wireless automation

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges 2008-2009

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Problem Statement

We have come across various types of issues of library management system, when it

comes to a bigger scale of operation. In the existing system, the library is provided with a

software application, where the entry of each issued and returned book is recorded manually.

The system is absolutely not effective because of couple of reasons. Firstly, it requires

constant updating of the database, which is a very troublesome issue. Secondly, it requires tobe operated by a skillful human resource, which is again a costly expenditure. Thirdly, there

is not secure check for the issuer of the book as well as details about the returning of the

book. The whole process is so manual and ineffective that it cost the business for such silly

reasons.

1.2 Motivation

Adapting wireless technology has become a latest trend in any IT as well as Non IT

industry, but important criteria to think about it is which is the most suitable and cost

effective technology to be molded for our purpose. The second chapter will highlight the

benefits of RF equipments and reality is that RF equipments and technology is still in its

infancy stage, which means the project work that have been undertaken has got a great scope

for the future development in more advance field.

Deploying RF in the most troubleshooting library management system was basically

one of the most challenging situation and circumstance which provoke and future engineer to

carry out the research work in such area. This is basically the motivation to carry out the

research and development in this area.

Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 1


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1.3 Preface

Towards the end of every semester, before the semester examinations, the students

are required to visit their respective libraries, laboratories and departments and get no-dues

slip. The no-dues form is issued by the administration block. The student then manually visits

each department and verifies if he has any dues. If dues are pending as in an unreturned

library book or breakage in laboratory- the student pays the dues and the concerned person

signs and stamps the no-dues slip. The same process is then carried out in all the areas. This

system occurs about a week before the examination. As a result there is a huge rush and also

a lot of time has to be spent in the process which could be utilized by the students in

preparing for the examinations. Furthermore, since the procedure involves stamping / signing

in particular cells in the form- it leaves a lot of room for error. Also, this system doesnt have

any feedback facility for the students so that they may be informed about the pending dues or

any other errors. In this project we will try to implement a system that can automate the

whole process of no-dues collection and make it easier and comfortable for both students and

administration.

1.4 Objective of the project work

In this project we shall try to incorporate the following features:

1. A smart card based ID card: We propose the use of a smart card based ID card for

every student. The card will have a memory of 1Kb to 4 Kb. The card should be

rewritable so that through out the 4 years, the same card could be used. The same card

could be used for the library, laboratory and for attendance.

2. Embedded controller with transmission system in library: The library database will

be regularly updated as the student takes or returns books to the library. When no

dues are to be calculated, the PC transfers to the embedded controller the details that

have to be sent to the admin block.



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3. Embedded controller with reception system in Administration building: the data that

is sent by the various blocks is received by this embedded system. This data is then

transferred to the PC via serial port.

4. PC software with database: The PC will be windows based with Visual basic 6.0

software serving as the front-end. This will be very informative and user-friendly so

that it can be used without much technical knowledge. The database will be designed

in MS Access. In the database the student details, real time dues and contact numbers

will be stored.

5. SMS sender Using GSM: Regularly the details of the students dues will be messaged

automatically to the students prior to the examinations. This system also ensures that

the students get real-time updates, when their payments are entered in the main

system.

1.5 Features

The project module divided into two models e.g. one is library block and another is

administrative block. The assumption is made for the viability of the project that each book

available in the rack of library is embedded with a hidden RF tags permanently. The

Customer who needs to take the book has to manually swap the book (with hidden RF Tag)

to the RF-Reader which is in the administrative block. This operation will instantly update

the library block about the information of the issuer, its payment issues, its returning and

issuing information etc. Not only this, the information captured by the Library block can also

be transferred to the administrative block with the help of the wireless standards.

The cumulative block is equipped with both encoder and decoder to help in propersecure wireless transmission powered by Atmel AT89s52 microcontroller. Another important

and noteworthy feature of this particular project work is that it can also be interfaced with the

phone modem, and with the help of the user interface developed in Visual Basic, once can



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manually send a short notification to another individual. So, the system assures complete

information transaction.

