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Wireless, Mobile, Sensor Technologies and the Future Internet

Aug 2, 2005

Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyD. Raychaudhuri

ray@winlab.rutgers.eduwww.winlab.rutgers.edu

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Introduction

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INTERNETINTERNET

Introduction: Wireless as the key driver for the future Internet

Historic shift from PC’s to mobile computing and embedded devices…

>2B cell phones vs. 500M Internet-connected PC’s in 2005>400M cell phones with Internet capability, rising rapidlyNew types of data devices (blackberry, PDA, iPoD) – distinctions becoming blurrySensor deployment just starting, but some estimates ~5-10B units by 2015

WirelessEdge

Network

WirelessEdge

Network

INTERNETINTERNET

~500M server/PC’s, ~100M laptops/PDA’s

~750M servers/PC’s, >1B laptops, PDA’s, cell phones, sensors

2005 2010

WirelessEdge

Network

WirelessEdge

Network

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Introduction: Wireless/Mobile/Sensor and the Future Internet

What does this mean for the future Internet?New end-user service requirements for mobile/wireless/sensor (P2P, P2M, M2M,…)Addressing architecture of the network needs to be revisitedNetwork state changes more rapidly than in today’s wired InternetWireless/mobile devices as infrastructure nodes (ad-hoc routers, etc.)Significant increase in network scaleData/content driven networking rather than point-to-point communication Pervasive network functionality vs. broadband streamingNew security considerations for wireless/mobilePower efficiency considerations and computing constraints

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Introduction: Future Wireless Network Scenario

Internet

Infostationcache

WLANAccess Point

WLANHot-Spot

VOIP(multi-mode)

Low-tier clusters(e.g. low power 802.11 sensor)

Ad-hocnetwork

extension

Public Switched Network(PSTN)

BTS

High-speed data & VOIP

Broadband Media cluster(e.g. UWB or MIMO)

BTS

BSC

MSC

CustomMobileInfrastructure(e.g. GSM, 3G)

CDMA, GSMor 3G radio access network

Generic mobile/sensor infrastructure

Today Future

GGSN,etc.

Voice(legacy)

High-speed data & VOIP

Relay node

Seamless Internetextensionor just a

local network??

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Introduction: Wireless Roadmap

HardwarePlatforms

Protocols& Software

2000 2005 2010+

BasicWireless

Technologies

SystemApplications

3G Cellular

~11 Mbps QPSK/QAM

~2 Mbps WCDMA

~ 1 Mbps Bluetooth

~10 Mbps OFDM

~50 Mbps OFDM

~100 Mbps UWB

Broadband Cellular (3G)

WLAN (802.11a,b,g) ad-hoc/mesh

IP-based Cellular Network (B3G)

~100 Mbps OFDM/CDMA

~500 Mbps UWB

~200 Mbps MIMO/OFDM

Unified Wireless Access+ IP-based core network

802.11 WLAN card/AP

Cellular handset, BTS

Bluetooth module*

3G services

GSM, GPRS services

Mobile WLAN services

3G/WLAN interworking

WLAN security, enterprise

Cellular VOIP gateway

802.11 Mesh Router*

Commodity BTS

3G Base Station RouterSelf-Organizing Ad-Hoc

Radio Router

Multi-standardCognitive Radio*

Next-Gen WLAN(including ad-hoc mesh)

IP-based Mobile Network

Mobile Internet Services& Content Delivery

WLAN office/home public WLANhome media

networks

3G/WLAN HybridMobile Internetopen systems

4G Systems

Ad-Hoc & P2P Sensor Nets

Embedded Radio(wireless sensors)

dynamicspectrumsharing

Pervasive Systems

WLAN+ (802.11e,n)

Sensor radios(Zigbee, Mote)

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Wireless Service Requirements

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Wireless Requirements: Mobile DataFast growth of (conventional) mobile data terminals with wireless access link implies a need for new services on the Internet:

Terminal mobility (authentication, roaming and dynamic handoff)…mobile IPv6Multicasting …IP multicastSecurity …e.g. protection against AP spoofingEfficient transport layer protocols (..non TCP)

Major topic in research & standards during 90’s, but limited use..

INTERNETINTERNET

AccessPoint (AP)

Mobile dataterminal

High packetError rate

mobility

Radio multicasting

Roaming,handoff

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Wireless Requirements: Mobile P2PP2P, 7DS, Infostations, etc. represent another emerging category of mobile applications on the Internet

Router mobilityNetwork may be disconnected at times …delayed delivery?Caching and opportunistic data delivery …. In-network storageContent- and location- aware data delivery

Internet

Low-speed wide-areaaccess

Infostationcell

Mobile Infostation

Roadway Sensors

Mobile User

Data Cache

Ad-HocNetwork

OpportunisticHigh-Speed Link

(MB/s)

Infostation

OpportunisticHigh-Speed Link

(MB/s)

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Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc NetsAd-hoc nets with multiple radio hops to wired Internet useful for various scenarios including mesh 802.11, sensor, etc.

