greece. Because Greece's defenses were weakened from the Peloponnesian Wars, it was vulnerable to invaders. King Philip II focused his resources on building up his army to prepare for war with the Greeks. By 340 B.C., King Philip had already conquered much of the area around the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea; therefore, the Greeks considered Macedonia to be a threat. In 338 B.C., the Macedonians fought a group of Greek city-states, including Athens and Thebes, at the Battle of Chaeronea. The Macedonians were victorious over the Greeks. After bringing most of Greece under his control, Philip II aimed for Persia. Before he could conquer Asia and overcome the Persian Empire, King Philip was assassinated by one of this bodyguards in 336 B.C.

3. What did King Philip focus his resources on? 4. Who was involved in the Battle of Chaeronea?

Alexander the Great

After his father's death in 336 B.C., King Philip's son, Alexander, took the throne. Throughout his life, Alexander had been groomed by his father to become king. In 334 B.C., Alexander the Great attacked the Persian Empire using an army of over 37,000 Macedonian and Greek soldiers. His first task was to free the Ionian cities of Asia Minor from Persian rule. After 331 B.C., Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire. While he tried to continue on into the Indian sub-continent beyond the Indus River in 326 B.C., he encountered massive resistance from the people living there. He did not move any further into Asia; instead, he turned his soldiers around to return to Babylon. Alexander the Great died at the age of 32 at the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon. There is some disagreement about his cause of death and whether it was from natural causes or an assassination scheme. It is rumored that the soldiers who were with him in Babylon were given the privilege of seeing him when he was ill.

5. What was Alexander the Great’s first task after attacking the Persian Empire? 6. What happened when Alexander the Great faced resistance from the people living beyond the

Indus River?

Macedonia Today

Later, in the 2nd century B.C., Macedonia would fall to the Romans. It would become a province of the Roman Empire, and then later, the Byzantine Empire. Today, Macedonia is a geographic region that includes parts of north Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, and Serbia. The portion that extends into Greece is that country's largest region.

7. Who did Macedonia fall to? 8. What areas does Macedonia contain today?


Cities Named Alexandria

In many of the locations which Alexander the Great conquered, he built or renamed cities as "Alexandria." One of the best examples is the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Located at the mouth of the Nile River on the nutrient-rich Nile River Delta, Alexandria was founded in 331 B.C. Alexander the Great valued education and wanted Alexandria to serve as a center of knowledge, as well as a link between Greece and the Nile. The library in Alexandria was one of the most extensive in the ancient world and featured over 500,000 scrolls. Alexandria also housed an ancient museum. In an effort to replicate the center of knowledge and power he had created in Egypt's Alexandria, Alexander the Great founded or renamed cities as Alexandria in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.

9. Where is the Egyptian city of Alexandria located? 10. What did Alexander the Great want Alexandria to serve as?

The Hellenistic Age

Due to his young age and his location at the time, Alexander the Great's death in 323 B.C. came as a surprise to the Macedonians. After his death, there was no clear successor to the empire he built. Through his strong army, Alexander the Great had conquered many lands and several of his generals wanted to control the empire. After infighting and murder, four distinct areas were established and ruled as individual kingdoms. Those four kingdoms included:

• The Macedonian and Greek kingdom (all controlled by Macedonia);

• The Egyptian kingdom based in Alexandria;

• The Seleucid kingdom based in Antioch; and

• The Pergamum kingdom based in Anatolia.

The time between the death of Alexander the Great and early 1st century B.C. is known as the Hellenistic Age. As Philip II and Alexander the Great conquered Greece and parts of Asia, they spread the rich culture of the Greeks to other areas of the world while bringing eastern influences back to the areas around the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. This mixture of Greek and western Asian cultures is known as Hellenism.

11. Why did Alexander the Great’s death come as a surprise? 12. What is the time period between Alexander the Great’s death and early 1st century B.C. called?


Topic 5: Ancient Rome

"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears..."

Marc Antony from William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar about the famous Roman politician

As early as 1500 B.C., people were living on the Italian peninsula, in the area that would become Rome and the modern-day country of Italy. Through an evolution of government, and war and conquest, these people would form the ancient Roman Republic which would become the Roman Empire. At its height, the Roman Empire spanned through the Mediterranean Sea and into Europe, Africa, and Asia. Unlike other ancient empires, ancient Rome was notable for the long period through which it lasted. Ancient Rome contributed much to modern society in the areas of architecture, government, law, science, and culture.

