with directory of suppliers

JULY

AU

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010

WMW

INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATIONPromoting sustainable waste management worldwide

REVIEW ISSUE 20102011

Waste and the world bankThe zero waste concept IFAT Entsorga previewFuturesource review

WTE in ChinaFood waste Landfill firesRecycling

with Directory of Suppliers

Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out Search Issue | Next PageFor navigation instructions please click here

Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out Search Issue | Next PageFor navigation instructions please click here

2010 Caterpillar. All Rights Reserved.

CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, Caterpillar Yellow and the Power Edge trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.

TOUGH JOBEASY DECISION

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Thats why Caterpillar offers Cat H-Series wheel loaders with dedicated Waste Handling Arrangements (WHA) and a wide range of customized configurations. High lift front linkages, large capacity or high-dump buckets, special work tools, Flexport solid tires and guarding packages will give you maximum productivity out of your machine.

For more information, contact your Cat dealer today or visit us at cat.com

Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page


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REGULARS FROM THE EDITOR

ISWA COMMENTS

NEWS A round-up of news from around the world

ISWA INFORMATION

DIARY

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

ISWA MEMBER DIRECTORY

BUYERS GUIDE DIRECTORY LISTINGS

WASTE AND THE WORLD BANKThrough a combination of financial and technical assistance with infrastructure projects, the World Bank aims to reduce poverty in developing countries. Here we look at some of the $3.5 billion being invested by the Bank in over 150 active and pending waste management projects globally.By Charles Peterson, Claudia Barrera, and Zarina Azizova

THE LIGHTBULB MOMENTWith incandescent lightbulbs being legislated out of existence on a global basis, the question of how to safely recycle the rapidly growing numbers of new and old bulbs, and the harmful mercury they often contain, is an increasingly important issue.By Christer Sundberg

FUTURESOURCE EXHIBITION REVIEWDespite the current economic climate stifling marketing budgets and visitor numbers at many exhibitions, the recent Futuresource show was a success.Waste Management World was a global media partner in the event and Malcolm Bates gives us the highlights.By Malcolm Bates

ContentsJULYAUGUST 2010

WMW

FEATURES

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22

26

COVER IMAGE: Courtesy of Multicar

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UNDERSTANDING LANDFILL FIRESLandfill fires are more frequent, and harder to detect than many may imagine. With the potential to cause injury, death and pollution on a large scale the subject of landfill fires is quite literally a hot topic. By Patrick Foss-Smith

WASTE TO ENERGY IN CHINAWith its shifting demographics, and rapidly expanding cities, China has increased its waste to energy capacity substantially over the past decade. Here we look at some of the technologies used, and the social and environmental issues raised.By Nickolas Themelis and Zhixiao Zhang

IFAT SHOW PREVIEWThe worlds leading trade fair for water, sewage, waste and raw materials management IFAT ENTSORGA will take place between 13 and 17 September 2010 at the New Munich Trade Fair Centre. Waste Management World previews the forthcoming event.

NEW YORKS NEW IDEAThree years in, the environmental strategy PlaNYC in New York has made significant strides towards its long-term goals. However in a recent update Mayor Michael R Bloomberg announced the addition of a comprehensive, sustainable approach to solid waste that will set the bar for the rest of the USA to work towards.By Claudine Capel

UNDER NEW MANAGEMENTAs the last remaining vehicle still in production to have originated in the former East Germany, you may imagine the multi-purpose Multicar truck range would be on its last legs. However, following the recent takeover of Hakowerke by the Possehl Group this versatile range has been revitalized with new models and relaunched.By Malcolm Bates

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UNIQUE SOLUTIONSWhen it comes to the sorting of commingled waste, the different physical characteristics of each fraction has traditionally created problems with automation. Here Patricia Masias and Raquel Vila of Masias Recycling walk us through the design and implementation of the highly efficient Envirosort plant near Worcester, UK.By Patricia Masias and Raquel Vila

BIOGAS COMES OF AGEBiogas is becoming an increasingly big business, and as the industry grows, so do the opportunities for those involved in food waste management. Using Germany as a model this article explores the pros and cons of using waste food as a biogas feedstock. By Iyad Omari and Peter Stepany

AIMING FOR ZERO WASTEMoving from the traditional industry model where waste is considered a fact of life, to a new, integrated system where everything has its use will not happen overnight. However plans are afoot to devise, implement and refine just such a system. Ian D Williams and Tony Curran explain the ZeroWIN approach to zero waste.By Ian D Williams and Tony Curran

FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENTWith 3.5 million tonnes of food waste going to landfill from the UK hospitality sector alone, and landfill tax set to double in the next three years, there is clearly an opportunity within the catering industry to turn a problem into an advantage BaxterStory is one catering company at the forefront of doing just that.By Adrienne Cohen

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ISSN 1476-1394

The magazine for ISWA members

EDITOR: Claudine CapelISWA EDITOR: Hermann KollerGROUP PUBLISHER: Tom FowlerTRANSPORT CORRESPONDENT: Malcolm BatesLAYOUT: Ikem OnoniwuPRODUCTION EDITOR: Ben MessengerSALES MANAGERS: Terry Ash, James WaldenMARKETING MANAGER: Dorothee Petereit

ADVERTISING: for information on advertising, please contact Terry Ash on +44 1992 656 653 or James Walden on +44 1992 656 657 or [email protected]

EDITORIAL/NEWS CONTACT: e-mail: [email protected]

Published for the International Solid Waste Association, Auerspergstrasse 15, Top 41, 1080 Vienna, Austria Tel: +43 1 25 36 001Fax: +43 1 59 999 700E-mail: [email protected]: www.iswa.org

Published by PennWell International Publications Ltd, Warlies Park House, Horseshoe Hill, Upshire, Essex, EN9 3SR, UK.Tel: +44 1992 656 600Fax: +44 1992 656 700e-mail: [email protected]: www.waste-management-world.com

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE/PRESS RELEASES: Please send to Waste Management World at [email protected]

2009 International Solid Waste Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or otherwise including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written consent of the Publishers. While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this magazine, neither the Publishers, Editors nor the authors accept any liability for errors or omissions. Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Publishers or Editor.