Discovery and self-organization capabilitiesSeamless addressing and routing across wireless-wired gatewayGeographic routing optionsSupport for end-to-end cross-layer protocol approaches where neededPrivacy and security considerations

Relay Node

AccessPoint

Sensor

Wireless link withvarying speed and QoS

Local Interferenceand MAC Congestion

Dynamically changingNetwork topology

Best sensor-to-mobile path via wired network(needs unified routing)Wired Internet

Ad-HocNetwork

IP-Ad-hoc NetProtocol Conversion

Gateway

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INTERNETINTERNET

Wireless Requirements: Cognitive Radio

AA

BB

D

C

D

E

F

Cognitive radio drives consideration of adaptive wireless networks involving multi-hop collaboration between radio nodes

Needs Internet support similar to ad-hoc network discussed earlierRapid changes in network topology, PHY bit-rate, etc. implications for routingFundamentally cross-layer approach – need to consider wired net boundaryHigh-power cognitive radios may themselves serve as Internet routers…

Bootstrapped PHY &control link

End-to-end routed pathFrom A to F

PHY A

PHY B

PHY C

Control(e.g. CSCC)

Multi-mode radio PHYAd-Hoc Discovery

& Routing Capability

Adaptive WirelessNetwork Node

(…functionality can be quitechallenging!)

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Wireless Requirements: Sensor Nets and Pervasive Systems

Mobile Internet (IP-based)

Overlay Sensor Network Infrastructure

Compute & StorageServers

User interfaces forinformation & control

Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A

Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B

Sensor net/IP gateway GW

3G/4GBTS

PervasiveApplication

Agents

Relay Node

Virtualized Physical WorldObject or Event

Sensor/Actuator

Sensor net scenarios involve:Limited CPU speed and transmit powerIntermittent connectivity, low-speeds, ad-hoc modesData centric M2M, P2M applicationsMay involve complex real-time interactions

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Sensors in roadway interact with sensor/actuator in carsOpportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and carsAd-hoc network with dynamically changing topologyClosed-loop operation with tight real-time and reliability constraints

Wireless Requirements: Real-Time Sensor Net Scenarios

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Wireless Requirements: Overlay Sensor Net Backbone

Overlay networks can be used for content distribution or dynamicbinding between sensor devices and servers, agents, end-users

Use of XML or similar content descriptor to specify sensor data and application profile“Layer 7” overlay network (implemented over IP tunnels) provides content mcast or binding service between producers (sensors) and consumers (servers, users)

Content ConsumersSensor ContentProducer

OverlayRouter

A

Interest Profile

XMLDescriptor Overlay

RouterB

ApplicationAgent

Mobile User

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Internet Architecture

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Introduction: TCP/IP Evolution or Revolution?

Early IP Networks

+ Scalable Routing& Hierarchies

(IPv4)

IPv6IPv6

Overlay Services: mbone, VOIP/SIP, etc.

MPLS

>B mobile devices

>>B sensors

Ad-hoc routing

Cross-layer

Data driven

More security!!

Location-aware

etc.

IPv4 + more Service overlays

IPv8

New Network

Architecture& Protocols

New Network

Architecture& Protocols

?

Broadband & QoS

Increased AddressSpace

Mobility

Security

TCP RTP/UDPMedia

Streaming

Security SSL

New TP’sfor mobile, sensor

IPsec

Mobile IPDisruptive

Innovations??

graceful evolutionOf IP features??

IP as a “pipe”, new networkservices layered on top

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Previous attempts at upgrading of IP spec have not had the expected result:

IPv6 standardized but not widely deployed...Little progress with end-to-end QoS in the InternetMobile IP for first wave of wireless needs not implementedIP’s lowest common denominator (best effort datagram) also its greatest strength!

