wireless communications and networking · 2013. 12. 20. · wireless communications and networking...

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

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Wireless Communications and NetworkingVijay K. GargEthernet Networking for the Small Offi ce and Professional Home Offi ceJan L. HarringtonNetwork Analysis, Architecture, and Design, 3eJames D. McCabeIPv6 Advanced Protocols ImplementationQing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi ShimaComputer Networks: A Systems Approach, 4eLarry L. Peterson and Bruce S. DavieNetwork Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and ArchitecturesDeepankar Medhi and Karthikeyan RamaswamiDeploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and PracticeJohn Evans and Clarence Filsfi lsTraffi c Engineering and QoS Optimization of Integrated Voice & Data NetworksGerald R. AshIPv6 Core Protocols ImplementationQing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi ShimaSmart Phone and Next-Generation Mobile ComputingPei Zheng and Lionel NiGMPLS: Architecture and ApplicationsAdrian Farrel and Igor BryskinNetwork Security: A Practical ApproachJan L. HarringtonContent Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and PracticeMarkus Hofmann and Leland R. BeaumontNetwork Algorithmics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Designing Fast Networked DevicesGeorge VargheseNetwork Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLSJean Philippe Vasseur, Mario Pickavet, and Piet DemeesterRouting, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communi-cation and Computer NetworksMichał Pióro and Deepankar MedhiWireless Sensor Networks: An Information Pro-cessing ApproachFeng Zhao and Leonidas GuibasCommunication Networking: An Analytical ApproachAnurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy KuriThe Internet and Its Protocols: A Comparative ApproachAdrian FarrelModern Cable Television Technology: Video, Voice, and Data Communications, 2e

Walter Ciciora, James Farmer, David Large, and Michael AdamsBluetooth Application Programming with the Java APIsC Bala Kumar, Paul J. Kline, and Timothy J. ThompsonPolicy-Based Network Management: Solutions for the Next GenerationJohn StrassnerMPLS Network Management: MIBs, Tools, and TechniquesThomas D. NadeauDeveloping IP-Based Services: Solutions for Service Providers and VendorsMonique Morrow and Kateel VijayanandaTelecommunications Law in the Internet AgeSharon K. BlackOptical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2eRajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. SivarajanInternet QoS: Architectures and MechanismsZheng WangTCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for ProgrammersMichael J. Donahoo and Kenneth L. CalvertTCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for ProgrammersKenneth L. Calvert and Michael J. DonahooMulticast Communication: Protocols, Program-ming, and ApplicationsRalph Wittmann and Martina ZitterbartMPLS: Technology and ApplicationsBruce Davie and Yakov RekhterHigh-Performance Communication Networks, 2eJean Walrand and Pravin VaraiyaInternetworking MultimediaJon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, and Ian WakemanUnderstanding Networked Applications: A First CourseDavid G. MesserschmittIntegrated Management of Networked Systems: Concepts, Architectures, and their Operational ApplicationHeinz-Gerd Hegering, Sebastian Abeck, and Bernhard NeumairVirtual Private Networks: Making the Right ConnectionDennis FowlerNetworked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure David G. MesserschmittWide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools for OptimizationRobert S. Cahn

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The Morgan Kaufmann Series in NetworkingSeries Editor, David Clark, M.I.T.

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Vijay K. Garg

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg London • New York Oxford

Paris • San Diego • San FranciscoSingapore • Sydney • Tokyo

Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGarg, Vijay Kumar, 1938-

Wireless communications and networking / Vijay K. Garg.–1st ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-12-373580-5 (casebound : alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-12-373580-7 (casebound : alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Wireless LANs.

I. Title. TK5103.2.G374 2007621.382’1–dc22

2006100601ISBN: 978-0-12-373580-5

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The book is dedicated to my grandchildren — Adam, Devin, Dilan, Nevin, Monica, Renu, and Mollie.