Subscriptions: Waste Management World is circulated free to professionals in the waste management industry. To start a free subscription visit www.wmw-subscribe.com. Professionals outside the waste management industry may start a paid subscription. For pricing information visit www.omeda.com/wmw or call +1 847-559-7330.

Waste Management World is published 6 times a year by PennWell Publications Ltd, Warlies Park House, Horseshoe Hill, Upshire, Essex, EN9 3SR, UK, and distributed in the USA SPP at 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437. Periodicals postage paid at Emigsville, PA. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Waste Management World, c/o P.O. Box 437, Emigsville, PA 17318.

REPRINTS: High-quality reprints of any article from this publication are available. These can be tailored to your requirements to include a printed cover, logo, advertising or other messages. Minimum quantity 50. Please contact the Publishers for details.

Printed in the UK by Williams Press Ltd on elemental chlorine-free paper from sustainable forests.

Member, BPA Worldwide

WMW FROM THE EDITOR

Welcome to the bumper 2010 review issue of Waste Management World featuring our directory and ISWA member listings, as well as extra features about the issues that matter in waste today.

Inside these pages you will find a mix of content from around the world, as well as stories which matter to our industry as a whole. Waste and the world bank on page 14 is an insightful look at the world banks involvement in waste management projects with the aim of keeping them environmentally sustainable, and Aiming for zero waste on page 72 is a look at a project which works towards the goal of zero waste. While some may consider this concept pie in the sky and to be honest, it is not yet a widespread waste management system zero waste is taking off in many places around the world and is an ideal that many feel is worth working toward.

In terms of recycling we look at lightbulb recycling (page 22), commingled material facilities (page 61) and the uptake of more stringent recycling and waste management policies in New York (page 55). We also look at the fast growth of the waste-to-energy sector in China (page 37), the problems and causes of landfill fires (page 30), issues facing biogas companies today (page 65) and a food waste recycling project in the UK (page 80).

Our resident collection and transport expert, Malcolm Bates, brings you a report on the multi-purpose Multicar truck, as well as a review of the best products at this years Futuresource show held in June 2010. We also look forward to the IFAT Entsorga event to be held in Munich, Germany on 13-17 September with a detailed show preview. This feature gives a handy floorplan as well as all the information youll need about the event.

It is with sadness that I also now take my leave as editor of Waste Management World, and hand it over to the capable hands of Tom Freyberg as chief editor and Ben Messenger as associate editor. It has been a challenging and exciting two years in the job for me, and I would like to thank the authors, readers and my other friends in the industry for all their good work along the way.

Best regards

Claudine CapelEditor, Waste Management World

P.S. Subscribe to the e-newsletter at www.waste-management-world.com.



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Ju l yAugus t 2010 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD 6

As the real life impact of global warming takes effect, Hermann Koller asks what will it take to switch on the lightbulb in mankinds collective consciousness? Rotten apples, a rotten ski season, or a rotten brain?

ISWA comments

One year ago in this space you could read some quite optimistic forecasts and expectations regarding last Decembers COP15 in Copenhagen. One year ago these were legitimate hopes but now we know better. COP15 was a big disappointment. Even as global warming claims more and more new victims, the necessity to change something, to change something soon, obviously hasnt sunk in yet.

In Austria, home of the ISWA General secretariat, we have glacial retreat, and each year need more and more artificial snow for skiing. Our apples go rotten because it is too hot. The Netherlands, venue of the first ISWA Beacon conference on Waste Prevention & Recycling, will probably face even more dramatic ramifications in the near future: the city of Leeuwarden, where this very successful conference took place, is situated below sea level, like most parts of the Netherlands

But all those pieces of bad news dont seem to have had any effect politicians and the rest of mankind continue acting as they always have. We are just missing a good name for the threat, a UN-official said, like for the ozone hole in former days. With the ozone problem people associated it with a hole in the roof, through which the cold came in. But maybe this image of a hole in the roof is the problem nowadays: possibly too many people are happy now that the heating is on

Facing this dilemma then, the question is what shall we do? Spread the news that climate change is bad for our brains? There are some German scientists stating that a cooler climate supported the development of larger brains. The human body in resting state produces the same amount of energy as a 100 watt light bulb, two thirds of that energy is produced in the brain. This energy is emitted by the body to protect it against overheating, and this works better, when its cooler. With the beginning of the Ice Age 2.8 million years ago the air became cooler, brains could be chilled sufficiently, and voila! Homo erectus appeared on the scene with a much bigger brain. And what happens when we reverse this situation?

Well, if this thought doesnt help, maybe the ISWA White Paper on Waste and Climate Change can contribute to a global rethinking and to improving the situation. With this White Paper we are setting forth the technologies and mechanisms which can transform the waste sector into a global net reducer of GHG emissions, and we are making the necessary commitments to assist this change. The ISWA White Paper on Waste and Climate Change can be downloaded for free. Have a look at www.iswa.org and

Have a nice, cool day!

Hermann Kollere-mail: [email protected]

Possibly too many people are

happy now that the heating is on



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To learn more, speak to your local JCB dealer who will be happy to discuss your specific requirements.

JCB Sales Ltd, Rocester, Staffordshire ST14 5JP www.jcb.com

A Product of Hard Work



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Send your news to WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD e-mail: [email protected]

News

in briefThe Scottish Environment Protection Agency has taken steps to combat the problem of plasterboard in the UK waste stream. Currently between 1.1 and 1.75 million tonnes of plasterboard enters the waste stream each year, causing a potential environmental problem. But the definition of waste plasterboard has now been reclassified to ensure that plasterboard processed to the correct specification is no longer classed as waste.

Covanta Energy and Peel

Environmental have joined forces

in a 500 million (US $741.9 million)

project in the north west of England.

The project will see the development

of the UKs largest industrial eco-park

aimed at promoting and encouraging

recycling, reprocessing and energy

recovery.