Earlier attempts at utopian new network architectures mostly ended in failure, in spite of technical merits

B-ISDN/ATM did not take off (...complexity, lack of organic growth model)Significant standards activity and community endorsement not sufficient to launch new network architectures...Problems with 3G wireless

This doesn’t mean that new networks aren’t needed, but architectures needed to encourage bottom-up transformation without loss of investment in legacy system:

Evolutionary strategies preferableNew approaches to protocol standards: overlays, modularity, programmability,..Economic incentives for deployment

Internet Architecture: Caveats

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Evolutionary approachDesign a new wireless, ad-hoc and sensor “low-tier IP network profile to be “compatible” with IP global network (e.g. IPv6, BGP routing, MPLS, etc.)Identify critical hierarchy and core IP extensions needed and pass requirement to IETF, etc.Evolve IP functionality via new RFC’sAs wireless service needs proliferate, new low-tier IP may replace current IP intra-network

Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change

BorderRouterfor IPw Border

Routerfor IPw

BorderRouterfor IPv4

GLOBAL INTERNET

IP Wireless/SensorAccess Network (IPw)

IP Wireless/SensorAccess Network (IPw)

IP AccessNetwork

(e.g. IPv4)

New Interface Spec

New Protocol Spec

IPv6 extensions

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Overlay approachDesign new wireless, ad-hoc or sensor access net to work across global overlay networkSpecify and build new overlay networks optimized for wireless needsMay include concept of an “IP knowledge plane” accessible by overlayIf successful, IP is pushed down to a “layer 3-” service, while overlay is “3+”Permits significant flexibility in advanced service features, but tight optimization of packet overhead more difficult due to IP encapsulation

Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change

BorderRouter

GLOBAL OVERLAY NETWORK

New Wireless/SensorAccess Network

IP AccessNetwork

New Design (non-IP)

new wireless-specific services

GLOBAL INTERNET

Overlay NetGateway

Overlay NetGateway

IP Tunnel

Overlay NetGateway

New Wireless/SensorAccess Network

new knowledge plane?

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Revolutionary approachSpecify a new “beyond IP” network optimized for mobile/wireless/sensorBuild a prototype nationwide network and offer it for experimental useUse this network for emerging mobile data and real-time sensor actuator applications with demanding performance and efficiency requirementsMost radical, risks being marginalized by Internet evolution and legacy staying power

Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change

New Designs (beyond IP)optimized for

emerging needs includingwireless-specific services

Next-Gen GLOBAL INTERNET

New Access Networkoptimized forwireless, etc.

New Access Network

BorderGateway IP Access

Network

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Experimental Infrastructure

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Several NSF supported experimental systems/testbeds provide a starting point for future research network:

Several wired and wireless network testbeds built over the last ~5 yrsLambdaRail, PlanetLab, Whynet, ORBIT, Emulab, Sensornet,…..Each testbed project focused on a specific capability, e.g. high-speed optics, programmable overlays, ad-hoc wireless, large-scale sensor systems, etc.Cost/benefit of a unifying MREFC network – how will research benefit in terms of new applications and evaluation of disruptive network technologies?Right balance between simulation, emulation and field network given research goal?

Experimental Infrastructure: Current Testbeds and Proposed NSF GENI

INTERNET (IPv4)

Experimental Overlay Networks, e.g. PlanetLab

Open/ProgrammableWired/Wireless Testbeds

(Emulab, ORBIT)

Large ScaleWireless Network Emulator

(ORBIT)

Large-ScaleSensor Networks(EmNet, SCADDS)

Field Trial WirelessNetwork (ORBIT – Phase II)

Field Trial SensorNetwork (UCLA)

Ad-Hoc Network Testbed(Monarch, APE,..)

CognitiveRadio Testbeds

(future)

Hybrid Simulation-BasedWireless Testbed

(Whynet)

Optical Testbeds, e.g. LambdaRail

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Experimental platforms needed for wireless networking research802.11/Linux as default wireless client/ad-hoc router during 2000-05Mote/TinyOS as default sensorOther platforms such as ORBIT dual-radio node, KU programmable radio, future cognitive radios, ….Open wide-area radio devices becoming available: WiMax, 3G BSR, …Are some of these useful for MREFC/GENI? Are new devices needed? Software?

Experimental Infrastructure: Wireless and Sensor Platforms

.

802.11 embedded node

MICA/Mote

ORBIT dual-radionode

Intel Stargate

Radio Forwarding Node

802.11 AP

GNU Software Radio

KU Agile Radio

Lucent/WINLAB Cognitive Radio

Base Station Router orWiMax BTS

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Network research infrastructure needs to be flexible by definition, at least until a defacto future protocol emerges….

Network “virtualization” as implemented in PlanetLab as one option (“slices”)Other models such as user programmable devices as in Emulab and ORBIT (single user/protocol per node per experiment)Other options such as per packet labels to invoke alternative protocolsWireless devices such as sensors and radio nodes (with MAC) more difficult to virtualizeUnified approach for wired and wireless in proposed GENI…?

Experimental Infrastructure: Open-Access Programming Model

Partitioned link BW

CPU “slices”

Server with multiple protocols

Protocol A B C

Protocol A(or B or C) MAC

Extension A

Shared RadioSpace

PlanetLab Model

Emulab/ORBIT Model

Protocol A, B or Cinvoked via packet label

Protocol Label Method