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Contents

About the Author xxiii

Preface xxv

1 An Overview of Wireless Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 First- and Second-Generation Cellular Systems 2

1.3 Cellular Communications from 1G to 3G 5

1.4 Road Map for Higher Data Rate Capability in 3G 8

1.5 Wireless 4G Systems 14

1.6 Future Wireless Networks 15

1.7 Standardization Activities for Cellular Systems 17

1.8 Summary 19

Problems 20

References 20

2 Teletraffi c Engineering 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Service Level 23

2.3 Traffi c Usage 24

2.4 Traffi c Measurement Units 25

2.5 Call Capacity 30

2.6 Defi nitions of Terms 32

2.7 Data Collection 36

2.8 Offi ce Engineering Considerations 36

2.9 Traffi c Types 38

2.10 Blocking Formulas 39

2.10.1 Erlang B Formula 40

2.10.2 Poisson’s Formula 41

2.10.3 Erlang C Formula 41

2.10.4 Comparison of Erlang B and Poisson’s Formulas 42

2.10.5 Binomial Formula 42

vii

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2.11 Summary 43

Problems 44

References 45

3 Radio Propagation and Propagation Path-Loss Models 47

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Free-Space Attenuation 48

3.3 Attenuation over Refl ecting Surface 50

3.4 Effect of Earth’s Curvature 53

3.5 Radio Wave Propagation 54

3.6 Characteristics of Wireless Channel 58

3.6.1 Multipath Delay Spread, Coherence Bandwidth,

and Coherence Time 60

3.7 Signal Fading Statistics 62

3.7.1 Rician Distribution 63

3.7.2 Rayleigh Distribution 64

3.7.3 Lognormal Distribution 64

3.8 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration 65

3.9 Propagation Path-Loss Models 66

3.9.1 Okumura/Hata Model 67

3.9.2 Cost 231 Model 68

3.9.3 IMT-2000 Models 72

3.10 Indoor Path-Loss Models 75

3.11 Fade Margin 76

3.12 Link Margin 79

3.13 Summary 81

Problems 82

References 83

4 An Overview of Digital Communication and Transmission 85

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Baseband Systems 87

4.3 Messages, Characters, and Symbols 87

4.4 Sampling Process 88

4.4.1 Aliasing 91

4.4.2 Quantization 93

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4.4.3 Sources of Error 94

4.4.4 Uniform Quantization 95

4.5 Voice Communication 97

4.6 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 98

4.7 Pulse Code Modulation 100

4.8 Shannon Limit 102

4.9 Modulation 103

4.10 Performance Parameters of Coding and Modulation Scheme 105

4.11 Power Limited and Bandwidth-Limited Channel 108

4.12 Nyquist Bandwidth 109

4.13 OSI Model 112

4.13.1 OSI Upper Layers 112

4.14 Data Communication Services 113

4.15 Multiplexing 115

4.16 Transmission Media 116

4.17 Transmission Impairments 118

4.17.1 Attenuation Distortion 118

4.17.2 Phase Distortion 118

4.17.3 Level 118

4.17.4 Noise and SNR 119

4.18 Summary 120

Problems 121

References 121

5 Fundamentals of Cellular Communications 123

5.1 Introduction 123

5.2 Cellular Systems 123

5.3 Hexagonal Cell Geometry 125

5.4 Cochannel Interference Ratio 131

5.5 Cellular System Design in Worst-Case Scenario with

an Omnidirectional Antenna 134

5.6 Cochannel Interference Reduction 136

5.7 Directional Antennas in Seven-Cell Reuse Pattern 137

5.7.1 Three-Sector Case 137

5.7.2 Six-Sector Case 138

5.8 Cell Splitting 141

Contents ix

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5.9 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) 144

5.10 Segmentation 144

5.11 Summary 145

Problems 146

References 147

6 Multiple Access Techniques 149


6.2 Narrowband Channelized Systems 150

6.2.1 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division

Duplex (TDD) System 151

6.2.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 152

6.2.3 Time Division Multiple Access 154

6.3 Spectral Effi ciency 156

6.3.1 Spectral Effi ciency of Modulation 156

6.3.2 Multiple Access Spectral Effi ciency 159

6.3.3 Overall Spectral Effi ciency of FDMA and TDMA Systems 160

6.4 Wideband Systems 163

6.5 Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and DS-CDMA (Figure 6.7) 166

