wireless personal and local area …aphrdi/2016/09...wireless personal and local area networks dr....
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WIRELESS PERSONAL AND LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Dr. K. NikithaAssistant Professor
Dept. of C.S.EGITAM University
02 Sep 2016AP HRDI(Govt. of Andhra Pradesh)
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Contents• Introduction
• WLAN
oNeed
oModes of Operation
o Frequency Fundamentals
oApplications
• Types of Wireless Network
• IEEE 802 Standard
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Contents• WPAN
oNeed
oTopologies
o IEEE 802.15
o IrDA
oBluetooth
o ZigBee
• BAN
• WSN
• Conclusion
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NETWORKS
9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 4
TransportationNetworks
Financial Networks
Energy Networks
Wireless Networks
Computer Networks
Biological (Human) Networks
Social Networks
Internet
Sensor Networks
COMPUTER NETWORKS
• consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
• The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
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Specifications Wired network Wireless network
Speed of operation HigherLower compared to wired networks
System Bandwidth High Low
Cost Less More
Installation
Wired network installation is cumbersome and it requires more time
Wireless network installation is easy and it requires less time
Mobility Limited Not limited
Transmission mediumCopper wires, optical fiber cables, Ethernet
EM waves or radio waves or infrared
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Specifications Wired network Wireless network
Network coverage extensionRequires hubs and switches for network coverage limit extension
More area is covered by wireless base stations which are connected to one another.
Channel Interference and signal power loss
Less High
QoS (Quality of Service) Better Poor
Reliability HighReasonably high, This is due to failure of router will affect the entire network
Applications LAN (Ethernet), MANWLAN, WPAN(Zigbee, bluetooth), Infrared, Cellular(GSM,CDMA, LTE)
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Wireless and MobilityWireless:
• Limited bandwidth
• Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes
• Variable link quality (noise, interference)
• High latency, higher jitter
• Heterogeneous air interfaces
• Security: easier snooping
Mobility:
• User location may change with time
• Speed of mobile impacts wireless bandwidth
• Need mechanism for handoff
• Security: easier spoofing9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 8
Wireless Network
• Wireless --"having no wires".
• Network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications.
• NICs, APs and routers in place of wires (copper or optical fiber) for connectivity.
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LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• A LAN is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area.
• The defining characteristics of LANs in contrast to WANs are: • much higher data rates• smaller geographic range - at most a few kilometers
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WLAN
• uses radio waves as its carrier
• Area may range from a single room to an entire campus
• The backbone network usually uses cables, with one or more wireless access points connecting the wireless users to the wired network.
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WIRELESS LAN: The need
• An increasing number of LAN users becoming mobile
• Wireless LANs are easy to install
• Portability
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Frequency Fundamentals• Narrowband Technology
• Uses fixed carrier frequency
• Easy to implement (inexpensive).
• Prone to jamming or interference
(two transmitters at the same carrier frequency, F0.)
• Least secure modulation scheme.
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Frequency Fundamentals• Spread Spectrum
– Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum
• Uses a carrier frequency that varies with time
• Relatively easy to implement (inexpensive)
• Resistance to noise
• Hopping rates may be ~1600 hops/second (Bluetooth).
• Limited throughput
• Very secure modulation scheme (used in military for decades).
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Frequency Fundamentals– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Much higher throughput than FH (11 Mbps)
• More difficult to implement (more expensive).
• Most complicated scheme (of these presented).
• Most secure modulation scheme.
• Better range
• Less resistant to noise
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Frequency Fundamentals
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Offers higher bandwidth than that of DSSS
• Operates in the 5 GHz range
• Multiple Input Multiple Output
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WLAN - Modes of operation
• Peer-to-peer– Scalability and security issues
• Access Point– BSS
– ESS
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WLAN - Applications
• Retail
• Warehousing
• Health Care
• Hospitality
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Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless LAN (WLAN)
• Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN)
• Wireless Metropolitan Area Networking (or WiMax).
• Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)
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Type of Network
Coverage Area
Function Cost Data Rate
Standards
WLAN In buildings or campuses; typically 100 meters
Mobile extension of wired networks
Low-Medium
1-100 Mbps
802.11a, b,g,n, Wi-Fi and HiperLAN/2
WPAN within reach of a person, typically 10meters
Cable Replacement Technology, personal networks
Very Low 0.1-4 Mbps
IrDA, Bluetooth, 802.15
WMAN Within a city Fixed Wireless between homes and businesses and the Internet
Medium- High
134 Mbps
IEEE 802.16 and WIMAX
WWAN Coverage provided on national basis from multiple carriers, worldwide
Mobile access to the Internet from outdoor areas
Medium- High
8 Kbps-2 Mbps
GSM,TDMA, CDMA,GPRS,EDGE,WCDMA
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IEEE 802
• 802.11 Base Standard
– 2.4GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (1Mbit/s)
– 2.4GHZ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (2Mbit/s)
– Infrared (1Mbit/s)
• 802.11a 5GHz Extension (>20Mbit/s)
• 802.11b 2.4GHz Extension (>8Mbit/s)
• 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks
“IEEE 802 is the focal point for Wireless LAN standards.” Jim Carlo
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802.11 Standard • 802.11 Basic standard for Physical layer &
MAC (1997)—FHSS,DSSS, 1 or 2 Mb/s, 2.4 GHz• 802.11a OFDM-based physical layer for 5 GHz,
0-54 Mb/s (1999)• 802.11b DSSS-based physical layer for 2.4
GHz, 5.5 and 11 Mb/s (1999,2001)• 802.11g OFDM-based (also other optional
modes) physical layer for 2.4 GHz, ...54 Mb/s (2003)
• 802.11n High-throughput enhancements (active, 2008), >100 Mb/s
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802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n
Range(meters) 35-120 35-120 38-140 38-140 70-250
Unlicensed frequency of operation & Transmission
2.4 GHz FHSS, DSSS
5GHz OFDM
2.4 GHz FHSS
2.4GHz DSSS,OFDM
2.4 and /or 5 GHzMIMO
No. of non overlapping channels
3 4 3 3 14
Data rate per channel
1,2 Mbps 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 248 Mbps
Compatibility None None With 802.11g and the original 802.11
With 802.11b
With 802.11a,b and g
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PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
• A PAN is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person.
• The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters.
• PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet .
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WPAN: The Need
• Used to interconnect portable computers and/or devices like peripherals and sensors
• These devices may be carried or worn by a person and/or may be located nearby Home/Office computers, printers, phones, LANs, GPS or other car resources can be connected as needed.
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• Two or more devices communicate on the same
physical channel.
• must include at least one FFD that operates as the PAN coordinator.
• The PAN coordinator initiates, terminates, or routes
communication around the network. The PAN coordinator is the primary controller of the PAN.
• The WPAN may operate in either of two topologies: the star topology or the peer-to-peer topology.
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28
Star Topology
Full Function Device (FFD)
Reduced Function Device (RFD)
Communications Flow
PAN coordinator
Device Terminology• Full Function Device (FFD)
– Any topology
– Can talk to RFDs or other FFDs
– Operate in three modes
• PAN coordinator
• Coordinator
• Device.
• Reduced Function Device (RFD)
– Limited to star topology
– Can only talk to an FFD (coordinator)
– Cannot become a coordinator
– Unnecessary to send large amounts of data
– Extremely simple
– Can be implemented using minimal resources and memory capacity
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Peer-to-peer Topology
• In a peer-to-peer network, each FFD is capable of communicating with any other FFD within its radio sphere of influence. One FFD will be nominated as the PAN coordinator.
• A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing and self-healing, and can combine devices using a mesh networking topology.
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WLAN and WPAN
• A WLAN consists of an Access Point (AP) to which individual client stations (STAs) associate through a management frame exchange.
• A radio provides connectivity to an infrastructure network (WLAN) for access to the Internet and infrastructure peripherals such as a backup store or printer.
• A WPAN is an ad-hoc arrangement, typically the short term pairing of devices to exchange information.
• The same radio provides ad-hoc connectivity (WPAN); linking smart phones to a notebook computer, computers to televisions for wireless display, digital camera to computer to transfer picture files
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Infrared Data Association
•IrDA is a very short-range.•IrDA interfaces are used in palmtop computers and mobile phones.•communication via IrDA requires direct line of sight.
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Bluetooth
• Specifications and Features
• The Bluetooth specification was first developed by Ericsson, and was later formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1999. It was established by Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies as Associate or Adopter members. Bluetooth is also known as IEEE 802.15.1.
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Bluetooth• Bluetooth is an industrial specification for
wireless personal area networks (PANs).
• Blue-tooth (BT) is the radio technology that allows the devices to communicate with one another within a range
• it does not require the line of sight mode of communication. Thus devices can communicate even though walls and barriers as long as they are within the range.
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Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 10 centimeters, 10 meters, 100 meters) and with a low-cost transceiver microchip in each device.
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Bluetooth
• Bluetooth products are available in one of three power classes
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Class Power Range(approx.)
Class1 100 mW ~100 meters
Class2 2.5 mW ~10 meters
Class3 1 mW ~1 meters (max)
Bluetooth
• Connection & Communication
• Piconet• Round-robin fashion. • Either device may
switch the master/slave role at any time.
• Scatternet• Handshaking
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ZigBee
• ZigBee is a published specification set of high level communication protocols designed to use small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs)
• The technology is designed to be simpler and cheaper than other WPANs such as Bluetooth
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ZigBee
• A general-purpose, inexpensive self-organizing mesh network
• Very small amounts of power• Less Software when compared with
Bluetooth
• ZigBee chip vendors announced 128-kilobyte devices.