1. At its height, what areas did the Roman Empire span? 2. What areas of modern society did Ancient Rome contribute to?

The Geography and Early History of Ancient Rome

The geographical features of Rome and the Italian peninsula were important to ancient Rome's development as a center of trade. Due to these features, Rome was able to protect itself from its enemies. Rome is the capital of modern Italy, as it was during ancient Roman Republic, and (later) the Roman Empire. Founded over 2,500 years ago, Rome is the largest city in Italy, and is centrally located on the "boot" of the Italian peninsula. The geography of the Italian peninsula had a number features that made it possible for ancient Rome to prosper. First, the soil and land in Italy were ideal for agriculture and farming. In addition, the lands of ancient Rome were surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. This body of water protected the territory, since there were no immediate neighboring people living along the peninsula. Also, the Mediterranean Sea was important for trade with distant territories.

The Italian peninsula was centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea, this helped establish the area as an important hub of long-distance trade. The eastern Mediterranean powers were far enough away to help reduce the threat of invasions by these empires. In the north, the Alps Mountains helped to protect the peninsula because it was difficult for enemies to attack over these high mountains. The geography of ancient Rome had a number of advantages that helped it grow to become an ancient empire.

3. What is the capital of modern Italy? 4. What geographic feature in the north helped protect the Italian peninsula?

Roman Mythology

Based largely on Greek mythology, Roman mythology contains many myths that include the gods and goddesses interacting with one another, and with their human contemporaries. The gods and goddesses played an important role in Roman daily life through rituals and festivals, as humans attempted to appease or receive favors from them.

The three most important gods were Jupiter (protector of the state), Juno (protector of women) and Minerva (goddess of craft and wisdom). Romans also believed that many of their gods had played an active part in the foundation of Rome. Venus was believed to be the mother of Aeneas, who according to legend had founded Rome, making her the divine mother of the Roman people. Diana was the goddess


of the hunt, mythologically similar to the Greek goddess Artemis. The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos.

5. What was Roman mythology based on? 6. What did Roman mythology contain?

Topic 6: The Roman Republic and the Punic Wars

Starting with the founding of Rome in 753 B.C., Rome underwent several transitions in government. While their political structure favored wealthy Roman landowners, it also provided the foundation for many modern governments.

1. Who did the Rome political structure favor?

The Punic Wars

At the time of the Roman Republic, the North African city of Carthage was a major trading hub in the Mediterranean Sea. Founded by the Phoenicians in 814 B.C., Carthage gained its independence in 650 B.C. The city ultimately ended up dominating other Phoenician settlements in the Mediterranean Sea, including Sicily. Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C., the Carthaginians and the Romans fought a series of three wars, named the Punic Wars. Initially, these wars began as a result of competition for trade in the Mediterranean Sea.

2. What was a major trading hub in the Mediterranean Sea at the time of the Roman Republic? 3. What was the name of the series of wars that were fought by Carthaginians and Romans?

The Roman Empire

Instability in the Roman Republic

After the Punic Wars, the Roman Senate became more and more powerful, taking part in all foreign and domestic matters for the Roman Republic. The Roman Senate was made up of patrician men who held the office for life. Other offices, like consul and praetor, were also held by wealthy landowners. To the plebeians and slaves, it seemed as if this small group of aristocrats controlled all of the power and money in the Roman Republic. Because the large population of small farmers worked to support the needs of the Republic, this caused misgivings between the classes. The small farmers could no longer survive in a world where the larger landowners could buy more and more land and out-compete them. Many of them migrated into larger cities, like Rome itself, and found themselves unemployed and in debt. Moreover, the currency of the Roman Republic was based on the value of the precious metals in the actual coins. During the 1st century B.C. and through the reign of the Roman Empire, government leadership devalued the currency by using less precious metals in the coins, while decreeing that these new coins had the same value. Inflation in the price of goods meant that the buying power that people had decreased.

4. Who held offices like consul and praetor? 5. Why could small farmers no longer survive with large landowners?


The Servile Wars

In the first two centuries B.C., the use of slaves for farming increased. Most of these slaves faced harsh conditions, were overworked, and were abused by their masters. Towards the end of the Roman Republic, between 135 BC and 71 BC, slaves banded together against the government in three Servile Wars. The First Servile War took place between 135 BC and 132 BC on the island of Sicily. It was led by Eunus, a former slave, and his military commander, Cleon. A Roman army from the mainland conquered the group of slaves, but not until the slaves had won several battles against the local army.