The park will be located close

to Manchester and Liverpool and

operated by Ince Park LLP. Covanta

Energy will build, own and operate the

WTE facility which will take in MSW

and business waste and convert it into

heat and electricity. Construction is set

to begin in 2011. The energy produced

would be enough to support 150,000

homes and much of it will be

redeployed to the eco-park to increase

the recycling and reprocessing

capacity.

The remainder of the 126 acre

site will be marketed to waste and

environmental companies for their

use, and approximately 50 acres of the

site has been earmarked to become a

nature reserve.

Myles Kitcher, Director of Peel

Environmental commented, We are

delighted to have found a partner

in Covanta who is committed to

delivering the EfW (WTE) plant at

the earliest possible opportunity.

This means that we are looking at

several hundred construction jobs

over a three year period in addition

to creating more than 1,000 full time

jobs across the full Ince site. Jobs we

promised during the planning process

will now become a reality.

Owen Michaelson, Chairman of

Peel Environmental, said, We need

to make more careful use of the

earths resources. I believe we should

make efficient use of the waste that

remains after recycling and maximise

our use of renewable resources.

This will enable us to reduce our

dependency on fossil fuels. We must

use our precious mineral resources in

a responsible manner and only as part

of a balanced energy policy.

Covantas UK MD, Malcolm Chilton

said, Our Waste to Energy (WTE) facility

will be the heart of the eco-park which

we believe will be a model for the

future. It represents the most sensible

and viable alternative to our countrys

current over reliance on landfill for

municipal and business waste. It will

provide the energy and means to truly

make recycling and reprocessing a

reality and not just an aspiration.

Commenting on the agreement

Scott Whitney, Covantas European

President said, By combining the

strengths of Peel Environmental

and Covanta Energy we will provide

an environmentally beneficial and

economical method for dealing with

residual waste. The synergies are

fantastic and I am optimistic we will

find other similar projects to work on

together.

Starbucks is looking into new ways to

recycle its annual 3 billion waste paper

coffee cups in an attempt to create a

commercial market for its waste.

Recycle and compost bins have been

placed into 90 Seattle stores to comply

with a new citywide policy which will

divert 6000 tonnes of waste food and

serviceware from landfill. In addition to

this, cups used at the companys Chicago

stores will now be sent to a recycling

facility in Wisconsin where they will be

turned into Starbucks napkins.

Starbucks also recycle or compost

waste in San Francisco and Ontario

because of policies in place there.

In areas without such regulations

commercial demand dictates the

recycling of products.

The biggest roadblock to recycling

is the lack of demand for old paper,

said Jim Hanna, Starbucks director

of environmental impact and global

responsibility. We need to create

demand for recyclers for our products.

New WTE facility in NW England

Starbucks pushes recycling effort

A consumer body in the UK has

warned that most teabags being

sold in Britain today are only 70-80%

biodegradable. This will come as a

surprise to millions of Britons who

drink tea every day. It has been

reported that the outer net part of

the teabags remains after the tea has

rotted away, due to the heat-resistant

polypropylene included within it.

Major manufacturers have had to

respond to this issue.

PG Tips said, Like most of the

teabags in the UK, our teabags are

made with about 80% paper fibre,

which is fully compostable along with

the tea leaves contained in the bag.

The remaining packaging includes a

small amount of plastic which is not

fully biodegradable.

Teadirect said, Our teabags are 70%

compostable and its sustainability

manager Whitney Kakos said the use

of the plastic polypropylene was an

industry-wide practice.

A spokesperson for Clipper Teas

said, Our teabags are composed

of vegetable and wood fibres

and are sealed with a low level of

polypropylene. Our teabags are

suitable for inclusion in compost heaps

where the fibres will break down. Any

remaining fibres will be small and can

be dispersed in the soil.

The UKs government agency

Wrap has advised people to compost

teabags anyway. Lynne Gunn, Wraps

home composting expert, said: Our

advice remains that teabags are

suitable for composting. If the bags

are still visible when you want to use

the compost, they can be sieved out

or picked off the surface of the soil.

You can also speed up the composting

process by ripping open the bags.

Teabags not entirely biodegradable

9WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD Ju l y -Augus t 2010

NEWS



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See the video

of

our system in

action

on our websi

te.

www.sotkon.c

om

Japans top mobile phone carrier,

NTT DoComo Inc, conducted

a pilot project early this year to

gauge the effectiveness of mobile

phone recycling processes. Used

phones were collected, sorted and

disassembled and the parts were

assessed for usefulness. Oil from

the plastic outer cases was also

extracted, as well as gold and silver

slag from the metal components. The

aim was to establish a closed-loop

recycling system for recycling phones

by reusing parts and improving

recyclable materials through chemical

processing.

Japan mobile phone recycling pilot

The state of Victoria in Australia is

putting up resistance to the idea

of a national drink bottle refund

scheme. It is believed that the scheme

could increase costs and undermine

kerbside recycling.

Since a cost-benefit comparison of

recycling programmes showed that

a national container deposit scheme

could be a good thing, Victorian

Environment Minister Gavin Jennings

said other evidence showed it was

not the best approach for the state.

He said that Victorias existing kerbside

recycling system already collected as

much waste as neighbouring South

Australias kerbside and container

deposit systems combined.

A Victorian container deposit

scheme would increase costs for

families and potentially undermine

our kerbside system, he said.

Victoria says no to bottle refund

Following a Federal Government

decree that all plastic bags made

anywhere in the United Arab Emirates

must be biodegradable by 2013, the

emirate of Ajman will aim to put this

in place by the end of this year. Ajman

is the smallest of the Emirates at just

260 square km.

Turning Ajmans plastic industry

into an eco-friendly one is not a trial,

said the emirates Environmental

Protection department head, and

Ajman Municipality Environmental

Protection head said he hoped that

within six months there would be

no plastic bags littering the Emirates

streets.

