wireless communicationwireless communication · 2016-01-11 · page 1 wireless...

Wireless CommunicationWireless Communication

ICRM & TRUs

ICP

MTX

輔仁大學電子工程系所

林昇洲博士

無線通訊

Wireless Communication

Lesson 1 –Introduction to wireless communication 1 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin

Personal Profile學歷: Ph. D. — University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA.經歷:

電子工業研究所，數位積體電路設計部 - 助理工程師中山科學院系統發展中心，飛彈模擬室，微波模擬組 - 助理工程師北方貝爾研究室 Bell Northern Research (BNR) TX, USA - 短期研究生北電網路 NORTEL Networks, TX, USA，無線網路系統部 - 資深工程師輔仁大學電子工程系所 - 訪問助理教授

專長:

Wireless, Mobile Communications (無線，行動通訊系統) Radar System Design (雷達系統設計) Fiber Optics Communications(光纖通訊) Statistical Signal Processing (統計信號處理) Microwave Theory and Engineering (微波原理與工程) Semiconductor Devices and Manufacture (半導體元件及製程)



Course Objectives

Gain historical perspective of cellular origin

Recognize basic definitions and common terminology

Explain mechanics of cellular call processing

Describe the modulation schemes used in cellular andunderstand their basic performance characteristics

Recognize basic cellular and RF concepts

Understand basic system design and growth issues

Understand the trends and major business reasons forchoosing a technology

Give sufficient understanding of this technology to make aintelligent decision



Router

IS

MTX

MTX

PSTN

Public Network

DMS-100PBX

DMS MTX

DMS MTX

ICPT1/E1

T1/E1

T1

ICRM

ICRM

ICRM

ICRM

ICRM

ICRM

T1

T1

T1ICP

inter-systemhandofftrunks

Wire Line

Wireless

Cell Sites

DID / IDIDtrunks

T1 T1T1 POTSline

card

DMS-200DMS-100

BRIPRI ISUP

ISUP

LPP

LPP

Router

Ethernet LAN

Networking &Data Traffic

Service Provider’sData Network

Other Service Provider

Internet ServiceProvider

ISTRU

IS

ISTRU

A cellular Network Architecture



Course Outline Introduction and Overview of Technology and Business

•Technology Overview•Business and Regulatory issues

Cellular concepts•Cellular/PCS Network Architecture•Cellular Design and Frequency Planning

Basic Cellular Call Processing•Origination, Termination, and Registration

Digital Communication Basics•Modulation Techniques and Access Methods

RF basic principles•Radio Propagation, Link Budgets, Fading and Coverage•Antenna Engineering, Traffic Engineering•Cell Site Engineering and Operational Issues



Course Outline (Cont.)

Wireless Systems and Standards•Analog, and ITA/EIA-136 (TDMA)•Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)•TIA/EIA-95 (CDMA)•Wireless Mobile Data•Third Generation Systems

Advanced Wireless technology•Wireless LAN•Blue Tooth Technology•Smart Antenna Systems, Space-time processing, MIMO•OFDM-CDMA, Wideband CDMA•Soft Radio

Presentations from Wireless Industry Project Presentations



Grading

Attendance (Not Mandatory) 10%•- 2M for the Mth absence•+ 2 for a good question

Midterm Exam 40%•2 hour, inclass/proctored•Close book, 2-page cheat sheet•Take-home again (10%)

Final Exam 50%•2 hour, inclass/proctored•Close book, 2-page cheat sheet•Take-home again (10%)

Office Hours• Tuesday: 2:00 ~4:00 pm at office (聖言樓SF726B)• Phone number: (02)29031111~3798, email:[email protected]



Course Textbook

Theodore S. Rappaport “Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, secondEdition”, Prentice Hall PTR

Reference Book• Joseph C. Liberti, JR., Theodore S. Rappaport, “Smart Antennas for wireless

communications, IS-95 and Third Beneration CDMA Applications”, Prentice Hall PTR.• William C.Y. Lee, “Mobile Communications Engineering”, McGraw-Hill• R. Vincent Poor, Gregory W. Wornell, “Wireless Communications, Signal,

Processing, Perspectives”, Prentice Hall PTR• David J. Goodman, “Wireless Persinal Communications Systems”. Addison-