1.6 Scope of the project work

1. It will be an intra college system with no internet connectivity so no worries of

viruses.

2. As the data will be transmitted wirelessly using a customized embedded platform,

it will be difficult to hack and decode.

3. No expensive infrastructure will be required like lying of long cables across the

departments.

4. Maintenance cost will be relatively lower.



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Chapter 2

System Overview

2.1 Microcontroller

Description

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using

Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to

be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,

the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-

effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the

following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog

timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt

architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the

AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two

software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the

RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-

down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip

functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.



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Features

1. 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000

Write/Erase Cycles

2. 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

3. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

4. Three-level Program Memory Lock

5. 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

6. 32 Programmable I/O Lines

7. Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

8. Eight Interrupt Sources

9. Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

10. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

11. Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

12. Watchdog Timer

13. Dual Data Pointer

14. Power-off Flag

15. Fast Programming Time

16. Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)



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2.2 IC MAX 232

Description

The MAX220MAX249 family of line drivers/receivers is intended for all EIA/TIA-

232E and V.28/V.24 communications interfaces, particularly applications where 12V is not

available. These parts are especially useful in battery-powered systems, since their low-

power shutdown mode reduces power dissipation to less than 5W. The MAX225, MAX233,

MAX235, and MAX245/MAX246/MAX247 use no external components and are

recommended for applications where printed circuit board space is critical.

Fig 2.1: MAX232 pin Diagram

Application

1. Portable Computers

2. Low-Power Modems

3. Interface Translation

4. Battery-Powered RS-232 Systems

5. Multidrop RS-232 Networks



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2.3 ULN2003

Description

The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor

arrays. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with

common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a

single Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current

capability.

Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers

(LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base

resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices.

FEATURES

1. 500mA rated collector current(Single output)

2. High-voltage outputs: 50V

3. Inputs compatible with various types of logic

4. Relay driver application

2.4 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

This specially designed Power Supply generates two regulated voltages: +12 Volts &

+5Volts. These voltages are needed by the system to function like it is intended.

The power supply, unsung hero of every electronic circuit, plays very important role

in smooth running of the connected circuit. The main object of this power supply is, as the

name itself implies, to deliver the required amount of stabilized and pure power to the circuit.

Every typical power supply contains the following sections:

1. Step-down Transformer: The conventional supply, which is generally available to the user,

is 230V AC. It is necessary to step down the mains supply to the desired level. This is

achieved by using suitably rated step-down transformer.



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While designing the power supply, it is necessary to go for little higher rating transformer

than the required one.

2. Rectifier stage: Then the step-downed Alternating Current is converted into DirectCurrent. This rectification is achieved by using passive components such as diodes. If the

power supply is designed for low voltage/current drawing loads/circuits (say +12V), it is

sufficient to employ full-wave rectifier with centre-tap transformer as a power source. While

choosing the diodes the PIV rating is taken into consideration.

3. Filter stage: But this rectified output contains some percentage of superimposed a.c.

ripples. So to filter these a.c. components filter stage is built around the rectifier stage. The

cheap, reliable, simple and effective filtering for low current drawing loads (say upto 50 mA)

is done by using shunt capacitors. This electrolytic capacitor has polarities, take care while

connecting the circuit.

4. Voltage Regulation:The filtered D.C. output is not stable. It varies in accordance with the

fluctuations in mains supply or varying load current. This variation of load current is

observed due to voltage drop in transformer windings, rectifier and filter circuit. These

variations in D.C. output voltage may cause inaccurate or erratic operation or evenmalfunctioning of many electronic circuits. For example, the circuit boards which are

implanted by CMOS or TTL ICs.

