wireless communication protocols by mike denko, alex motalleb, and tony qian image taken from:
TRANSCRIPT
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Wireless Communication Protocols
by Mike Denko, Alex Motalleb, and Tony Qian
Image taken from: http://findicons.com/icon/84804/wifi
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Purpose
• Want to make an embedded application where a wired connection isn't practical, things to consider with a wireless solution:o Antennao Frequency Bando Power Consumptiono Rangeo Data Rateo Cost
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Outline
1. Antennas
2. RF Modules
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbee
5. Bluetooth
6. Comparison
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Outline
1. Antennasa. Overview
b. Antenna Theory
c. Antenna Types
d. Bandwidth & Gain
e. Terminology
2. RF Modules
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbee
5. Bluetooth
6. Comparison
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Why are we covering antennas?
• Antennas are used in all wireless embedded systems
• Some embedded applications will require you to pick an antennao You may design a PCB that will include an antennao Having a basic understanding of how antennas work
can help you pick oneo This presentation will provide information to help you
read an antenna spec sheet
Image taken from: http://store.diyembedded.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=28
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How does an antenna work?
• Converts an electrical signal into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa
• Transmissiono Radio transmitter supplies radio
frequency current to antenna terminalso Antenna radiates energy
from current in electro-magnetic waves
• Receptiono Antenna intercepts power
from electromagnetic waves to produce voltage at its terminals, that voltage is then amplified
Image taken from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Felder_um_Dipol.jpg
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Basic Antenna Types• Omnidirectional - Radiates
in all horizontal directionso Dipole Antennas
• Semi-directional - Radiates in a horizontal arco Patch Antennaso Panel Antennaso Yagi Antennas
• Directional (Beam) - Radiates in one directiono Parabolic Disheso Grid Antennas
• More information on antenna types can be found at:o http://zaielacademic.net/networking_wireless/
wireless_antennas.htm
Patch antenna
Parabolic antenna
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OmnidirectionalBasic Antenna Types
Image taken from: http://zaielacademic.net/networking_wireless/wireless_antennas.htm
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DirectionalBasic Antenna Types
Image taken from: http://zaielacademic.net/networking_wireless/wireless_antennas.htm
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Directional: Fresnel Zone
• Radiation from directional antenna does not travel in direct path
• Fresnel calculations can be found at: http://zaielacademic.net/networking_wireless/wireless_antennas.htm
Image taken from: http://zaielacademic.net/networking_wireless/wireless_antennas.htm
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Reading Antenna Spec Sheets
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Antenna BandwidthReading Antenna Spec Sheets
• Bandwidth - Difference between high and low cutoff frequencies
• Describes the range of frequencies at which an antenna can receive or transmit a signal
• Measured in hertz
• Bands located in different areas of the frequency spectrum can have the same bandwidth
Images taken from: http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/bandwidth.phphttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Bandwidth_2.svg
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Antenna Gain (dBi)Reading Antenna Spec Sheets
• Transmissiono Describes how well antenna turns electrical power
into electromagnetic radiation
• Receptiono Describes how well antenna turns electromagnetic
radiation into electrical power
• Defined as ratio of power produced by antenna from far away source over power produced by hypothetical isotropic antenna
• Units are decibels-isotropic (dBi)o G = 10 log 10 ( I A / I Q )
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/decibels-relative-to-isotropic-radiator-dBi
Image taken from: http://www.maximintegrated.com/app-notes/index.mvp/id/3622
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Receive Sensitivity and Transfer Power (dBm)
Reading Antenna Spec Sheets
• Transfer Power - Total power over bandwidth
• Receive Sensitivity - The necessary radiation power needed by the receiver to pick up a signal from the transmitter
Power (dBm) Power (W)
-30 dBm 0.0000010 W
-20 dBm 0.0000100 W
-10 dBm 0.0001000 W
0 dBm 0.0010000 W
1 dBm 0.0012589 W
2 dBm 0.0015849 W
3 dBm 0.0019953 W
4 dBm 0.0025119 W
5 dBm 0.0031628 W
6 dBm 0.0039811 W
7 dBm 0.0050119 W
8 dBm 0.0063096 W
9 dBm 0.0079433 W
10 dBm 0.0100000 W
20 dBm 0.1000000 W
Image taken from http://www.mobilemark.com/engineering/antenna-theory-simplified.html
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Antenna RangeReading Antenna Spec Sheets
Antenna Gain (dBi) Range (km)
0 .8714
4 2.189
7 4.368
10 8.7146
13 17.3879
16 34.693
20 87.146
24 218.9
• Frequency = 2442 Hz (Wi-Fi)• Transmitting power: 18 dBm = .06 W @ 11 Mbps• Receiving sensitivity: -90 dBm = 10^(-12) W @ 11 Mbps
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Other TermsReading Antenna Spec Sheets
• Beamwidth - The width of the angle at which an antenna will accept signalso A narrower beamwidth is desirable for a directional
antenna
• Front to Back Ratio - describes how much a signal received behind the antenna is reduced compared to a signal received in the front
• Effective Aperture - Describes the effectiveness of an antenna at receiving power from radio waves
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_aperture)
• More detailed information: http://www.afar.net/tutorials/antennas/
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What We Covered So Far• Antenna Theory
o Transmittingo Receiving
• Basic Antenna Typeso Omnidirectionalo Directional
• How to read antenna spec sheetso Frequency Rangeo Bandwidtho Antenna Gain (dBi)o Antenna Senstivity (dBm)