Wesley.• Blake,”wireless communication Technology”, Delmar

Chinese Reference• 無線個人通信系統 (Wireless Personal Communications Systems), 全華科技圖書

股份有限公司

• 數位移動通訊 –無線寬頻網路, 儒林圖書股份有限公司• 無線通訊網路網路慨論, 文魁資訊股份有限公司• 無線通訊與網路: 滄海書局



Lessen 1

Introduction to Wireless CommunicationSystem



Outline

History of Wireless Communications•Trends, Radio spectrum

Basic Definitions and Common Terminology (專門術語)•Wireless, Mobile, Cellular, PCS, WLL

Generations and Standards•Analog (1st. Gen), Digital (2nd Gen.), Wideband (3rd. Gen.)

BSS (Base Station Subsystem) Architecture•Coding•Access and Duplex Techniques•Modulation•RF System•Air Interface Challenges

Wireless System Design Overview•Coverage Prediction



Lesson 1 Objectives

Trace cellular history from beginning of radio to today

Recognize the frequencies used by cellular systems

Differentiate between MSAs and RSAs

Discuss basic RF principles

Illustrate major radio systems around world

Make a comparison of common mobile radio system

Show trends in cellular radio and personal communication



Lesson 1History of Cellular Communications




The days before radio.....• 1680 Newton first suggested

concept of spectrum, but forvisible light only

• 1831 Faraday demonstrated thatlight, electricity, and magnetismare related

• 1864 Maxwell developedelectromagnetic theory: spectrumincludes more than light

• 1890 First successful demos ofradio transmission

UN S

LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY




Less than 100 years of Radio...

• 1914 Radio first used for practicalcommunication in WWI (War I)

• 1920 First radio broadcasting

• 1940 Radar first used in WWII(War II)

• 1950 First commercial television

• 1960 First mobile telephony

MTS, IMTS



Progress inRadio Communications

RADAR

Spark VacuumTubes

DiscreteTransistors

MSILSI

VLSI,ASICS

DevicesModulation CW AM FMFSK PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

Radio Communication SystemsMobile Telephony30-50MHz

150MHz450MHz800MHz

1900MHzAM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHzVHF-TV Bcst

UHF-TV Bcst

HFAmateurMarineMilitary

VHFLand Mobile

MicrowavePoint-to-Point

MicrowaveSatellite

1920 1930 1940 1950 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990Time



Overview of the Radio Spectrum

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz

0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz

0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz

Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile TelephonyTerrestrial Microwave Satellite

AM

UHF TV 14-69

FM VHF TV 7-13VHF LOW Band VHF

UHF GPSDCS, PCSCellular

LORAN Marine

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB



Evolution of Public MobileTelephony

1960 1990

Standards EvolutionMTS150MHz IMTS150MHz

450MHz

AMPS800MHzN_AMPSD-AMPS

CDMA

PCS1900MHzGSM

CDMAAMPS, etc

ESMR800MHz

System Capacity Evolution - UsersDozens Hundreds 100,000 1,000,000

Technology EvolutionAnalog AM, FM Digital Modulation

DQPSKGMSK

Access StrategiesFDMATDMACDMA

Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICs

AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone SystemN_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola)D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA)

ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio

PCS-1900 = Personal Communication SystemsFDMA = Frequency Division Multiple AccessTDMA = Time Division Multiple AccessCDMA = Code Division Multiple Access



Trends inRadio Communications

Time

Cost

Complexity

Capacity

Radio Frequency

Analog Digital

Centralized Distributed

Technology:

SystemOrganization:



North American Cellular

During the 1970, the FCC (USA Federal CommunicationsCommission) allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. rangefor public mobile telephony. Canada joined the vision.•FCC adopted the AMPS (Advanced Mobile

Phone System) standard, creating cellular aswe know it today

•The USA was divided into 333 MSAs (MetropolitanService Areas) and over 300 RSAs (RuralService Areas)

By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and atleast one system operating. Canadian markets also developed.

In 1987, the FCC allocated 10 MHz. of expanded spectrum In the 1990, additional technologies were proposed for cellular

•TDMA (IS-54,55,56)•CDMA (IS-95)

333 MSAs300+ RSAs



History of wireless Com. (Mid1900s)

1946: First commercial mobile telephone system in the US•FCC allocated 3 channels in the 150MHz range in St.Louis for the public.

One year later, the NY-to-Boston corridor was covered.These were allmanual systems, requiring operator assistance.