The Second Servile War occurred between 104 BC and 100 BC. This rebellion also took place on the island of Sicily. The Consul Gaius Marius recruited around 800 Italian slaves for a war in Gaul, and promised freedom to them if they fought. When the non-Italian were not freed, they rebelled. Led by a slave named Tryphon and a Sicilian named Athenion, the slaves congregated in an army of over 20,000 soldiers. Eventually, they were conquered by the Roman consul.

The Third Servile War took place on the mainland in Italy between 73 BC and 71 BC in mainland Italy. This rebellion was led by Spartacus, a Thracian slave who was a gladiator, or fighters who killed people or animals for the entertainment of other Romans. The Third Servile War began with a small group of escaped gladiators, who were eventually joined by over 120,000 people. Eventually, the group was surrounded by Roman forces and was destroyed.

6. What group of people banded together to start the Servile Wars? 7. Who led the Third Servile War?

Topic 7: The Rise of the Roman Empire

As continued civil unrest led to outright civil war, the Roman Republic fell and gave way to the Roman Empire and the leadership of Julius Caesar, and then Augustus. This time period involved many notable historical figures, including some you may already know, like Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and Mark Antony.

The Rise of Christianity

During the height of the Roman Empire, a man name Jesus of Nazareth was born in the Roman province of Judea. The story of his life and his teachings would influence millions through the religion of Christianity.

1. Where was Jesus of Nazareth born? 2. What religion was his life used to teach?

Christianity Spreads

After Jesus' crucifixion, his apostles continued to spread his message throughout the Mediterranean region. Paul was a Roman Jew who preached to the people of the Roman Empire. He and the other apostles established Christian settlements and wrote epistles, or letters about Christ and his teachings. Within the settlements, Christian churches were founded so that believers could gather for worship.

Because the monotheistic religion of Christianity conflicted with Roman polytheism, Christians came under persecution in the 1st century A.D. This persecution strengthened the resolve of early Christians.


Christian tradition holds that the apostle Paul, and other believers, became martyrs, or people that are killed for their religious beliefs. Christians began to organize the church into a hierarchy with community bishops at the top of the hierarchy. A sense of community and the promise of eternal salvation for everyone, rich or poor, attracted more and more followers. In the 4th century, the emperor, Constantine, became a Christian. In 313 A.D., he wrote Edict of Milan, which commanded tolerance for Christianity. Later, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire.

3. What are epistles? 4. What was the Edict of Milan?

The Decline of the Roman Empire

Constantine and the Rise of the Church

In the late Roman Empire, the Christian Church continued to rise in importance. Some historians theorize that the rise of a religion that was not tied to the state diverted the peoples' loyalty away from the emperor and the Roman Empire. Rather than the government leadership, the Church leadership was the moral authority. With different languages, customs, and histories, the people of the Roman Empire around the Mediterranean could unify under the common beliefs of Christianity.

In 284 A.D., the emperor Diocletian came to power and divided the Roman Empire into four distinct groups, with one ruler each. He increased the bureaucracy of the Roman Empire, but still held office as the highest authority. This division would provide the foundation for the differences between the fates of the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. When Constantine came to power in 306, he slowly transitioned power solely to himself.

During his rule, Constantine moved the capital city to the Greek city of Byzantium, and he renamed it Constantinople. This city was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which transitioned to the Byzantine Empire, until it was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

5. How many groups did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire into? 6. Where did Constantine move the capital city to and what did he name it?

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Most historians believe that it was not just one issue that led to the downfall of the Western Roman Empire. Instead, it was a combination of circumstances.

Around half-way through the 4th century A.D. a series of attacks by tribes all but destroyed the Western Roman Empire. Rome was sacked by invading tribes in 410, and then again in 455. In 476, the emperor was removed from office and the Western Roman Empire officially fell. The traditions of ancient Greece and ancient Rome lived on in the Eastern Roman Empire, led by the emperor in the city of Constantino.

7. What almost destroyed the Western Roman Empire? 8. What happened in 476 A.D.?


Topic 8: Eastern Europe

In the later days of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome began to decline in power. The Roman emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire further east for protection. This new capital, Constantinople, became the center of the Eastern Roman Empire.