6.6 Capacity of DS-CDMA System 168

6.7 Comparison of DS-CDMA vs. TDMA System Capacity 171

6.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum with M-ary

Frequency Shift Keying 172

6.9 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 173

6.10 Multicarrier DS-CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA) 175

6.11 Random Access Methods 176

6.11.1 Pure ALOHA 176

6.11.2 Slotted ALOHA 177

6.11.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 178

6.11.4 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection 180

6.11.5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision

Avoidance (CSMA/CA) 181

6.12 Idle Signal Casting Multiple Access 184

6.13 Packet Reservation Multiple Access 184

6.14 Error Control Schemes for Link Layer 185

6.15 Summary 188

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Contents xi

Problems 189

References 190

7 Architecture of a Wireless Wide-Area Network (WWAN) 193


7.2 WWAN Subsystem Entities 194

7.2.1 User Equipment 194

7.2.2 Radio Station Subsystem 196

7.2.3 Network and Switching Subsystem 197

7.2.4 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS) 198

7.2.5 Interworking and Interfaces 199

7.3 Logical Channels 199

7.4 Channel and Frame Structure 201

7.5 Basic Signal Characteristics 203

7.6 Speech Processing 203

7.7 Power Levels in Mobile Station 208

7.8 GSM Public Land Mobile Network Services 209

7.9 Summary 212

Problems 213

References 213

8 Speech Coding and Channel Coding 215


8.2 Speech Coding 215

8.2.1 Speech Coding Methods 216

8.2.2 Speech Codec Attributes 217

8.2.3 Linear-Prediction-Based Analysis-by-Synthesis (LPAS) 218

8.2.4 Waveform Coding 219

8.2.5 Vocoders 220

8.2.6 Hybrid Coding 221

8.3 Speech Codecs in European Systems 222

8.3.1 GSM Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR) 222

8.3.2 Adaptive Multiple Rate Codec 224

8.4 CELP Speech Codec 227

8.5 Enhanced Variable Rate Codec 230

8.6 Channel Coding 233

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xii Contents

8.6.1 Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes 234

8.6.2 Convolutional Code 237

8.6.3 Turbo Coding 241

8.6.4 Soft and Hard Decision Decoding 244

8.6.5 Bit-Interleaving and De-Interleaving 245

8.7 Summary 246

Problems 247

References 247

9 Modulation Schemes 249


9.2 Introduction to Modulation 249

9.3 Phase Shift Keying 257

9.3.1 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK),

Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) and

M-PSK Modulation [5,7,11] 260

9.3.2 �/4-DQPSK Modulation 264

9.3.3 MSK and GMSK Modulation 268

9.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 272

9.5 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying 275

9.6 Modulation Selection 278

9.7 Synchronization 278

9.8 Equalization 282

9.9 Summary 284

Problems 284

References 285

10 Antennas, Diversity, and Link Analysis 287


10.2 Antenna System 287

10.3 Antenna Gain 288

10.4 Performance Criteria of Antenna Systems 293

10.5 Relationship between Directivity, Gain, and Beam Width of an Antenna 295

10.5.1 The Relationship between Directivity and Gain 296

10.5.2 Relation between Gain and Beam Width 297

10.5.3 Helical Antennas 298

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Contents xiii