The stabilization of D.C. output is achieved by using the three terminal voltage

regulators IC. This regulator IC comes in two flavors: 78xx for positive voltage output and

79xx for negative voltage output. For example 7805 gives +5V output. These regulator ICs

have in-built short-circuit protection and auto-thermal cutout provisions. If the load current is

very high the IC needs heat sink to dissipate the internally generated power.



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Power Supply Unit

Fig 2.2: Power Supply Unit



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2.5 Voltage Regulator LM7805

Description

The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive voltageregulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation,

making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver

over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of

applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution

problems associated with single-point regulation.

LM 7805

1 2 3

Fig 2.3: LM 7805 Voltage Regulator

Features

1. Complete specifications at 1A load.

2. Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25C and 4% over the temperature

range (LM340A).

3. Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load (LM340A).

4. Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A).

5. Internal thermal overload protection.

6. Internal short-circuit current limit.

7. Output transistor safe area protection.



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2.6 Electrolytic Capacitors

Features:

1. Very low ESR2. High permissible ripple current

3. Wide operating temperature range

4. Long life and high reliability

5. Suited for switching power supplies

6. Satisfies characteristic W of JIS-C-5141 standard

2.7 Crystal Oscillator

Features:

1. High Performance miniature crystal units with ultra-precise processing technology

2. Available in Tape and reel form

3. Suitable for various applications such as communication, AV, automotive and

measurement devices.

2.8 Rectifiers

Features:

1. UL Recognized file # E-96005

2. Surge Overload ratings to 30 amperes peak.

3. Ideal for printed circuit boards.

4. Reliable low cost construction technique results in inexpensive product.



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2.9 About Visual Basic

VISUAL PROGRAMMING

Visual programming aims at providing the user with interface that is intuitive and

easy-to-use. In developing such an interface, the programmer employs user-friendly features

such as windows, menus, buttons and list boxes.

A visual programming environment provides all features that are required to develop

a graphical user interface as ready-to-use components. The programmer does not have a write

code to create and display commonly required user-friendly features each time around.

When the programmer needs a specific user interface such as a button, he selects the

appropriate ready-to-use component provided by the virtual programming environment.

These components can be moved, resized and renamed as required.

Typically, the mouse is used to select and place the necessary component. Thus, a

visual programming environment is also called a point and click environment.

A visual programming environment automates the process of creating a user

interface. The interface provides by the visual programming environment to the programmer

is called as visual interface. Using the visual interface, the programmer designs the user

interface visually instead of writing code.

In addition, the visual programming environment also provides a means of

associating code with each component .in the case of the calculator, for each button we can

specify that the code is to be executed when we click on it.



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2.10 General User Interface (GUI) of Visual Basic 6.0

Fig 2.4: Visual Basic 6.0 Software Interface



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2.11 What is a Database?

A database is a collection of information. This information is stored in a very

structured manner. By exploiting this known structure, we can access and modify the

information quickly and correctly.

In this information age, databases are everywhere:

1. When you go to the library and look up a book on their computer, you are

accessing the librarys book database.

2. When you go on-line and purchase some product, you are accessing the web

merchants product database.

3. Your friendly bank keeps all your financial records on their database. When you

receive your monthly statement, the bank generates a database report.

4. When you call to make a doctor appointment, the receptionist looks into their

databasefor available times.5. When you go to your car dealer for repairs, the technician calls up your past work

record on the garage database.

6. At the grocery store, when the checker scans each product, the price is found in

the stores database, where inventory control is also performed.

7. When you are watching a baseball game on television and the announcer tells you

that the batter is hitting .328 against left-handed pitchers whose mother was born

in Kentucky on a Tuesday morning, that useless information is pulled from the

teams database.

You can surely think of many more places that databases enter your life. The idea is

that they are everywhere. And, each database requires some way for a user to interact with



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the information within. Such interaction is performed by a database management system

(DBMS).

The tasks of a DBMSare really quite simple. In concept, there are only a few things

you can do with a database:

1. View the data

2. Find some data of interest

3. Modify the data

4. Add some data

5. Delete some data

There are many commercial database management systems that perform these tasks.