1. Why did the Roman emperor Constantine move the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?

The Byzantine Empire

As Germanic tribes moved into the Western Roman Empire during the fifth century, the Eastern Roman Empire persevered, carrying on its own unique civilization throughout the Mediterranean. Known as the Byzantine Empire, after the original name of the city Byzantium, this civilization was both Greek and Christian and lasted until 1453.

The city of Constantinople was the seat of the Byzantine Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453. It provided many geographic and economic advantages over Rome, and served as the new capital for the empire.

Located on a Peninsula Constantinople was located on a peninsula and surrounded on three sides by the waters of the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. These natural harbors offered protection on the city’s eastern frontier. Situated Far to the East of Invasions Constantinople was situated far from the Germanic invasions occurring in the western empire at the time.

Between Asian & European Markets Constantinople was a center of trade in Europe. Its location between the markets of Asia and Europe meant that the city was important to commerce at the time. Europeans sought silk, spices, jewelry, and ivory from the East, and industries in Constantinople turned many of these raw goods into final products for other parts of the world. In addition, taxes from trade and industry were collected to support the activities of the imperial government.

In 527 A.D., Justinian I became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. During this time, the Byzantine Empire prospered and expanded to include most of the land encompassing the Mediterranean Sea , including former Roman territories. Along with this expansion in territory, came an expansion in trade. Under Justinian’s rule, trade prospered, as did the public works of Constantinople. He invested in public works projects like schools, churches, and courts, as well as provided for public entertainment, like gladiator battles and chariot races.

Perhaps Justinian’s most important contribution to the Byzantine Empire and to the world was the codification of Roman law into The Body of Civil Law. For the past several hundred years, Rome had created laws that were available in a variety of places and recorded on many different types of materials. There was no one place to access all laws and ordinances, and this proved a challenge for everyday people. Upon taking office, he sought to condense and simplify all of these laws into one resource. This important publication became the foundation for much of the legal system in Europe.


Art and architecture were valued in the Byzantine Empire and were supported by imperial patronage. Since Greek Orthodox Christianity was the major religion of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire was a financial supporter of many artists, most art at that time focused on religious or imperial subjects. Icons, which are works of art with religious images and themes, were painted throughout the empire. Important civic buildings, like the emperor’s palace, and churches were adorned with mosaics, or images created by assembling small pieces of tile, glass, or stone.

In 532, after the destruction of two earlier buildings, Justinian ordered the rebuilding of the Byzantine church, Hagia Sophia, or Church of the Holy Wisdom. A major architectural accomplishment of this time period, the Hagia Sophia was composed of several different types of stone from across the empire and featured a large dome and intricate mosaics. Not only was this church a place for religious worship, it was also used for civic events and coronations.

During the Byzantine Empire, Greek and Roman culture survived as Greco-Roman traditions were preserved and evolved to find a place during this time. Many libraries were built during the Byzantine Empire and Greek and Roman knowledge was preserved in Byzantine libraries. Though the Latin language was part of the cultural roots of the civilization, Greek replaced it as the official language of the empire and was used during religious practice. While most people in the Byzantine Empire were Christian, they did not practice the Catholicism that was practiced in the Western Roman Empire. They practiced Greek Orthodox Christianity, believing it to be the true Christian faith with the emperor as the head of the church.

2. What traditions were preserved through cultural advancements of the Byzantine Empire? 3. When did Germanic tribes move into the Western Roman Empire? 4. Where did the Byzantine Empire get its name from?

The Split of the Church

After the reign of Constantine, two distinct Christian churches developed in the Roman Empire – one in the eastern part of the empire and one in the west. As time went by, these two churches became more culturally and religiously different and that lead to an eventual split, referred to as the Great Schism.

While the Christian Church did not divide into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church until 1054 A.D., there were several centuries of disagreements and differing doctrines that ultimately led to the split. Click on each of the tabs to learn more about the split of the church.

The Eastern Church: After Constantine established Constantinople as the capital of the Roman Empire in 330 A.D., the focus of the eastern church centered on the city, as it was close to the source of political power for the Eastern Empire. The Patriarch led the church and the state. Also, religious services were held in Greek, which was the language of the people who worshipped there.

The Western Church: Meanwhile, operating under the assumption that Constantine had chosen Constantinople as a capital in political name only, the Western Church believed that Christianity was still centered in Rome. The Western Church was farther from the political seat of power after Constantinople became the capital of the empire. As the Western Empire was invaded by Germanic tribes toward the end of the 5th century A.D., those tribes had an influence on the way that Christianity was practiced in the


Western Church. Also, led by the Pope, western services were held in the traditional Latin. As the two sides of the Empire separated linguistically, communication became much more difficult.