10.6 Diversity 300

10.6.1 Types of Diversity 301

10.7 Combining Methods 302

10.7.1 Selection Combiner 303

10.7.2 Switched Combiner 306

10.7.3 Maximal Ratio Combiner 306

10.7.4 Equal Gain Combiner 309

10.8 Rake Receiver 310

10.9 Link Budgets 312

10.10 Summary 314

Problems 315

References 315

11 Spread Spectrum (SS) and CDMA Systems 317


11.2 Concept of Spread Spectrum 317

11.3 System Processing Gain 321

11.4 Requirements of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 328

11.5 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems 329

11.6 Operational Advantages of SS Modulation 333

11.7 Coherent Binary Phase-Shift Keying DSSS 335

11.8 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying DSSS 337

11.9 Bit Scrambling 339

11.10 Requirements of Spreading Codes 341

11.11 Multipath Path Signal Propagation and Rake Receiver 342

11.12 Critical Challenges of CDMA 347

11.13 TIA IS-95 CDMA System 347

11.13.1 Downlink (Forward) (BS to MS) 348

11.13.2 Uplink (Reverse) (MS to BS) 351

11.14 Power Control in CDMA 356

11.14.1 Open Loop Power Control 357

11.15 Softer and Soft Handoff 361

11.16 Summary 364

Problems 364

References 366

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xiv Contents

12 Mobility Management in Wireless Networks 369


12.2 Mobility Management Functions 370

12.3 Mobile Location Management 371

12.3.1 Mobility Model 372

12.4 Mobile Registration 376

12.4.1 GSM Token-Based Registration 379

12.4.2 IMSI Attach and IMSI Detach (Registration and

Deregistration) in GSM 381

12.4.3 Paging in GSM 381

12.5 Handoff 384

12.5.1 Handoff Techniques 386

12.5.2 Handoff Types 387

12.5.3 Handoff Process and Algorithms 387

12.5.4 Handoff Call Flows 389

12.6 Summary 393

Problems 394

References 394

13 Security in Wireless Systems 397


13.2 Security and Privacy Needs of a Wireless System 399

13.2.1 Purpose of Security 399

13.2.2 Privacy Defi nitions 399

13.2.3 Privacy Requirements 400

13.2.4 Theft Resistance Requirements 402

13.2.5 Radio System Requirements 403

13.2.6 System Lifetime Requirements 404

13.2.7 Physical Requirements 404

13.2.8 Law Enforcement Requirements 405

13.3 Required Features for a Secured Wireless Communications System 407

13.4 Methods of Providing Privacy and Security in Wireless Systems 407

13.5 Wireless Security and Standards 409

13.6 IEEE 802.11 Security 409

13.7 Security in North American Cellular/PCS Systems 411

13.7.1 Shared Secret Data Update 412

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Contents xv

13.7.2 Global Challenge 412

13.7.3 Unique Challenge 414

13.8 Security in GSM, GPRS, and UMTS 415

13.8.1 Security in GSM 415

13.8.2 Security in GPRS 417

13.8.3 Security in UMTS 419

13.9 Data Security 420

13.9.1 Firewalls 420

13.9.2 Encryption 421

13.9.3 Secure Socket Layer 427

13.9.4 IP Security Protocol (IPSec) 427

13.9.5 Authentication Protocols 427

13.10 Air Interface Support for Authentication Methods 429

13.11 Summary of Security in Current Wireless Systems 430

13.11.1 Billing Accuracy 431

13.11.2 Privacy of Information 431

13.11.3 Theft Resistance of MS 431

13.11.4 Handset Design 431

13.11.5 Law Enforcement 431

13.12 Summary 432

Problems 432

References 433

14 Mobile Network and Transport Layer 435