• Calculated Antenna Range
• http://www.afar.net/tutorials/antennas/
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Outline
1. Overview of Antennas
2. RF Modulesa. What are they?
b. RF Module Communication
c. Modulation
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbee
5. Bluetooth
6. Comparison
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RF Modules
• Integrated circuits designed to transmit and/or receive radio signals
• Have a radio transmitter and/or receiver
• An umbrella term that includes many different pieces of hardwareo Several different wireless protocols are used among
RF Modules
Image taken from: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10535?
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RF Module Communication
• Antennas are used to transmit and receive data
• Use either wireless serial or a specific protocol
• Signals containing data or information are modulated
Image taken from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169909000076
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Modulation• Varying a property of a high frequency signal (carrier
signal) to send information
• Amplitude modulation and frequency modulation used in radio
• Similar modulation used in simple RF Moduleso Amplitude Shift-Keying (ASK)o Frequency Shift-Keying (FSK)o On-off keying (OOK)
• More complex modulation used for more complex protocols
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Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
• Changes amplitude of the transmitted signal based on the data being sent
• Assigns specific amplitudes for 1's and 0's
• On-off Keying (OOK) is a simple form of ASK
Image taken from: http://www.ele.uri.edu/Courses/ele436/labs/ASKnFSK.pdf
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Frequency-Shift Keying
• Changes frequency of the transmitted signal based on the data being sent
• Assigns specific frequencies for 1's and 0's
Image taken from: http://www.ele.uri.edu/Courses/ele436/labs/ASKnFSK.pdf
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Outline
1. Overview of Antennas
2. RF Communication
3. Wi-Fia. Overview
b. Bandwidth & Data Rates
c. MIMO
d. Antenna
e. Embedded Applications
4. Zigbee
5. Bluetooth
6. Comparison
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Wi-Fi
• Overviewo “Wireless Fidelity”, exchanges data
wirelesslyo Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
based on the IEEE 802.11 specificationsi. WLAN links two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method, and provides a connection through an access point to the wider internet.
o Internet Accessi. Wide Range (65 feet indoor, much greater outdoor)
ii. High Speed (54Mbps)
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IEEE 802.11
• WLAN standards (2.4, 3.6, 5GHz)
• History (Wi-Fi)o 1997, initial speed 1 and 2 Mbpso 1999, 802.11 a/b, 20MHz bandwidth
i. a: 5GHz, high data rate, small wavelength
ii. b: 2.4GHz, 11Mbps, large effective overall range
o 2003, 802.11 g (54Mbps)o 2009, 802.11 n (MIMO), both 2.4 and 5
GHz, 54Mbps to 600Mbps, 40MHz bandwidth
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Image taken from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Frequency_Allocations_Chart_2003_-_The_Radio_Spectrum.jpg
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United States Partial Frequency Spectrum
Image taken from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Frequency_Allocations_Chart_2003_-_The_Radio_Spectrum.jpg
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Wi-Fi Radio Technology
• High frequency allows high data rateo 802.11 a , 5GHz; 802.11 b/g, 2.4GHzo Able to change frequency
• Efficient coding techniqueso 802.11 a/g, OFDM
i. Subcarriers are orthogonal to each otherii. Eliminates the need for guard bands
o 802.11 b, CCK (complementary code keying)i. Replace the previous code in wireless digital networksii. Transfer more data per unit time for a given signal
bandwidthMore information: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Complementary-Code-Keying
Orthogonal Subcarriers
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Wi-Fi Radio Technology
• Multiple input Multiple output (MIMO)o Smart antenna technology
i. SISO: Tradition antenna configuration using one
transmitter and one receivero Transmitting multiple data streams
simultaneously and spread transmit heato WiMAX, LTE…
SISO scheme
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Wi-Fi Antenna
• Omnidirectional Wi-Fi antennao Multiple directionso Routers and mobile adapterso Gain: 2 to 9 dBi
i. dBi - decibels relative to an isotropic (0 dBi) reference antennaii. dBd - decibels relative to a dipole (0 dBd) reference antennaiii. 2.15 dBi =0 dBd