Programs like Access (a Microsoft product) and Oracle are used world-wide. In this course,

we look at using Visual Basicas a DBMS.

Examples where you might use Visual Basic as a DBMS:

1. Implementing a new application that requires management of a database2. Connecting to an existing database

3. Interacting with a database via the internet

In a DBMS, the database may be available locally on your (or the users) computer,

available on a LAN(local area network) shared by multiple users, or only available on a web

servervia the Internet. In this course, we spend most of our time looking at local databases,

but access with remote databases is addressed.

We will look at databases in more depth in the next chapter. You will see that

databases have their own vocabulary. Now, lets take a look at how Visual Basic fits into the

database management system.



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2.12 Application of Visual Basic

For database management, we say our Visual Basic application acts as a front-end to

the database. This means the Visual Basic application provides the interface between the

user and the database.

This interface allows the user to tell the database what he or she needs and allows the

database to respond to the request displaying the requested information in some manner.

A Visual Basic application cannot directly interact with a database. There are two

Intermediate components between the application and the database: the data control and the

database engine:

Fig 2.5: Layers of Visual Basic



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The data control is a Visual Basic object that connects the application to the database

via the database engine. It is the conduit between the application and the engine, passing

information back and forth between the two.

The database engine is the heart of a Visual Basic database management system. It is

the actual software that does the management.

Having this engine saves programmers a lot of work. The database engine native to

Visual Basic is known as the Jet engine. It is the same engine used by Microsoft Access for

database management. Hence, it is primarily used to work with Access databases, but it can

also work with others.

2.13 Building a Visual Basic Application

In the remainder of this chapter, we will provide an overview of a Visual Basic

application and how the Visual Basic development environment is used to develop an

application. This should provide you with some idea of what knowledge you need to possess

to proceed in this course and introduce the terminology used by the author to describe a

Visual Basic application.

2.14 Structure of a Visual Basic Application



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Fig 2.6:Structure of a Visual Basic Application

Application(Project - saved as a file with a .VBP extension) is made up of:

1. Forms - Windows that you create for user interface (saved as a file with a.FRMextension).

2. Controls - Graphical features drawn on forms to allow user interaction(textboxes, labels, scroll bars, command buttons, etc.) (Forms and Controls arealso called objects.)

3. Properties - Every characteristic of a form or control is specified by a property.Example properties include names, captions, size, color, position, and contents.Visual Basic applies default properties. You can change properties at design timeor run time.

4. Methods - Built-in procedure that can be invoked to impart some action to aparticular object.

5. Event Procedures - Code related to some object. This is the code that is executedwhen a certain event occurs.

6. General Procedures - Code not related to objects. This code must be invoked bythe application.

7. Modules - Collection of general procedures, variable declarations, and constantdefinitions used by application (saved as a file with a .BAS extension).

Steps in Developing Application

There are three primary steps involved in building a Visual Basic application:

1. Draw the userinterface

2. Assign properties to controls

3. Write code for event procedures. Develop any needed general procedures.



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2.15 Drawing the User Interface and Setting Properties

Visual Basic operates in three modes.

1. Design mode - used to build application

2. Run mode - used to run the application

3. Breakmode - application halted and debugger is available

We focus here on the design mode.

Six windows should appear when you start Visual Basic. If any of these windows do

not appear, they may be accessed using the main window menu View item.

The Main Window consists of the title bar, menu bar, and toolbar. The title bar indicates the

project name, the current Visual Basic operating mode, and the current form. The menu bar

has drop-down menus from which you control the operation of the Visual Basic environment.

The toolbar has buttons that provide shortcuts to some of the menu options (ToolTips

indicate their function).

The main window also shows the location of the current form relative to the upper

left corner of the screen (measured in twips) and the width and length of the current form.



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Fig 2.7: Menu Bar of Visual Basic 6.0

The Form Window is central to developing Visual Basic applications. It is where you draw

your application.