Inspections will be carried out

and companies will have to the end

of the year to comply or risk hefty

fines. Biodegradable bags will need a

municipality-approved sticker giving

instructions on how to store and

transport them. At a recent meeting of

around 70 plastic bag manufacturers

and importers in Ajman, the audience

were told that there was much work

to do to meet to this end-of-year goal

but that the decree must be complied

with from day one.

Production of non-degradable bags

is not permitted and a special pellet-

sized ingredient must be added to the

mix to help plastic bags break down

over a period of time without leaving

harmful residues. Wells Plastic and

Eco-polymers are the companies that

have been approved as suppliers of

the granular additive.

The Ministry of Environment and

Water is working to educate the

public and manufacturers to accept

the change to federal law.

UAE moves towards eco-friendly plastic bags

Ju l y -Augus t 2010 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD 10

NEWS



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BIFFA SIGNS MBT DEALA 25-year contract has been signed in the UK by waste company Biffa and West Sussex County Council. Biffa will treat the English countys municipal waste using the latest MBT technology in a new facility close to its existing plant near Horsham, West Sussex.

The deal is worth more than 1 billion and will divert 80 % of residual waste from landfill, saving the county council 300 million over the length of the contract. The project will also create 80 new jobs in West Sussex.

Haase and Eggersmann technology will be used to treat up to 327,000 tonnes of residual municipal and commercial waste per year. M+W UK Ltd has been selected as the EPC contractor to build the new facility. Biffa will treat the mechanically separated biodegradable fraction using AD technology. The resultant biogas will be used to generate renewable energy. The facilitys sorting plant will also produce a refuse derived fuel (RDF).

The problem of floating waste in the

Pacific Ocean is being addressed, in

part, by vacuum cleaner manufacturer

Electrolux. This terrible environmental

issue has long been a problem and

Electrolux is aiming to raise awareness

of it by using floating plastic waste to

make vacuum cleaners. The scheme is

called Vac from the Sea.

There are plastic islands, some

several times the size of the state of

Texas, floating in our oceans. Yet on

land, we struggle to get hold of enough

recycled plastics to meet the demand

for sustainable vacuum cleaners.

What the world needs now is a better

plastic karma, says Cecilia Nord, Vice

President, Floor Care Environmental and

Sustainability Affairs, Electrolux.

A limited number of vacuum

cleaners will be made from waste

salvaged from the Pacific, Indian,

Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans

and the Baltic and North seas and then

put on display for decision makers and

consumers to help raise awareness

of the issue. Different techniques for

collecting the plastic will be used

depending on the location.

More recycling directly translates

into more sustainable appliances and

homes. Our engineers have managed

to get our green range vacuum cleaners

up to 70 % recycled plastic but our

ultimate vision is of course 100 %, and

for all ranges, says Jonas Magnusson,

Product Marketing Manager at

Electrolux.

Electrolux recycles floating ocean waste

The UK Environment Agency has

granted the Shanks Group permission

to export refuse derived fuel to

facilities on mainland Europe. The

company requested this as there is an

over-capacity of recovery facilities on

the continent.

Approval has been given for Shanks

to export 40,000 tonnes within in

the next year which will be used as

feedstock by energy recovery plants in

Germany and the Netherlands. Shanks

had pointed out that there was a

high demand for RDF outside the

UK and that some waste treatment

facilities have been reclassified under

the Waste Framework Directive to

recovery facilities rather than disposal

facilities. UK law prohibits the disposal

of waste material abroad under the

Transfrontier Shipment of Waste

Regulations 2007.

The Environment Agency

has stated that this is the first

arrangement of this kind in the UK,

and said that energy recovery of fuel

is not dumping.

Shanks to export RDF


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The best ofThe best of

A Master Environmental Assessment

(MEA) on single use and reusable

bags has been developed by ICF

Internationals Sacramento office and

released by Green Cities California

(GCC). It summarizes existing research

on the impacts of single use plastic,

paper, compostable and reusable

bags, as well as looking at the impact

of policies such as fees and bans on

bags.

Overview of findings:

Single-Use Plastic Bags: Nearly

20 billion single-use high density

polyethylene (HDPE) plastic grocery

bags are used annually in California,

and most end up in landfills or as

litter. In fact, of the four types of

bags considered, plastic bags had

the greatest impact on litter.

Single-Use Paper Bags: Kraft

paper bags are recycled at a

significantly higher rate than

single-use plastic bags. Still, over

its lifetime, a single-use paper bag

has significantly larger greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions and results in

greater atmospheric acidification,

water consumption, and ozone

production than plastic bags.

Single-Use Biodegradable Bags:

Although biodegradable bags

are thought to be an eco-friendly

alternative to HDPE plastic bags,

they have greater environmental

impacts at manufacture, resulting

in more GHG emissions and water

consumption than conventional

plastic bags. In addition,

biodegradable bags may degrade

only under composting conditions.

Therefore, when littered, they will

have a similar impact on aesthetics

and marine life as HDPE plastic

bags.

Reusable Bags: Reusable bags can

be made from plastic or cloth and

are designed to be used up to

hundreds of times. Assuming the

bags are reused at least a few times,

reusable bags have significantly

lower environmental impacts, on a

per use basis, than single-use bags.

Some of the reviewed LCAs indicate

that use of the non-woven plastic

reusable bag results in particularly

large environmental benefits.

Effects of Policy Options on Single-

Use Bags: In other regions of the

world, fees and bans on bags

have resulted in dramatic drops in

consumption. For instance, the Irish

plastic bag tax immediately resulted

in a greater than 90 % reduction in

use. Due to California law AB2449,

no fee program on plastic bags can

be introduced. However, bans on

single-use plastic bags, as well as

fees on other single-use bags, may

be implemented to minimize use.

California looks at LCA of single-use and reusable bags

Albany-based company Energy

Answers International held a public

meeting in south Baltimore, Maryland,

recently to discuss its plans to build a

$1 billion 120 MW WTE facility there.

Project manager Kurt Kramer gave

details of the project saying that the

plant would process MSW, tyres, auto

fluff and wood waste and turn it

into energy using boiler technology

used in coal-burning power plants.