• CSMA/CA
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ZigBee
• There are three different types of ZigBee devices – ZigBee coordinator(ZC)
– ZigBee Router (ZR)
– ZigBee End Device (ZED):
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Bluetooth Vs. ZigBee
Bluetooth• Modulation Technique
FHSS• Battery
Intended for frequency recharging
• Protocol Stack Size250 Kbytes
• Maximum network speed1 M bit/sec
• Network range1 or 100 meters
• Typical network join time3 seconds
ZigBee• Modulation Technique
DSSS• Battery
Not rechargeable• Protocol Stack Size
28Kbytes• Maximum network speed
250 K bit/sec• Network range
Upto 70 meters• Typical network join time
30 milliseconds
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IEEE
Standard
802.15.1
Bluetooth
802.15.3
High rate WPAN
802.15.4
Low rate WPAN
(ZigBee)
Throughput 1 Mbps >20 Mbps 250 Kbits/s
Frequency Band
2.4 GHz 3.1—10.6 GHz 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4
MHz
Data Rate 3Mbps 110Mbps-
1 Gbps
250Kbps
Applications Cell phones,
Computers, PDAs,
printers,
microphones,
speakers, headsets,
barcode readers,
pagers etc.
Low power, low cost
solutions suitable for
portable consumer
of digital imaging
and multimedia
applications
Industrial, agricultural,
vehicular, residential,
medical applications,
sensors and actuators
with low power
consumption and low
cost
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The Wireless Market
9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 44
SHO
RT
<
R
AN
GE
>
L
ON
G
LOW < DATA RATE > HIGH
PAN
LAN
TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET HI-FI AUDIO
STREAMINGVIDEO
DIGITALVIDEO
MULTI-CHANNELVIDEO
Bluetooth1
Bluetooth 2
ZigBee
802.11b
802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g
Body Area Network
• Definition by IEEE: “A communication standard optimized for low power devices for their operation on, in or around the human body (but not limited to humans)to serve a variety of applications including medical, consumer electronics or personal entertainment and other.”
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Wireless Sensor Networks
• Distribution of sensors in a definite area for the purpose of monitoring and collecting some set of data.
• Monitors physical or environmental scenarios like temperature, humidity, sound and pressure at various locations.
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http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/nov/11/number-smartphones-expected-triple-56-billion-2019/
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Limitations
1)Wireless network is bit more difficult to set up properly.
2)The speed of wireless network is significantly slower than wired network (2-50 times slower).
3)Wireless network is less stable.
4)There are security issues in wireless networks.
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Conclusion
• Interactive and high definition video applications
• Web surfing with multi media experience
• File storage with high Bandwidth having both reliability and limited delay
• Less power consumption
• Handling enormous traffic
• Cost
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References[1] Jim Carlo, 802 Chair [JC-802-Consortium.PDF] can be downloaded from
the following URL: ftp://ftp.flexipc.com/wearablesgroup/802[2] Bluetooth SIG, “Bluetooth Specification,” http://www.bluetooth.com[3] Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi Protected Setup Specification – version 1.0,
December 2006.[3] J. Y. Khan, J. Wall, M. A. Rashid, "Bluetooth-based Wireless Personal Area
Network for Multimedia Communication," in IEEE Proc. International Workshop on Electronic Design, Test and Applications, pp. 47-51, 2002.
[4] R. Jordan, C. T. Abdallah, "Wireless Communications and Networking: An Overview," IEEE Antenna's and Propagation Magazine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 185-193, 2002.
[5] M. C. Carlos, A. Sachin, T. Rishi and P. A. Dharma, "A Novel Architecture and Coexistence Method to Provide Global Access
[6] Amjad Soomro and Dave Cavalcanti, Philips Research North America, Opportunities and Challenges in Using WPAN and WLAN Technologies in Medical Environments, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2007.
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References[7] E. H. Qi, M. Meylemans, M. Hattig, Augmenting Wireless LAN Technology
for Wi-Fi PAN, Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, November 2009.
[8] R. Ramanathan, and R. Jason, “A brief overview of ad hoc networks: challenges and directions”,IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.39, no.6, pp.20-22, 2002.[9] A. Ephremides, J. Wieselthier, and D. Baker, “A design concept for reliable mobile radio networks with frequency hopping signaling,” Proceedings
of the IEEE, 75, pp. 56-73, 1987.[10] ZigBee Alliance [Online]. Available: http://www. zigbee.org/[11] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN-http://www.ieee802.org/15/[12] E.Jovanov, “Wireless Technology and System Integration in Body Area Networks for m-Health Applications,” in proc. 27th Annual International
conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Sept. 1-4,Shanghai, China.
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References[13] Bo˘zidar Radunović and Alexandre Proutiere, On Downlink Capacity of
Cellular Data Networks with WLAN/WPAN relays, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2013.
[14] Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
edition by Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen University of Waterloo, Canada http://bbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~xshen/
[15] Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Dr Yi Pan,
Georgia State University, USA, http://www.cs.gsu.edu/pan/
[16] Wireless Networking Basics, NETGEAR, Inc. Vol 1.0, October 2005.
[17] The Wireless LAN Standard. Cisco Systems, 2000.
[18] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN, http://ieee802.org/15/index.html.
[19] R. Prasad and L. Gavrilovska, ”Research Challenges for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, http://www.eng.ukm.my/~micc2001/html/prasad.pdf
[20] Jim Geier's book Wireless LANs: Implementing Interoperable Networks (Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1999).
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