From 300 through the early 1000's A.D., many of the churches' disagreements centered on differences in the way that the two churches practiced their faith. As they were now separated by language, the Eastern and Western Churches developed different religious rites and interpreted parts of the faith differently.

There were many regions, particularly the Balkans, Southern Italy, and Sicily, in which both churches claimed jurisdiction and papal authority. Popes during this time period asserted that they held authority over these areas, even though representatives from the Eastern Church were already seen as religious leaders in many places.

In the year 325, leaders of the Christian Church met in Nicaea to discuss doctrine and other important issues facing the Church. There, they composed the Nicene Creed, a profession of faith used widely across the Christian Church. In 1014, the Pope added the phrase “Filioque” to the creed, which changed the meaning of the creed to infer that the Holy Spirit not only proceeds from “the Father,” or God, but also “from the son”, or Jesus. The Eastern Church did not believe the Nicene Creed should be modified in any way. The Eastern Church not only disagreed with the technical change to the creed, but also the alteration of the meaning, as they believed that the Holy Spirit proceeds from God only.

Other doctrinal disagreements surrounded the use of leavened bread versus unleavened bread in church services, like communion, and the acceptability of religious icons. In 726, the Byzantine Emperor Leo III, ruled that religious icons were heretical, and organized the destruction of icons present throughout the Byzantine Empire. This view was not accepted by Pope St. Gregory III [the third], who excommunicated supporters of this mindset. In addition, a large dispute existed between the churches concerning the celibacy of clergy. The Western Church required priests to be unmarried and celibate, while the Eastern Church allowed clergy to marry. In fact, the Eastern Church enacted guidelines protecting married priests from being separated from their wives.

In 1054 A.D., Pope Leo IX, head of the Church in Rome, sent a letter to the Patriarch, Michael Cerularius, who was the head of the Byzantine Church. This letter cited passages from the Donation of Constantine, a document which many believed had been written by Constantine, but was later proven to be forged. Trusting the validity of this document, the Pope asserted the spiritual leadership of the papacy in Rome. The Patriarch was unwilling to accept this assertion. Shortly after, when negotiations between representatives and leaders of the two parties became heated, each party excommunicated the other. Their supporters rallied behind the leaders of their church.

The Church was now divided by geography, authority, and practice. The Western Church became the Roman Catholic Church with the Pope as its leader, while the Eastern Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church led by the Patriarch in Constantinople.

5. What led to the division of the Christian Church in 1054 A.D.?


The Emergence of Russia

During the Middle Ages, Russia emerged as a world power. From the earliest evidence of a Slavic migration to the rise of Ivan the Great, Russia underwent changes as it moved from a collection of princedoms to one state with Moscow as its capital.

The location and geography of early Russia encouraged a merging of cultures through migration, trade, and war. From 400 through 1480 A.D., Russia emerged as a world power, eventually known as the “Third Rome.” Its proximity to Constantinople and their trade relations meant that Byzantine culture had a large impact on the development of Christianity and Russian architecture and culture. In this interactivity, use the timeline or the arrows in the upper right corner to view these events in greater detail.

Around 400 A.D., people from Slavic tribes arrived in what is now Russia, migrating from Central Europe. These Slavic people assimilated with the nomadic populations that were already present in this area and established some of the first early states in the region.

In the late 700s, Vikings from the Baltic Sea began to move into the areas inhabited by the Slavs. They conquered the Slavs, who referred to the invaders as the Rus, which is the foundation for the name Russia.

In 860, a Rus leader named Rurik was elected the ruler of the Novgorod, which is one of the oldest cities in Russia. He and his successors established the first Russian state. Rurik was the first ruler in the Rurik Dynasty which lasted from the late 9th century through the early 17th century in Russia.

In 863, St. Cyril adopted the Greek alphabet to the Slavic language. Cyril and his brother, Methodius, were Greek missionaries who attempted to bring Christianity to the Slavs. By creating the Cyrillic alphabet, St. Cyril enabled Slavs to read the Bible.