The facility would be built to gold

LEED (Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design) standards, and

would be cleaner and more efficient

that standard WTE plants. It would

also exceed federal pollution-control

requirements for emissions.

The plant is intended to employ

about 200 staff once up-and-running

and contribute around $30 million to

the local economy.

WTE plan in Baltimore


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Two scientists in the Washington area,

USA, have discovered a way to create

biodegradable plastics from feathers.

The US poultry industry produces

around 2000 tonnes of feathers per

year and currently 80 % of this goes

to waste. This new method, by Masud

Huda of the Horticultural Research

Institute and Walter Schmidt of the

US department of agriculture, gives

a way to reuse these feathers and

create biodegradable plastic. Feathers

are about eight times as strong

as cellulose, said Walter Schmidt.

By design, feathers are strong and

durable. If feathers were twice as

heavy or half strong then birds

couldnt fly.

Feathers converted into biodegradable plastic

CANADA AND CHINA JOINT WTE VENTUREOttowa-based Plasco Energy Group has announced a partnership with China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection (CECEP) Group on a new WTE plant to be built in Beijing, China. The plant is planned to process 300 tons (272 tonnes) per day and be operational by the second quarter of 2012. It is expected to cost around $170 million to build and will earn revenues from disposal fees and from selling the power produced.

CECEP Plasco China, as the facility will be known, will benefit from Plasco Conversion System technology. CECEP will also be looking into using this system for other WTE projects in China. We can make a big difference in cutting global warming-causing gasses from landfill in the worlds fastest growing economy with one of the largest populations on earth through this partnership, said Plasco CEO Rod Bryden. This technology, developed right here in Ottawa, can help communities all around the world to handle waste and contribute to our green energy future starting right now.

The opportunity presented by this joint venture between CECEP and Plasco Energy Group is truly exciting for both companies, said Wang Xiaokang, President of CECEP. Soon, not only Ottawa and Beijing, but communities across all of China will handle their municipal waste in the most environmentally friendly way, producing clean, reliable energy and usable materials. Garbage will truly become a resource rather than a waste.

US waste giant Republic Services

recently announced that its Chairman

and CEO James OConnor, 61, plans

to retire early next year. Donald Slager

will take over his role becoming the

president and CEO of the Company

on 1 January 2011, and has become a

board member effective immediately.

OConnor will remain chairmen until

May 2011 when the next annual

shareholder meeting takes place.

Slager has worked in the waste

industry for many years having been

COO at Allied Waste until it was

bought out by Republic in 2008.

Kevin Walbridge will be the new vice

president of operations.

Republic Services CEO to retire


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GLOBAL REPORT WASTE AND THE WORLD BANK


A look at World Bank projects designed to reduce the climate change impacts of waste management in developing countries.

by Charles Peterson, Claudia Barrera and Zarina Azizova

The World Banks role is to reduce poverty in developing countries through loans and technical assistance in infrastructure including waste management and other areas. Currently, the Bank has more than 150 projects (active or under development) with waste

management companies with total investment commitments of US$3.5 billion. The waste management projects cover the spectrum of the solid waste field collection equipment, transfer stations, and landfill design/construction.

Carbon finance or the purchase of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, including methane, from projects is a service the Bank has offered to developing countries since the year 2000. Carbon finance was developed to meet the opportunities provided by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a provision in the Kyoto Protocol, which enables buyers from developed countries to purchase greenhouse gas emission reductions from projects in developing countries. Such emission reductions are credited towards the emission reduction targets for developed countries under the Kyoto Protocol. The Bank is a trustee for a group of 12 funds and facilities.

In the waste management area, existing CDM areas (methodologies) in which the Bank is involved include landfill gas collection with energy recovery/flaring and composting projects. The Bank is developing a methodology for methane avoidance through recycling. In the carbon finance area, the Bank has 38 municipal waste management projects plus additional projects for agricultural wastes.

Solid waste and greenhouse gas emissionsMethane, a by-product of the decomposition of the organic biomass portion of solid waste disposed of in a landfill, is a

greenhouse gas, which has 21 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) . Total anthropogenic (human induced) methane emissions represent about 15 % of greenhouse gases. Worldwide, waste disposal accounts for more than 12 % of anthropogenic methane, which makes waste disposal the fourth largest source of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas.

Carbon dioxide from biomass organics in municipal waste are considered climate neutral. This includes CO2 from composting (aerobic) as well as burning of methane in a flare or a generator to produce electricity.

Clean development mechanismProjects in developing countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must comply with the conditions of the CDM program before their greenhouse gas emission reductions can be sold. These conditions, or methodologies, are managed by the CDM Executive Board under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

A common element of all methodologies is the need to set a baseline, which is the level of greenhouse gas that would be emitted in the absence of the project. For waste projects, the baseline is a landfill with no gas recovery. A disposal site with flaring at gas vents would need to subtract the methane being burned from the gas collected if an active landfill gas recovery system was installed.

Additionality2, or the level of greenhouse gas emission reduction that would be achieved below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered project, is a second basic element. Additionality can be demonstrated using the barrier approach, where a project would provide the list of barriers that would prevent the project from happening in the absence of

Waste and the world bank



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WASTE AND THE WORLD BANK GLOBAL REPORT


CDM incentives. Or, additionality can be demonstrated using the internal rate of return of the project. The project must show that the financial return on investment would be too low without the additional cash flow from carbon finance. Alternatively if the internal rate of return is deemed too high with carbon finance it is possible that the CDM Executive Board may reject a project as not meeting the additionality test, unless it can be proven that there are significant technological or institutional barriers that would make the implementation of the project without CDM risky. The objective is, to demonstrate that it is because of the existence of the CDM Mechanism, that the project is taking place, otherwise it would have not happened because it is either too risky or technically too difficult to implement.

Other barriers include technical innovation, or in the case of waste management common practice. In many countries composting and landfill gas recovery are used rarely, or not at all to manage municipal waste.

Approved methodologies Landfill gas capture and use/flaring, aerobic landfill, and methane avoidance (aerobic composting, methane digestion, refuse-derived fuel, and incineration with and without energy recovery) are municipal solid waste activities for which methodologies exist. The Bank is pursuing development of a new methodology for recycling.