1947: concept of “Cells”developed by AT&T•By dividing an area into small cell,a concept called “frequency reuse”could

be employed to increase capacity

1954: US Navy first used the moon as a satellite•The moon was used as a passive reflector to bounce a signal-For a few

years later,the moon was used for a communication |ink betweenWashington D.C.and Hawaii (when available!)

1957: Russia launched the first active Satellite, Sputnik l



History of wireless Com. (Analog Cellular)

1971: AT&T propose “High Capacity Mobile Phone Service”to theFCC•Outlining feasibility of “cellular radio',.The service was later named the“Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)and development licenses weregranted in the mid-70,s.

1981: Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) launched in Scandinavia•First commercial analog cellular mobile system in the world.First used

spectrum in the 450MHz range,later up-banded to 900MHz range.

1983: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)launched in Chicagoby AT&T•After years of development and licensing resolution,the first cellular system in

the U.S.was launched on October 13th1983.

1985: Total Access communications System (TACS)launched in theUnited Kingdom



History of wireless Com. (Digital) 1992: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) launched

in Europe•First commercial digital cellular mobile system

1992: AMPS networks first upgraded to lS-54 TDMA in U.S.

1995: First PCS network launched in U.S.•APC (now a Voice stream network) in Washington D.C.using GSM

1996: lS-95CDMA launched in U.S.

1998: lTU receive 10 proposals for a terrestrial 3rd Generationwireless cellular standard•Most using some type of wideband CDMA or wideband TDMA

1999: ITU selects 5 technologies in November for lMT-2000

2001: NTT DocoMo aiming for initial launch of W-CDMA(Oct.)



AMPS Cellular SpectrumUplink and Downlink Bands

Cellular telephony provides Full-duplex communications•two-way simultaneous conversation requires simultaneous transmission in

both directions•25 MHz. band of frequencies used for mobile transmission (Uplink)•25 MHz. band of frequencies used for cell site transmission (Downlink)

Cellular bands divided equally between two competing operators•A (Non-wireline) operator•B (Wireline) operator (in USA, originally only Telcos were eligible)

824 835 845 870 880 894

869

849

846.5825

890

891.5

Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Forward Path)

Paired Bands

Frequency, MHz

Uplink

Downlink



The Resource: AMPS SpectrumFrequencies and Channel Numbers

824 835 845 870 880 894

869

849

846.5825

890

891.5

Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Forward Path)

Paired Bands

Frequency, MHz

A (non-Wireline) B (Wireline) BAA7997166663331991-

1023 Channel Numbers334

An operator authorized frequency block contains 416 channels In a frequency plan, we assign specific channels to specific cells,

following a reuse pattern which restarts with each Nth cell Uplink and downlink bands are paired mirror images

•A channel includes one uplink and one downlink frequency



Mobile Radio System Types

Paging systems: simplex•numeric, alphanumeric, voice

Cordless: full duplex Cellular Telephone systems

Paging systems

Cordless systems

Cellular systems



What is Multiple Access

Since the beginning of telephony and radio,system operators have tried to squeeze themaximum amount of traffic over each circuit

Types of Media Examples:• Twisted pair - copper• Coaxial cable

• Fiber optic cable• Air interface (radio signals)

Advantages of Multiple Access• Increased capacity: serve more users• Reduced capital requirements since

fewer media can carry the traffic• Decreased per-user expense• Easier to manage and administer

Transmission

Medium

Each pair of usersenjoys a dedicated,

private circuit throughthe transmission

medium, unaware thatthe other users exist.

Multiple Access:by multiple, independent users .



What is a Channel

The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdividedinto individual channels according to different criteria depending on thetechnology used

Here’s how the three most popular technologies establishchannels:

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicatedpathway through a transmissionmedium for one user information

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)• each user on a difficult frequency• a channel is a frequency

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)• each user on a different window period in time (time slot)• a channel is a special time slot on a special frequency

CDMA (Code division Multiple Access)• each user uses the same frequency all the time,but mixed with

different distinguishing code patterns• a channel is a unique code pattern



Access Methods

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access•each user has a separate radio frequency•radio receiver recovers user, ignores others

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access•each user occupies a time slot in a sequence which

repeats continuously•recover only user bits, ignore others

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access•input from user is coded into a composite bit

stream which occupies a large spectrum•composite bit stream received at other end•user’s code applied to composite bit stream•User’s input is recovered•Users’codes are orthogonal (non-interfering)

Frequency

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5

Time

User 1

Code 1XOR

XORCode 1

User 1

Composite

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

1 2 3 4 5 6



Modulation by Analog Inputs

For example, let’s use this analogwaveform to modulate a signal.