In 882, Rurik’s successor, Oleg of Novgorod, conquered Kiev and made the city the capital of Kievan Rus. Due to its location, Kiev was located at the center of trade among the Vikings, Slavs, and Byzantines. Kiev is surrounded by a network of rivers, including the Desna River and the Dnieper River, the latter of which leads to the Black Sea. Since Constantinople and other Byzantine centers were located on the Black Sea, this access led to trade, particularly with the Byzantine Empire.

A prince of Novgorod, Prince Vladimir conquered Kievan Rus, and in 988, he adopted Orthodox Christianity. Along with much of the Byzantine culture, Christianity came to Russia, and from there, it spread through much of Eastern Europe. Because of the large Byzantine influence, the Russians built churches with domes, but modified the Byzantine style and made onion-shaped domes. Similarly, the Christian Russians used religious icons and mosaics to decorate their buildings.

Under the rule of Prince Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav, the first Russian legal code was written. The legal code was called the Russkaya Pravda. These laws were very humane and hold similarities with many modern European laws. Yaroslav’s rule represented the Golden Age of Kiev.

As the Kieven Rus disintegrated into smaller independent states due to infighting amongst its leaders, it was conquered by invaders from Mongolia. Led by the descendants of Genghis Khan, the invaders destroyed Kiev and many other cities in Russia, conquering the area and killing about half of the population of Kievan Rus. Now under Mongol rule and cut off from Western Europe, Russia became part


of the Golden Horde which ruled the region for over two hundred years. With the destruction of Kiev, the city of Moscow became the center of Russian leadership. Christianity was tolerated by the invading Mongols and the Eastern Orthodox Church became increasingly powerful. Since the Mongols also controlled other parts of Eurasia at the time, trade routes between China and Eastern Europe opened up.

With the help of the Church, a collection of Russian principalities were able to defeat the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.

In 1382 A.D., a descendent of Genghis Khan, named Khan Tokhtamysh, sacked Moscow and conquered much of the Russian land in retaliation for the Battle of Kulikovo. He unified the Mongol forces under the Golden Horde.

Under Mongol rule, many of the Russian princes had adapted the Mongol leadership model of absolute rule. By acquiring land and wealth through relationships with the Mongol rulers, or khans, these princes increased in power. In 1462, a Russian prince named Ivan III, also known as Ivan the Great, consolidated the power of the Russian lands in Moscow under his rule.

In 1480, Ivan the Great ended all financial and political tribute to the Mongols, making Moscow the capital and financial center of Russia. He took the title czar, which means Caesar in Russian, and vowed to carry on the traditions of Rome and Constantinople. After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, Russia became known as the “Third Rome.” Later successors of Ivan’s would restructure the government and continue the rule of Rurik’s ancestors until the beginning of the Russian Civil War in the early 17th century.

6. How did the Byzantine Empire influence the development of early Russia?

Topic 9: Eastern Europe

Justinian was one of the greatest Byzantine emperors. He beautified the capital, encouraged education, and codified Roman law, along with expanding the Byzantine Empire and its economy. The legacy of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire would live on through Byzantine art and architecture, and the preservation of Greek and Roman traditions. This Byzantine influence eventually spread into Russia and Eastern Europe. After years of Mongol occupation, Ivan III threw off Mongol rule to make Russia a unified nation with Moscow as its center of power.

1. What were some things that Justinian accomplished during his role as Byzantine emperor? 2. Where did the Byzantine influence eventually spread?

Islamic Civilization

Out of the harsh, desert environment on the Arabian Peninsula formed the religion of Islam. The spread of the religion was based on the use of the Arabic language and diffusion along existing trading routes through rough terrain. Islam is a monotheistic religion and is still a fast-growing religion throughout the world. The history of the Islamic faith has changed over time while spreading into different regions. During this expansion, the religion diversified by splitting into two sects, Sunni and Shi'ite. Islamic civilizations contributed tremendously to advancements in architecture, language, sharing of knowledge, medicine, navigation, and literature all helped to shape the world in which you live today.


3. Where did the religion of Islam form? 4. What two sects did the religion of Islam split into?

The Origin and Beliefs of Islam

The Islamic religion is second largest in the world and is also considered one of the fastest-growing

religions. In this topic, you will explore the origin and history of Islam. In addition, you will examine the

beliefs of the Islamic religion and the important role that it plays in the lives of those who practice it.