An advantage with small-scale projects is that they are less complicated to develop and monitor once operations begin. Offsetting these advantages is the relatively high development cost for the emission reductions that can be earned with small-scale projects.

Methodology applicationsPreparation of a Project Design Document (PDD), which defines the nature of a proposed project, the expected emission reductions, the factors used to estimate expected reductions, and describes a monitoring plan to track future performance, is a critical early step in a projects development.

Since landfill disposal is considered to be the baseline for municipal waste projects, the expected emissions to be captured (landfill gas) or avoided (composting) are estimated using the first order decay (FOD) model. Among the factors that influence the landfill gas generation forecast by the model, is the composition of the waste stream, especially the organic discards (food, paper/textiles, other putrescibles, and wood).

Developing countries generally have a higher level of organic waste than developed countries, especially food waste. People in the developing world buy more fresh (non-packaged) food, so the residuals of preparation end up being discarded with other wastes. Also low income households in developing countries do not have separate garbage disposals.

The average annual precipitation and ambient temperature is another important factor to estimate the decay value (k) in the model. A matrix of values has been developed for the categories of organic waste based on wet or dry precipitation (more than or less than 1000 millimeters per year) and tropical or temperate temperature (more than or less than 20C during a year). The effect can be significant. The default k value for food waste for waste in a dry / temperate climate is 0.06; while in a wet/tropical location the k value is 0.4.

Adjustment values based on the condition of the existing disposal practice in an area are also important in estimating



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baseline emissions. These methane Correction Factors (MCF) range from 1.0 for a basic engineered site that is well managed to a low of 0.4 for a dump that is unmanaged and has a waste depth of less than five meters.

Emission reduction monitoring methodologyApproved CDM methodologies specify monitoring programs that are to be followed by developers in order to qualify for emission reduction credits. The monitoring programs for landfill gas and methane avoidance projects (aerobic composting) differ as landfill gas projects can measure the methane captured and processed; while methane avoidance project can not measure the methane that is not produced.

Landfill gas: with landfill gas projects, emission reductions are monitored using data derived from the gas captured and processed after operations have begun (ex-post). A range of parameters to determine the volume of methane captured and destroyed are tracked. In addition, the monitoring data must be stored correctly so that it can be verified when an independent auditor visits the site. Inadequate data storage has caused projects to lose emission reduction credits that they probably should have received. For simplification, methane density is not monitored and at standard temperature and pressure (0 degree Celsius and 1,013 bar) is assumed to be 0.0007168 tCH4/m3CH4.

Methane avoidance: most of the parameters to assess emission reductions on avoidance projects are set prior to the start of operations (ex-ante) using default values from IPCCs guidance report and the FOD model formula. Monitoring requirements, thus, are less rigorous as compared to landfill gas projects.

CDM development processDevelopment of a CDM project to the time when it can begin earning emission reduction credits can be a complex and lengthy endeavour. The process at the Bank begins with an approval of a Project Idea Note (PIN), a brief summary that describes the proposed program, the expected emission reductions, the capital investment costs, and a number of other factors. If the PIN is accepted the Bank enters into a Letter of Intent with the project developer/owner of the emission reductions.

Preparation of a detailed project assessment, known as a Project Design Document (PDD), is the next important step in a projects development. The standard sections in this CDM

document are provided below:

Project description. Baseline methodology. Project duration. The two options under which a project may earn credits (crediting period) are a fixed 10 year period and a seven year period that may be renewed for two additional seven year periods. Projects that elect the seven year crediting period must be reviewed at the end of the period as to whether the

baseline conditions have changed - such as has landfill gas recovery in a country become a requirement that is enforced. or a common practice even without a regulatory requirement.

Monitoring methodology and plan. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions both reduction and

additional emissions that may be generated by sources. Environmental impacts. Stakeholders comments.

A final draft PDD is made available for public review on the CDM web site. During this process the Bank will enter into an Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) with the project developer/owner of the emission reductions. The PDD findings and the concept is reviewed by an independent assessment firm, called a Designated Operational Entity (DOE) that has been approved by the CDM Executive Board (EB).

After the project has been validated, it can be submitted to the CDM for registration, which involves an additional review of the project documents. The process from submission of a PIN through registration can take two years or longer depending on quality of the information prepared and the volume of projects submitted during the validation and registration phases.

After registration, a project can begin earning emission reduction credits. Credits, the most reliable, must be verified by a DOE and then issued by the CDM EB. Projects must follow the approved monitoring plan from the registered PDD or otherwise face rejection of all or a portion of the credits claimed. Project owners and operators should be thoroughly familiar with the approved monitoring procedures, use reliable equipment, and be sure the collected data is properly stored to avoid losing emission reduction credits during verification and issuance.

Because of the administrative cost of verification and issuance, this process is often done on an annual basis.

CDM and municipal waste managementLandfill gas: One of the earliest sectors of interest with CDM was landfill gas projects in urban areas. Large quantities of municipal waste are discarded in cities and to the extent it is collected, the waste is taken to a disposal site. Urban areas also recently became home to 50 % of the worlds population. In developing countries, as an example, there are about 400 cities with a population of one million or more.

Many disposal sites in developing countries are unsuitable for

A CDM registered landfill gas project in Alexandria, Egypt at the Borg El Arab landfill.



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effective gas recovery because the facilities have been operated as dumps due to poor or no site design and operation. A common operations hindrance to gas recovery is fire that may be started as a means to reduce the volume of waste or to ease the processing of certain grades of recyclables. Fires consume organic waste, thus eliminating the potential for the organics to generate methane as they decompose. Nonetheless, there are many disposal sites in developing countries that are designed and operated in a similar fashion to landfills in North America and Europe.

As of Autumn 2009, 120 landfill gas projects had been registered with the CDM. This accounts for 6.5 % of all registered CDM projects. Once a project is registered with the CDM, it can begin earning emission reduction credits, which is the basis for payment under the carbon finance program. At the same time, an additional 11 projects had registrations pending and another 95 had validations pending. The Bank has ERPAs with 22 landfill gas projects more than half of which are registered.