14.2 Concept of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Suite in Internet 436

14.3 Network Layer in the Internet 439

14.3.1 Internet Addresses 441

14.3.2 IP Adjunct Protocols 442

14.3.3 QoS Support in the Internet 443

14.4 TCP/IP Suite 446

14.5 Transmission Control Protocol 448

14.5.1 TCP Enhancements for Wireless Networks 452

14.5.2 Implementation of Wireless TCP 455

14.6 Mobile IP (MIP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 457

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14.6.1 Mobile IP 458

14.6.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 464

14.7 Internet Reference Model 464

14.8 Summary 465

Problems 465

References 466

15 Wide-Area Wireless Networks (WANs) — GSM Evolution 469


15.2 GSM Evolution for Data 470

15.2.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data 472

15.2.2 General Packet Radio Service 473

15.2.3 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Enhancement 483

15.3 Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems 489

15.4 UMTS Network Reference Architecture 495

15.5 Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 497

15.6 Spreading and Scrambling in UMTS 504

15.7 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Overview 506

15.7.1 UTRAN Logical Interfaces 508

15.7.2 Distribution of UTRAN Functions 516

15.8 UMTS Core Network Architecture 518

15.8.1 3G-MSC 520

15.8.2 3G-SGSN 520

15.8.3 3G-GGSN 521

15.8.4 SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC 522

15.8.5 Firewall 522

15.8.6 DNS/DHCP 522

15.9 Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec for UMTS 523

15.10 UMTS Bearer Service 524

15.11 QoS Management 526

15.11.1 Functions for UMTS Bearer Service in the Control Plane 526

15.11.2 Functions for UMTS Bearer Service in the User Plane 527

15.12 Quality of Service in UMTS 528

15.12.1 QoS Classes 528

15.12.2 QoS Attributes 528

15.13 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 530

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Contents xvii

15.14 Freedom of Mobile multimedia Access (FOMA) 536

15.15 Summary 537

Problems 538

References 539

16 Wide-Area Wireless Networks — cdmaOne Evolution 541


16.2 cdma2000 Layering Structure 544

16.2.1 Upper Layer 544

16.2.2 Lower Layers 545

16.3 Forward Link Physical Channels of cdma2000 550

16.4 Forward Link Features 553

16.4.1 Transmit Diversity 553

16.4.2 Orthogonal Modulation 555

16.4.3 Power Control 556

16.4.4 Walsh Code Administration 558

16.4.5 Modulation and Spreading 558

16.5 Reverse Link Physical Channels of cdma2000 562

16.5.1 Reverse Link Power Control 565

16.6 Evolution of cdmaOne (IS-95) to cdma2000 568

16.6.1 cdma2000 1X EV-DO 574

16.6.2 cdma2000 1X EV-DV 581

16.7 Technical Differences between cdma2000 and WCDMA 586

16.8 Summary 587

Problems 592

References 592

17 Planning and Design of Wide-Area Wireless Networks 595


17.2 Planning and Design of a Wireless Network 596

17.3 Radio Design for a Cellular Network 600

17.3.1 Radio Link Design 600

17.3.2 Coverage Planning 601

17.4 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget 602

17.4.1 Link Budget for the GSM1800 System 602

17.4.2 Pole Capacity of a CDMA Cell 605

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17.4.3 Uplink Radio Link Budget for a CDMA System 606