Your knowledge of the faith of Islam, and those who practice it, will help you to gain an understanding

of its rich history of traditions and customs. The founder for the Islamic religion is Muhammad, the

Prophet. It was founded on the Arabian Peninsula and Mecca and Medina. Islam spread across Asia and

Africa and into Spain, making this the geographic extent of first Islamic empire. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Islam: Monotheism: Allah (Arabic word for God), Qur’an (Koran): The word of God, Five

Pillars of Islam, Acceptance of earlier prophets such as Moses and Jesus. Historical turning points:

Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division, Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus, Islamic capital moved

to Baghdad by Abbasids, Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours. Early Islamic civilization was

characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and had a

major global impact. Cultural contributions and achievements: Architecture (Dome of the Rock),

Mosaics, Arabic alphabet, Universities, Translation of ancient texts into Arabic. Scientific contributions

and achievements: Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero), Algebra, Medicine, Expansion

of geographic knowledge

5. Where did the Islamic religion originate, and where did it spread? 6. What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam?

M. Kloepfer (2012) Page 1

World History I SOL Review Packet Part I

Pre-history

1. The chart above describes ____________________________________________________

2. Use the map below to label the migration route of the people mentioned in question 1.

3. The survival of the people mentioned in question 1 depended upon the availability of

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Complete the following chart:

- Emerged in east Africa between 100, 000 and 400,000 years

ago

- Migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas

- Were hunters and gatherers

Paleolithic Age

- Also known as the “__________________________________”

- Invented the first _________________________

- Learned how to make and use ____________________

- Live in __________________

- Communicated with an __________________________________

- Created “_____________________________”


5. Does the picture below illustrate the Paleolithic Age or the Neolithic Age?

_______________________

How do you know? _________________________________________________________

6. Archeologists would consider the items in the picture below to be ___________________.

Archeologists would consider the items in the picture below to be ___________________.

What is the difference between the two?

7. Archeologists apply scientific tests, such as ______________________________, to analyze the

items in question 5.


8. The picture to the right is _____________________________

9. Label on the map below where the landmark in question 7 is located.

10. The landmark in question 7 was built during the __________________________ Age.

11. _____________________ and ______________________ are examples of early cities in the

Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologist.

12. Catalhoyuk is an example of a ______________________ settlement currently under excavation

in _________________.

Early River Valley Civilizations

13. Label the following civilizations on the map below: Mesopotamia, Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese


14. Complete the following chart.

Civilization River(s)

Mesopotamia

Nile River

Indus River Valley

Huang He River

15. Why did the first civilizations develop in river valleys?

16. Label the Fertile Crescent and Nubia on the map below.

17. Complete the following charts below:

18. What is significance of the Code of Hammurabi?

_________

Traders

Alphabet

Mediterranean Coast

Social Patterns of River Valley Civilizations

Heredity rulers

Rigid Class System

Slavery __________


19. Complete the chart on Judaism below.

20. Write the name of the civilization that used the following examples of written language.

Cuneiform=_______________________ Hieroglyphics=___________

1st Alphabet=____________________

Judaism

Origins

Beliefs, Traditions, and

Customs

Spread


Persia, China, and India

21. Label and color the Persian Empire on the map

22. Describe 4 ways Persia governed its empire (include type of government and religion):

a.

b.

c.

d.

23. What did Zoroaster preach?

24. Color and label the following on the map below: Indus River Valley (blue), Aryans (Red),

Mauryan Empire (Orange), and Gupta Empire (Green) *remember if they overlap, draw stripes.

25. On the map above, label the city of Harappa

26. Who created the Caste System?

27. What is the Caste System?


28. Make a chart comparing the accomplishments of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires in the space

below.

29. Complete the Venn diagram below.

HINDUISM BUDDHISM


30. Label China on the map

31. The _____________________ facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as

far away as Rome. Label it on the map for question 30.

32. Which dynasty built the object pictured below? _____________________

Why was it built? ________________________________________________________________

33. List 4 contributions of Ancient China:

a.

b.

c.

d.

34. Complete the chart below:

- Belief that humans are ____________, not ______________

- Respect for __________________

- Code of _____________________

- Emphasis on ____________________

- ____________________ worship

Confucianism


35. List 3 ways Taoism impacted Chinese culture and values.

a.

b.

c.

36.

This is a picture of the __________________ symbol. It represents the idea of

______________________ for both ________________________ and _________________.

Ancient Greece

37. Label the following items on the map below: Aegean and Mediterrean Sea, Balkan and

Peloponnesus peninsula, Athens, Sparta, Troy, and Macedonia

38. Describe the economic and social development of Ancient Greece (how did they make money

and how was their society set up?)