Composting: Even though the composition of municipal waste in developing countries, which typically has a high organic content, especially with food waste, may lend itself well to composting few projects have been registered with the CDM. Again, as of Autmn 2009, 11 municipal waste composting projects had been registered and another 20 had validations pending. The Bank had seven municipal waste composting projects most of them in various stages of development.

The Tianjin project

Among the registered landfill gas capture projects that are operating, and the Bank is a trustee for a Fund, are projects in

Alexandria, Egypt; Durban, South Africa; Monterrey, Mexico; Montevideo, Uruguay; Nova Iguacu, Brazil; and Tianjin, China.

Tianjin, with a population of about 9.6 million, is the third largest city in China, about 150 kilometers from Beijing.

The city is served by a network of disposal sites that includes four landfills and an incinerator. The first engineered landfill (Shuangkou) built to Chinese national standards including

A photo of the landfill operation in Tianjin, China, which has a CDM registered landfill gas (LFG)



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bottom liner and leachate collection and treatment system began operations in early 2001. The landfill was financed by the World Bank as part of a broader loan program for Tianjin.

The gas capture and use program developed by the Tianjin Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering Ltd Co. (TCEEE), is a joint undertaking of the Tianjin Construction Commission and the Environmental Sanitation Commission. TCEEE selected

a Chinese firm Nanjing Long-Term Environment Technology Development Co., Ltd. as a build, operate, transfer company (BOT) to develop and operate a gas collection and power generation system.

About 2 million tons (1.8 million tonnes) of waste have been received at the landfill and 34 horizontal collection wells have been installed on about four hectares of the site. The 60 hectare landfill has a design capacity of 8.5 million cubic meters, or 7.4 million tons (6.7 million tonnes) of waste. The facility will have about 15 years of life at the expected rate of fill. At closure, the landfill will have an average waste depth of 34 meters.

The landfill gas captured is being drawn to an energy recovery center where one Caterpillar combustion generator with a total generating capacity of 1.03 MW is being used to generate electricity for sale to the power grid. As the amount of waste deposited in the landfill grows, the number of combustion generators will eventually increase to four units with a total capacity of 4.12 MW. A flare manufactured by Nanjing Kun Yuan Technology Ltd., Co. (Nanjing, China) is used when there is excess methane or at time when the generator is out of service, such as during maintenance.

The emission reduction methodologies applied to this project were ACM0001 (Consolidated baseline and monitoring for landfill gas project activities) and AMS-I.D (Grid connected renewable electricity generation).

The Cairo project

The Bank has entered into ERPA agreements for municipal waste composting projects including ones in Kota Kinabalu,

capture and power generation project.



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Malaysia; Lahore, Pakistan; and Cairo, Egypt.The metropolitan area of Cairo, the capital of Egypt, has a

population of 17.8 million people making it the largest city in Africa and the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in the world.

ECARU (the Egyptian Company for Solid Waste Recycling) has a contract with the governorate of Cairo for the landfill of municipal solid waste from the Cairo southern zone. About 2000 tons (1814 tonnes) of municipal waste is discarded in the southern zone, including 1500 tons (1360 tonnes) per day of domestic and commercial discards and 500 tons (453 tonnes)

per day of construction and demolition debris.The companys contract with the governorate

allows it to process the waste received through recycling or composting. Currently, ECARU receives about 375 tons (340 tonnes) per day of waste which it processes (sorts for recyclables), composts the separated organics, and landfills the residue. The balance of the waste will be directed to ECARU when an existing landfill that is near capacity closes.

Incoming domestic and commercial waste is unloaded on a concrete pad, where large bulky items are removed. The waste is feed onto a conveyor which moves it to an elevated sorting platform where a combination of manual and mechanical sorting is used to recover recyclables and produce an organic fraction for composting.

The organic stream is taken to an adjacent windrow composting facility. The windrows are turned periodically to provide oxygen needed

for the aerobic composting process. Water also is added on a regular basis to maintain the composting operation. The first stage (fermentation) composting operation lasts about 30 days followed by a second stage (maturation) with less frequent turning. The final product is ready for marketing after the compost has been screened to remove oversize residue. ECARU has a laboratory to check compost quality.

ECARUs current sorting and composting demonstration activity is a financial breakeven operation that is only being

Four generators using methane from a landfill site to produce electricity.



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Plastics Sorting

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undertaken due to a contractual obligation to divert 20 % of the waste received at the ECARU waste management complex from the landfill. More importantly, the demonstration activity has provided ECARU with the opportunity to develop markets for its compost which will be important after the project is registered and production is scaled up.

The emission reduction methodology applied to this project was AM0025 (avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes). This methodology covers a range of avoidance technologies in addition to aerobic composting including incineration with energy recovery, refuse derived fuel and related processes.

ConclusionMunicipal waste will continue to play an important role in the reduction of methane emissions under the CDM with a growing number of landfill gas programs and the increasing importance of municipal waste composting.

The Kyoto Protocol led to the establishment of a global carbon market. The commitment period for the Protocol will expire by the end of year 2012; a new international program that will deliver continued carbon reductions is needed to control greenhouse gas emissions and the increase in global warming. In anticipation of a continued market for emission reduction from greenhouse gases, the Bank has committed to purchases of such reductions beyond the year 2012.

Charles Peterson is a Deal Manager in the Operations Group in the World Banks Carbon Finance Unit (Washington, DC), e-mail: [email protected]

Claudia Barrera in the Units Methodology Group, e-mail: [email protected]

Zarina Azizova was formerly with the Unit and now works for ENDESA Corbono (Madrid, Spain).e-mail: [email protected],

This article is online. Please visit www.waste-management-world.com

(For further info visit: worldbank.org, carbonfinance.org, tinyurl.com/pb8aqjl, tinyurl.com/24qawfp)

References1. Methane has an atmospheric life in the range of 9 to 15

years with a GWP over 20 years of 56, declining to 21 over 100 years, including indirect effects of tropospheric ozone production and stratospheric water vapor production. (Source: tinyurl.com/24ppomc).