• Directional Wi-Fi antennao Extend the range in one directiono High gain (above 10dBi)o More information:
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/homenetworkhardware/a/introduction-to-wifi-wireless-antennas.htm
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Wi-Fi Antenna
• Exampleso Yagi Antennas (0.8 mil)
i. Extend the range of outdoor hotspots in a specific directions
ii. High gain, usually 12 dBi or higher
o Cantenna (1.2-2 mil)i. A brand name of Wi-Fi directional antennas
ii. Supports 2.4GHz signaling with gain up to 12 dBi
iii. Beamwidth of about 30 degrees
o Othersi. Backfire antennas
ii. Parabolic or dish antennas
iii. More information: http://www.radiolabs.com/Articles/wifi-antenna.html
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Wi-Fi Security
• Security goals and strategieso mutual authenticationo private communicationo data integrity
• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
• IEEE 802.11i (WPA and WPA2)o WPA2: supports most new Wi-Fi deviceso Fully compatible
• Security Trade-Offo Embedded system: private/public access
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Pros and ConsAdvantages• Frees network devices
from cables, allows for a more dynamic network to be grown
• Cheaper development for embedded systemo price drops
• Backwards compatible; reliable products
• Security
• High speedo 54Mbps
Disadvantages• 802.11b/g use the 2.4
GHz spectrum, which is crowded with other devices (Bluetooth... )
• 802.11n doubles the radio spectrum/bandwidth (40 MHz)
• Power consumptiono 0.5-1w, chipsetso 1-2w, wifi deviceo 4-5w, router
• Limited network range
• Security risks (configure)
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Wi-Fi for Embedded System
• Control applications where wired connection are too costly or inconvenient
• Emergency applications that require immediate and transitory setup
• Mobile applications
• Camera applications
• Communication with other Wi-Fi devices
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Application
• Internet Accesso Hotspots
• City-wide Wi-Fi
• Campus-wide Wi-Fi
• Direct computer-to-computer communications o Wireless ad hoc network
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Outline
1. Overview of Antennas
2. RF Communication
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbeea. Overview
b. Data Rates, Power, & Broadband
c. Communication Protocol
d. Applications
5. Bluetooth
6. Comparison
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Zigbee
• What is it?o A protocol for high level communication
over digital radios, based in IEEE 802.15.4
• Why “Zigbee”?o The name “Zigbee” refers to the dance
bees do to communicate
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk
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What is Zigbee?
• Zigbee (low-power)o Specializes in using low power, low
speed, long battery life radios for transmission
• Zigbee Proo Higher power, higher range, shorter
battery life. Still compatible with regular Zigbee
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Zigbee (low power)
• 250 kbits/s
• Operates at 2.4 GHz
• Up to 400 ft, unobstructed
• 45 mA transmit current
• 2.1-3.6 supply Voltage
• 250 kbits/s
• Operates at 2.4 GHz
• Up to 1 mi, unobstructed
• 295 mA transmit current
• 3.0-3.4 supply Voltage
Zigbee Pro
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Antennas• U.FL
o When Size is a concerno Up to 6 GHZo Can be surface mounted or
printed on the boardo Omnidirectional
• ¼ Wave Whipo Omnidirectional
• RP-SMAo Depending on size, rated up to 18
GHz, 26.5 GHzo Omnidirectional
• More information: http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/Zigbee/XBee-Datasheet.pdf
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Zigbee Products
• If someone wants to build a Zigbee compliant product must have their design base on the Zigbee based stack protocol
• Zigbee Alliance, a collection of companies that publish the Zigbee standard, are in charge of design
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Stack Architecture • Physical layer implemented through IEEE
802.15.4, which defines the frequency bands of operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 Mhz, 868 Mhz. o maximum length of packet, 127 bytes.
• Stack Featureso NWK – Network layer support,
mechanism to manage the networks. Meshes, routing of data, discovery and maintenance, etc.
o APS – Application support sublayer, mechanism to forward messages between devices.
o ZDO – Zigbee device object, defines the role of the node within the Zigbee network.
o SSP- Manages security protocols. Two types; residential, one NWK key and commercial, two NWK keys.