39. How did the geography of Greece effect its political development?

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=blank+map+of+ancient+greece&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&biw=1024&bih=571&tbm=isch&tbnid=viIKKl81v-FV3M:&imgrefurl=http://fivejs.com/outline-maps-ancient-egypt-and-greece/&docid=mvi_i4A3ZenBrM&imgurl=http://fivejs.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/ancient-greece.jpg&w=1584&h=1224&ei=E7VDT9OpA5GK0QHl2vG5Bw&zoom=1


40. In the space below, create a chart comparing the Greek and Roman Gods/Goddesses

41. Greek/Roman Mythology offered explanations of

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________.

Symbols of mythology can be found in Western

______________________________________________________________________________.

42. What is a Greek polis?

43. What do the following facts describe? _________________________________

a. Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and responsibilities to participate in

government.

b. Women, slaves, and foreigners had no political rights

44. How is the type of government mentioned in question 43 different than the type of government

the Roman Republic had?

45. In the space below, create a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting Athens and Sparta


46. The stages in the evolution of Athens government spell out MATD- what does each letter stand

for?

47. Who were Draco and Solon?


________________ War

- United Athens and ___________________ against Persian Empire

- Athenian victories at ______________________ and ____________________

- Athens preserves its independence

49. What was the cause of the Peloponnesian War? What was the result?

50. What is another name for the classical era of Ancient Greece? Why was it given that name?

51. Complete the chart:

Field Name(s)

Drama

Homer (Iliad and __________________)

History

Sculpture

Archimedes, ___________________

Euclid, ______________________

Philosophy

52. Draw and label the three types of Greek columns in the space below.



Ancient Rome

54. Label the following on the map below: Rome, Italian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea, Alps

55. How did the Alps and the Mediterranean Sea and help Ancient Rome (be specific)?

56. Complete the pyramid:

Social Structure of Roman Republic

Patricians

____________________

Philip II of

____________,

conquers most of

______________

______________ the Great,

establishes empire from

Greece to ____________ to

margins of ___________

Hellenistic Age

- Combination of

___________ and

___________

- Spread through

_____________

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=blank+map+of+ancient+rome&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&biw=1024&bih=571&tbm=isch&tbnid=DBj2L9Gde3hR0M:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_map.gif&docid=Zkq8JE-8TtnaCM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Roman_Empire_map.gif&w=800&h=760&ei=fcRDT_qJL6nc0QHVh8T5Cw&zoom=1


57. Who were considered citizens in the Roman Republic? Who were not?

58. List the rights and responsibilities of Roman citizens.

59. What was the significance of the Twelve Tables?

60. Create a chart on the features of democracy during the Roman Republic in the space below.

61. What does the map below show?



War Cause Effect

1st Punic War

2nd Punic War

3rd Punic War

63. List and describe the 4 causes for the decline of the Roman Republic:

a.

b.

c.

d.

64. The 3 men in the picture below are known as the __________________________________.

65. Who was Rome’s first emperor? How did he unify the Empire of Rome?

66. What was the Pax Romana?



Pax Romana

68. How did Christianity become established within the Roman Empire?

69. What were the essential beliefs of the early Christian faith?

70. How and why did Christianity spread?

71. What was the impact of the early Church in the late Roman Empire? BE SPECIFIC!!

•

•

•

Economic Impact

•

•

Social Impact

•

•

Political Impact


72. Label the following Roman contributions:

_______________ _______________ ______________

_________________ ______________ __________________

73. What language was spoken in Ancient Rome?

74. Who wrote the Aeneid?

75. Who came up with the theory illustrated below?


Cause for the Decline of Western Rome Description

Geographic Size

Economy

Military

Moral Decay

Political Problems

Invasions


77. Why was the capital of Rome moved to Constantinople?

Byzantine Empire

78. Label Constantinople on the map below.

79.

What was the significance of Justinian’s Code?

80. What were some of Justinian’s other contributions to the Byzantine Empire?

81. Label the following Byzantine achievements in art and architecture:

______________ ______________ ______________________

82. How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?


83. What factors led to the division within in Christian Church?

84. Make a chart in the space below comparing the Eastern Orthodox Church with the Western

Roman Catholic Church.

85. Why and how did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in

Russia and Eastern Europe?

86. What is the name and who created the alphabet below? Why was it created?

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