17.4.4 Downlink Radio Link Budget for a CDMA System 609

17.5 cdma2000 1X EV-DO 615

17.5.1 1X EV-DO Concept 615

17.5.2 Details of cdma2000 1X EV-DO 617

17.6 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 620

17.6.1 HSDPA SINR Calculation 623

17.7 Iub Interface Dimensioning 624

17.8 Radio Network Controller Dimensioning 624

17.9 Summary 626

Problems 626

References 629

18 Wireless Application Protocol 631


18.2 WAP and the World Wide Web (WWW) 631

18.3 Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol 632

18.4 The WAP Programming Model 633

18.4.1 The WWW Model 634

18.4.2 The WAP Model 634

18.5 WAP Architecture 636

18.5.1 Wireless Application Environment 637

18.5.2 Wireless Telephony Application 638

18.5.3 Wireless Session Protocol 639

18.5.4 Wireless Transaction Protocol 640

18.5.5 Wireless Transport Layer Security 641

18.5.6 Wireless Datagram Protocol 641

18.5.7 Optimal WAP Bearers 642

18.6 Traditional WAP Networking Environment 643

18.7 WAP Advantages and Disadvantages 645

18.8 Applications of WAP 646

18.9 imode 647

18.10 imode versus WAP 649

18.11 Summary 650

Problems 650

References 650

xviii Contents

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Contents xix

19 Wireless Personal Area Network — Bluetooth 653


19.2 The Wireless Personal Area Network 654

19.3 Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) 656

19.4 Defi nitions of the Terms Used in Bluetooth 659

19.5 Bluetooth Protocol Stack 660

19.5.1 Transport Protocol Group 660

19.5.2 Middleware Protocol Group 661

19.5.3 Application Group 663

19.6 Bluetooth Link Types 663

19.7 Bluetooth Security 666

19.7.1 Security Levels 667

19.7.2 Limitations of Bluetooth Security 669

19.8 Network Connection Establishment in Bluetooth 669

19.9 Error Correction in Bluetooth 670

19.10 Network Topology in Bluetooth 671

19.11 Bluetooth Usage Models 671

19.12 Bluetooth Applications 672

19.13 WAP and Bluetooth 673

19.14 Summary 673

Problems 673

References 674

20 Wireless Personal Area Networks: Low Rate and High Rate 675


20.2 Wireless Sensor Network 675

20.3 Usage of Wireless Sensor Networks 678

20.4 Wireless Sensor Network Model 678

20.5 Sensor Network Protocol Stack 683

20.5.1 Physical Layer 683

20.5.2 Data Link Layer 684

20.5.3 Network Layer 685

20.5.4 Transport Layer 687

20.5.5 Application Layer 687

20.5.6 Power, Mobility, and Task Management Planes 688

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20.6 ZigBee Technology 688

20.6.1 ZigBee Components and Network Topologies 689

20.7 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN Device Architecture 691

20.7.1 Physical Layer 692

20.7.2 Data Link Layer 694

20.7.3 The Network Layer 697

20.7.4 Applications 702

20.8 IEEE 802.15.3a — Ultra WideBand 703

20.9 Radio Frequency Identifi cation 707

20.10 Summary 710

Problems 710

References 711

21 Wireless Local Area Networks 713


21.2 WLAN Equipment 716

21.3 WLAN Topologies 717

21.4 WLAN Technologies 719

21.4.1 Infrared Technology 719

21.4.2 UHF Narrowband Technology 719

21.4.3 Spread Spectrum Technology 721

21.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN 721

21.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture 722

21.5.2 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY) 723

21.5.3 IEEE 802.11 Data Link Layer 735

21.5.4 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 736

21.5.5 IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer 742

21.6 Joining an Existing Basic Service Set 744

21.7 Security of IEEE 802.11 Systems 747

21.8 Power Management 747

21.9 IEEE 802.11b — High Rate DSSS 748

21.10 IEEE 802.11n 749

21.11 Other WLAN Standards 752

21.11.1 HIPERLAN Family of Standards 752

21.11.2 Multimedia Access Communication — High Speed

Wireless Access Network 758

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Contents xxi

21.12 Performance of a Bluetooth Piconet in the

Presence of IEEE 802.11 WLANs 759

21.12.1 Packet Error Rate (PER) from N Neighboring

Bluetooth Piconets 760

21.12.2 PER from M Neighboring IEEE 802.11 WLANs 761

21.12.3 Aggregated Throughput 762

21.13 Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 763

21.14 IEEE 802.16 765

21.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX) 767

21.15.1 WiMAX Physical Layer (PHY) 770

21.15.2 WiMAX Media Access Control (MAC) 771

21.15.3 Spectrum Allocation for WiMAX 772

21.16 Summary 772

Problems 774

References 775

Appendix A 777

Acronyms 787

Index 806

The following Bonus Chapters can be found on the book’s website at

http://books.elsevier.com/9780123735805:

22 Interworking between Wireless Local Area Networks and

3G Wireless Wide Area Networks 22-1

22.1 Introduction 22-1

22.2 Interworking Objectives and Requirements 22-2

22.3 Interworking Schemes to Connect WLANs and 3G Networks 22-3

22.4 De Facto WLAN System Architecture 22-5

22.5 Session Mobility 22-7

22.6 Interworking Architectures for WLAN and GPRS 22-8

22.7 System Description with Tight Coupling 22-9

22.7.1 Protocol Stack 22-12

22.7.2 WLAN Adaptation Function 22-13

22.7.3 GIF/RAI Discovery Procedure 22-15

22.8 System Description with Loose Coupling 22-17

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22.8.1 Authentication 22-20

22.8.2 User Data Routing and Access to Services 22-23

22.8.3 3GPP-based Charging for WLAN 22-23

22.8.4 Session Mobility 22-26

22.9 Local Multipoint Distribution Service 22-26

22.10 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System 22-29

22.11 Summary 22-31

Problems 22-32

References 22-32

23 Fourth Generation Systems and New Wireless Technologies 23-1

23.1 Introduction 23-1

23.2 4G Vision 23-2

23.3 4G Features and Challenges 23-3

23.4 Applications of 4G 23-7

23.5 4G Technologies 23-7

23.5.1 Multicarrier Modulation 23-7

23.5.2 Smart Antenna Techniques 23-10

23.5.3 OFDM-MIMO Systems 23-14

23.5.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Time-Slot Scheduler 23-14

23.5.5 Bell Labs Layered Space Time (BLAST) System 23-15

23.5.6 Software-Defi ned Radio 23-18

23.5.7 Cognitive Radio 23-20

23.6 Summary 23-21

Problems 23-21

References 23-22

Appendix B Path Loss over a Refl ecting Surface B-1

Appendix C Error Functions C-1

Appendix D Spreading Codes Used in CDMA D-1

Appendix E Power Units E-1

xxii Contents

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xxiii

About the Author

Vijay K. Garg has been a professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago since 1999, where he teaches graduate courses in Wireless Communications and Networking. Dr. Garg was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at the Lucent Technologies Bell Labs in Naperville, Illinois from 1985 to 2001. He received his Ph.D. degree from the Illinois Institute of Technologies, Chicago, IL in 1973 and his MS degree from the University of California at Berkeley, CA in 1966. Dr. Garg has co-authored several technical books including fi ve in wireless communications. He is a Fellow of ASCE and ASME, and a Senior Member of IEEE. Dr. Garg is a registered Pro-fessional Engineer in the state of Maine and Illinois. He is an Academic Member of the Russian Academy of Transport. Dr. Garg was a Feature Editor of Wireless/PCS Series in IEEE Communication Magazine from 1996–2001.

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Preface

During the past three decades, the world has seen signifi cant changes in the telecom-munications industry. There has been rapid growth in wireless communications, as seen by large expansion in mobile systems. Wireless communications have moved from fi rst-generation (1G) systems primarily focused on voice communications to third-generation (3G) systems dealing with Internet connectivity and multi-media applications. The fourth-generation (4G) systems will be designed to connect wire-less personal area networks (WPANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless wide-area networks (WWANs).

With the Internet and corporate intranets becoming essential parts of daily business activities, it has become increasingly advantageous to have wireless offi ces that can connect mobile users to their enterprises. The potential for technologies that deliver news and other business-related information directly to mobile devices could also develop entirely new revenue streams for service providers.

The 3G mobile systems are expected to provide worldwide access and global roaming for a wide range of services. The 3G WWANs are designed to support data rates up to 144 kbps with comprehensive coverage and up to 2 Mbps for selected local areas. Prior to the emergence of 3G services, mobile data networks such as general packet radio service (GPRS) over time division multiple-access (TDMA) systems and high-speed packet data over IS-95 code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems were already very popular. At the same time, after the introduction of Bluetooth and imode technology in 1998, local broadband and ad hoc wireless networks attracted a great deal of attention. This sector of the wireless networking industry includes the traditional WLANs and the emerging WPANs.

Multi hop wireless ad hoc networks complement the existing WLAN stan-dards like IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n and Bluetooth to allow secure, reliable wireless communications among all possible hand-held devices such as personal digital assistances (PDAs), cell-phones, laptops, or other portable devices that have a wireless communication interface. Ad hoc networks are not dependent on a single point of attachment. The routing protocols for ad hoc networks are designed to self-confi gure and self-organize the networks to seamlessly create an access point on the fl y as a user or device moves.