• Application Profiles- Custom software programmed by the user
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Zigbee Networking
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Pros and Cons
Advantages• Mesh networking allows
for longer distance communication
• With no central point failure, communication is more robust
• Low power and long life
• Low cost
Disadvantages• Smaller range than Wi-Fi
• Lower data rates than bluetooth and Wi-Fi
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Applications• Because of Zigbee characteristics,
applications focus on monitoring.
• Example, Home Automationo Saves on energy bills by
monitoring temperature, motion in rooms.
o Can manage home security.
• Example, Health Careo Targeted at persons with
chronic health care issues.o Pill dispenser and monitor.o Sensor that transmit alarm calls
if triggered.
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Outline
1. Overview of Antennas
2. RF Communication
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbee
5. Bluetootha. Overview
b. Antennas
c. Applications
6. Comparison
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• Designed as a wireless cable replacement
• “Bluetooth” was the early name for the special interest group
• Uses radio waves to transmit over short distances. PAN’s of up to 164 feet
BluetoothA Quick Overview
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Networks
• Piconet – One host device with up to 7 active slave devices
• Scatternet – Collection of piconets wherein host devices are master of their respective piconet, but slave to other devices
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Versions• Bluetooth 1.1
o Ratified in IEEE 802.15.1 standard. Buggy but operational
• Bluetooth 1.2
o Higher data rates of 721 Kbit/s
o Adaptive frequency hopping
o Faster connection and discovery
• Bluetooth 2.0
o Introduction of EDR (Enhanced Data Rates) of 2.1 Mbits/s. Achieved by using Gaussian frequency shift keying
o Lower power consumption
o Backwards compatible with 1. versions
• Bluetooth 2.1
o Also backward Compatible.
o Extended inquiry response, provides information regarding connectivity during device inquiry.
o Secure Simple Pairing, improves pairing and connectivity of Bluetooth device and host.
• Bluetooth 3.0
o Ultra wide broadband allows for even faster data rates of up to 24 Mbit/s.
o Enhanced power control allows for very low power consumption.
• Bluetooth 4.0
o Ultra low power consumption during idle state.
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Antennas• PIFA Antenna
o Printed antenna, usually about 20 to 25 mm in length
o Placed on the edge of PCBo 2.4 GHz
• Ceramic Dielectric Antennao Smaller than PIFAo Forms a concentrates electric field by wrapping
around a high-dk ceramic slab
• LMX9820/A Antennao About 14 x 10 mm in sizeo Metal shielding protects the components from the
electric field of antenna
• LMX9830 Antennao About 6 x 9 mm in sizeo Unshielded, so it cannot be placed near other
elements
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Applications
• Characteristics make it ideal for short range PAN applications
• General, wireless communication between wireless devices
• Example, connectivity between wireless mouse and laptop
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Outline
1. Overview of Antennas
2. RF Communication
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbee
5. Bluetooth
6. Comparison
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Comparison
*Source: Digikey
Wifi Zigbee Bluetooth
IEEE Standard 802.11 802.15.4 802.15.1
Frequency Band 2.4, 3.6, 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 Ghz
Data Rates 54 Mbits/s 250 Kbits/s 1 Mbit/s
Power Consumption
High Very Low, Low Medium
Antennas Yagi Antenna; Cantenna
U.FL, 1/4 Wave Whip, RP-SMA
PIFA ,Ceramic Dielectric, LMX9830
Range 500 ft Outdoor 400 ft, 1 mi Outdoor
35 -300 ft Outdoor
Cost 20-80$ (module) 20-30$* 40-100$*
Application Example
Internet Access (Hotspots); Mobile Applications
Home AutomationHealthcare Monitoring
Wireless mouse, Wireless headset
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ReferencesAntennas
• http://k9erg.tripod.com/theory.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)
• http://www.mobilemark.com/engineering/antenna-theory-simplified.html
• http://www.tselectronic.com/tech_notes/antenna_spec.php
• http://www.afar.net/tutorials/antennas/
• http://www.qsl.net/co8tw/vertical.htm
• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question490.htm
• http://zaielacademic.net/networking_wireless/wireless_antennas.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_aperture
RF Modules• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rf_module
Wi-Fi• http://www.creativeworld9.com/2011/03/abstract-and-full-paper-on-wi-fi.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi
• http://compnetworking.about.com/od/homenetworkhardware/a/introduction-to-wifi-wireless-antennas.htm
• http://www.radiolabs.com/Articles/wifi-antenna.html
Zigbee• http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/Zigbee/XBee-2.5-Datasheet.pdf
• http://www.lsr.com/downloads/products/330-0098.pdf
• http://www.stg.com/wireless/ZigBee_comp.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee
Bluetooth• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
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Questions?