The basic, unchanging, steady radiosignal without modulation is called a“carrier”Characteristics of the carrierwhich we could modulate:

Amplitude (i.e., strength)example: AM radio broadcasting

FrequencyFM broadcasting,Voice transmissionin AMPS cellular

Phase

Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of aradio signal in order to convey informationVoltage

Time

Notice thatfrequency and

phase modulationlook very similarwith this kind of

input.



Modulation by Digital Inputs

For example, let this digital waveformmodulate a signal. No morecontinuous analog variations, now weare “shifting”between discrete levels.We call this “shift keying”

The steady radio signal withoutmodulation is called a “carrier”

Amplitude Shift KeyingASK example: digital microwave

Frequency Shift KeyingFSK example: control messages inAMPS cellular; TDMA cellular

Phase Shift KeyingPSK examples: TDMA cellular, GSM &PCS-1900

The previous example showed modulation by an analog waveform.What happens if we use a digital input?

Voltage

Time1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0



Circuit Switching• Space-division switching• Digital switch: bit stream, CCS

– Analog link: Phone-Switch– Digital link: Switch-Switch (improve quality using digital repeater)

• Trunks: lines connecting switches– DS-1,..., DS-4, SONET

• Data Comm. over telephone Network -> Modem



Switching Systems Circuit Switching: Telephone Network

–A path is established for a conversation Package Switch: Message transmission

–Message is fragmented into smaller chunks (package)

–Package is routed along different paths, reassembled at the receiving end

–Rules for network operations -> Protocols



Wireless Comm. Definitions

Base Station (BS) Control Channel Forward Channel Full Duplex System Half Duplex System Handoff Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Switch Center (MSC) Page Reverse Channel Roamer Simplex System Subscriber Transceiver



Basic Definitions and CommonTerminology

Wireless versus Mobile•Both terms tend to be used interchangeably,but are not the same•LMDS and microwave are wireless, but not mobile (Fixed wireless)•Cellular/PCS phones and satellites are wireless and mobile

Degrees of Mobility•Cordless phones have low mobility, Cellular have higher mobility

Cellular•The term “cellular”describes a wireless infrastructure,geographical|y

deployed as a collection of “cells", in a honeycomb structure•“Cellular”often implies the 850-900MHz•personal mobile service, as oppose to higher band services such as PCS.

More dearly referred to as “Cellular Band',



FDD and TDD

Duplexing: Subscriber is allowed to send simultaneous informationto BS while receiving information from BS•Frequency division duplexing (FDD): two distinct bands of frequencies are

provided•Time division duplexing (TDD):time instead of frequency is used to provided

both a forward and reverse link eliminate the need for separate forward andreverse frequency band–TDD is limited to cordless phone due to rigid timing for time slotting or

short portable access and is effective for fixed wireless access as all usersare stationary

ReverseChannel

ForwardChannel

Freq. Separation

FDD

Freq.ReverseChannel

ForwardChannel

Time Separation

TDD

Time



MSC

BSC

IWF

PSTNPSTN

(Wireline)(Wireline)

WirelineTerminal

LocalPSTN

64 KBPS

CompressedVoice

64 Kbps

BSC

WirelessNetwork

(HLR)

• Wireless is compressed voice at 8 - 13 Kbps.

• But, transport is at 64 Kbps

• An MSC covers 6-12 EO Areas.

• Hence, transport distances are long

Wireless Transport



Dallas MTA Proposed Topology (1999)

Wireless NetworkWireless Network(HLR)(HLR)MSC

BSC

MSC

BSC

BSCBSC

87 BTSs

18 BTSs82 BTSs

86 BTSs

AustinFort Worth

Dallas2Dallas1

BSC

BSC

10 BTSs

15 BTSs

48 BTSs

10 BTSs

35 BTSs 16 BTSs

69 BTSs

83 BTSs

12 BTSs



Lesson 1 Complete

wireless communicationwireless communication · 2016-01-11 · page 1 wireless...

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