Provisioning data services over the wireless data networks including ad hoc networks requires smart data management protocols and new transaction models for data delivery and transaction processing, respectively. While personalization of data services is desired, over personalization will have ramifi cations on scalability of wireless networks? As such, mobile computing not only poses challenges but also opens up an interesting research area. It is redefi ning existing business models

xxv

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and creating entirely new ones. Envisioning new business processes vis-à-vis the enabling technologies is also quite interesting.

Over the past decade, wireless data networking has developed into its own discipline. There is no doubt that the evolution of wireless networks has had signifi cant impact on our lifestyle. This book is designed to provide a uni-fi ed foundation of principles for data-oriented wireless networking and mobile communications.

This book is an extensive enhancement to the Wireless & Personal Com-munications book published by Prentice Hall in 1996, which primarily addressed 2G cellular networks. Since then, wireless technologies have undergone signifi cant changes; new and innovative techniques have been introduced, the focus of wire-less communications is increasingly changing from mobile voice applications to mobile data and multimedia applications. Wireless technology and computing have come closer and closer to generating a strong need to address this issue. In addition, wireless networks now include wide area cellular networks, wireless local area networks, wireless metropolitan area networks, and wireless personal area networks. This book addresses these networks in extensive detail. The book primarily discusses wireless technologies up to 3G but also provides some insight into 4G technologies.

It is indeed a challenge to provide an over-arching synopsis for mobile data networking and mobile communications for diverse audiences including manag-ers, practicing engineers, and students who need to understand this industry. My basic motivation in writing this book is to provide the details of mobile data networking and mobile communications under a single cover. In the last two decades, many books have been written on the subject of wireless communica-tions and networking. However, mobile data networking and mobile commu-nications were not fully addressed. This book is written to provide essentials of wireless communications and wireless networking including WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, and WWAN. The book is designed for practicing engineers, as well as senior/fi rst-year graduate students in Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), and Computer Science (CS).

The fi rst thirteen chapters of the book focus on the fundamentals that are required to study mobile data networking and mobile communications. Numerous solved examples have been included to show applications of theoretical concepts. In addition, unsolved problems are given at the end of each chapter for practice.

After introducing fundamental concepts, the book focuses on mobile net-working aspects with several chapters devoted to the discussion of WPAN, WLAN, WWAN, and other aspects of mobile communications such as mobility manage-ment, security, and cellular network planning. Two additional “Bonus” chapters on inter-working between WLAN and WWAN and on 4G systems (along with several helpful appendices) are available free on the book’s website at http://books.elsevier.com/9780123735805.

xxvi Preface

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Most of the books in wireless communications and networking appear to ignore the standard activities in the fi eld. I feel students in wireless networking must be exposed to various standard activities. I therefore address important standard activities including 3GPP, 3GPP2, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 in the book. This feature of the book is also very benefi cial to the profes-sionals who wish to know about a particular standard without going through the voluminous material on that standard.

A unique feature of this book that is missing in most of the available books on wireless communications and networking is to offer a balance between theo-retical and practical concepts. This book can be used to teach two semester courses in mobile data networking and mobile communications to ECE and CS students. Chapter 4 may be omitted for ECE students and Chapter 14 for CS students.

The fi rst course — Introduction to Wireless Communications and Networking can be offered to senior undergraduate and fi rst year graduate students. This should include fi rst fourteen chapters. Chapters 4 and 14 may be omitted depending on the students’ background. The second course — Wireless Data Networking should include Chapters 15 through 23. The fi rst course should be a pre-requisite to the second course. The student should be given homework, two examinations, and a project to complete each course. In addition, this book can also be used to teach a comprehensive course in Wireless Data Networking to IT professionals by using Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, and 18 to 22.

During the preparation of this manuscript my family members were very sup-portive. I would like to thank my children, Nina, Meena, and Ravi. Also, I appreci-ate the support given by my wife, Pushpa. In addition, I appreciate the support of the reviewers, Elaine Cheong, Frank Farrante, and Pei Zhang in providing valuable comments on the manuscript. Finally, I am thankful of Rachel Roumeliotis for coordinating the reviews of the manuscript.

Vijay K. GargWillowbrook, IL

Preface xxvii

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