2. Methodological Tool Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality (Version 05.2) (tinyurl.com/yj59pdk)



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RECYCLING THE LIGHTBULB MOMENT


Mercury recycling and compact fluorescent lamps are topics high on todays recycling agenda. But is enough being done to ensure that this dangerous waste stream is dealt with properly?

by Christer Sundberg

In view of increased awareness about the mercury problem arising from waste, and with an increase in the use of mercury in lamps, it is of great importance that more recycling systems are implemented. An area in which government bodies, NGOs and the waste industry are showing interest is the handling and treatment of energy saving lamps or CFLs (compact fluorescent lamp). Schemes to replace incandescent lamps with CFLs lead to the need for new recycling technologies to deal with them. Collection and handling programs also demand that a certain percentage of collected material is reused in new products. In Europe, the WEEE Directive requires that 80% (in weight) of gas discharge lamp material should be recycled and reused, and this percentage will most probably be increased by another 5% within the next few years.

It is environmentally important that mercury is removed

from the phosphor powder and/or mercury pellets in discarded lightbulbs. It is essential to recover and reuse the mercury instead of opening new or expanding existing mercury mines.

Recently, the South China Morning Post reported that an old mercury mine was reopened in the village of Ke Zhai. This type of news is environmentally devastating for those that live there. By recovering and reusing mercury, we could reduce the amount in our surroundings and minimize exposure to humans.

The technology to do this is available. MRT System International AB a Swedish company with patented technology for processing a broad range of mercury-bearing products (such as fluorescent lamps, mercury batteries, discarded electrical components, medical and dental waste and mercury sludge) has developed a range of CFL processors which separate lamp components into reusable by-products.

The lightbulb momentThe evolution of lamp recycling and mercury recovery technology



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RECYCLING THE LIGHTBULB MOMENT


Recycling technology for CFLsVarious CFL processors are available depending on capacity requirements and number of fractions to be separated. The CFL processor can separate all lamp components (including the mercury-bearing fluorescent powder), the glass fraction and the lamp socket material (also called e-base) including the printed circuit card. MRT can also make sure that the plastic and metals, including the mercury pellets, ferrous, aluminium and precious metals, are separated too.

MRT provides its technology globally. Many customers are

located in China as more than 70% of all the CFL production in the world is located there.

It is estimated that production of CFLs will triple in the next five years. Some producers in China are showing a 50% growth in sales compared to last year. And if they comply with new recycling legislation, they will create even more business.

The situation is the same in India, where the UN-approved CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project is aiming to cut electricity consumption and reduce carbon emissions. By replacing 800 million incandescent lamps with CFLs 80% of energy consumption will be saved.

Of total worldwide energy consumption, lighting represents 18-20%. By replacing incandescent (GLS) bulbs and old mercury vapour street lighting with more efficient, energy-saving lamps, some 12-15% of global energy consumption will be saved. This is why phase out programs for incandescent bulbs continue

to happen. The timeframe differs from country to country, but all GLS lamps will cease to be used between 2014-2017.

MRT supplies recycling machines for special lamps, such as mercury-vapour and HID (High Intensity Discharge) lamps, plus technology for recycling waste products from lamp production, such as stems, burners and rejected mercury pellet components.

Linear fluorescent tubes MRTs product range includes a technology called End Cut Machines (ECMs) for processing of linear fluorescent tubes. The

CFL Processors are available in several versions depending on capacity requirements.



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THE LIGHTBULB MOMENT RECYCLING


ECMs produce pure soda lime glass from straight fluorescent tubes and separate the various valuable phosphor powder grades from each other.

Rare earth metals (another component of linear fluorescent tubes) that generate green and red colours, such as terbium, europium, ytterbium and erbium, have a high value in the market place and availability is often limited. The major producer of rare earth metals is China, and foreign manufacturers fear reduced accessibility in future. For these companies to become independent, recycling of the valuable powders, and as a direct result the rare earth metals, becomes essential. ECM technology with its optional colour detection camera system provides a tool for achieving the separation of the valuable phosphor powders.

The mercury distillation processWhen it comes to mercury distillation, the second step of the MRT process, the line of patented distillers features batch distillers as well as continuous flow distiller models. The majority of the distillation installations are mainly for processing mercury bearing phosphor powder and mercury batteries. But MRT has also supplied custom made distillers for special applications.

One example of a company which processes mercury-bearing materials is CMA Eco Cycle, an Australian-based EPA licensed recycling specialist. CMA utilizes batch distillers and continuous flow distillers and has much experience processing mercurial waste. It processes large quantities of discarded fluorescent tubes, amalgam fines and spent catalysts.

Karsten Larsen, Operations Manager at CMA Eco Cycles mercury treatment facility says: We have processed high grade

mining ores, contaminated soil, PPE, activated carbon, mercury contaminated equipment and other mercury bearing products at a rate of over two tonnes per day, with results down to less than 1 ppm mercury in our state of the art distillation equipment.

There is great potential in processing catalysts and absorption material from the processing and petrochemical industry. Many companies are today storing sludge material while waiting for technology to be implemented.

The future of mercury recyclingOn a global level, we need to tackle the mercury problem more actively. We have to speed up implementation of mercury recycling systems. We must bear in mind though, that even though the technology will be developed and used on a large scale in future there will still be mercury-containing lamps in our surroundings for decades to come.

The accumulated consumption of mercury in lamps is on the increase, even though the amount in each lamp has been reduced to a minimum. We will also face an environmental problem from future end-of-life CFLs, when all GLS have been replaced.

Thomas Edison wrote: Good fortune is what happens when opportunity meets with preparation. To save our environmental fortune, we need to prepare and act now for a bright future.

Christer Sundberg is marketing director for MRT System International AB e-mail: [email protected], or visit www.mrtsystem.com

This article is online. Please visit www.waste-management-world.com

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