Fig 2.8: Form Window

The Toolbox is the selection menu for controls (objects) used in your application.



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Fig 2.9: ToolboxThe Properties Window is used to establish initial property values for objects. The

drop down box at the top of the window lists all objects in the current form. Two views areavailable: Alphabetic and Categorized. Under this box are the available properties for thecurrently selected object.

Fig 2.10: Property Window



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The Form Layout Window shows where (upon program execution) your form will be

displayed relative to your monitors screen:

Fig 2.11: Form Layout Window

The Project Explorer Window displays a list of all forms and modules making up

your application. You can also obtain a view of the Form or Code windows (window

containing the actual basic coding) from the Project Explorer window.

Fig 2.12:Project Explorer Window

As mentioned, the user interface is drawn in the form window. There are two ways to placecontrols on a form:

1. Double-click the tool in the toolbox and it is created with a default size on the form. You

can then move it or resize it.



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2. Click the tool in the toolbox, and then move the mouse pointer to the form window. The

cursor changes to a crosshair. Place the crosshair at the upper left corner of where you want

the control to be, press the left mouse button and hold it down while dragging the cursortoward the lower right corner. When you release the mouse button, the control is drawn. This

approach must be used to place controls in a frame or picture box control.

Chapter 3

Design and Implementation

3.1 Introduction

The project work is a very delicate one to design in the board as lots of fragile devicesneeds to be soldered and fixed to make it operational. But initial presumption is made totally on

the modeling aspect of the project in terms of the components to be used in our research work.

The paragraph below will give an idea about the various components deployed in our project

work.

3.2 Components Deployed

The various components deployed for the development of the models are: PCB board

with IC base, various types of connectors and capacitors according to the need, voltage regulator,

Resistor network, crystal, rectifier, Microcontroller, Transmitter module of 433Mhz

List of components



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Serial

No.

Unit Components Details

1. Mother Board PCB Mother board with MAX

IC base 16 pin IC base

IC base 40 pin IC base

Connector 2 pin RMC (M/F)



Connector DB-9 PCB Mountable

Capacitor 10uF/63V

Capacitor 1000uF/35V

Capacitor Disc 33pF

Capacitor Tandalum (0.1uF/63V)

Voltage Regulator 7805(5v)

Resistor 1K ohm

Resistor 8.2K ohm

Resistor network 10K ohm(A472J)

Variable Resistor 10K ohm Box type

Rectifier Bridge rectifier

Crystal 11.0592MHz

LED Green, Red

Microcontroller IC 89C51

IC ICMAX 232



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Serial

No.


2. Transceiver

Board

PCB Genaral Purpose (4x3)

IC Base 16 pinIC base 18 pin


Connector 8 Pin RMC (M/F)Resistor 100 ohm

Resistor 1K ohm

Resistor 10k Resistor 22kResistor 50k Resistor 1M

LED GreenLED RedSwitch Microswitch bigTransmitter Module 433MhzReciever Module 433MhzIC HT-12EIC HT-12DIC ULN2003Antenna Wire 15 cm



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Serial

No.


3. General

Component

SMP 235V power suply, 50/60 Hz

Buzzer Big

Rod 3 inch

Wood (30X24) inch

Nut and Bolts Big

Iron wire 10m

3.3 Block diagram



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Fig 3.1: Block Diagram

Working Steps



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1. 5 days before the exam , the library, laboratory etc sends the due details of everycandidate to the administration block PC. This is done wirelessly. The data sent willbe in the form

i. Serial number- dues detail transaction ID2. The transaction ID is essential to make sure that the same dues are not being sent to

the admin PC more that once by mistake.

3. 4 days before the examination , the administration PC shoots SMS to the entire batchstating their pending dues. This is done automatically.

4. 3 days before the exam , the students may pay the dues in the respective departments.For example- if the student has dues of Rs 200 at the library, she pays the dues at thelibrary. The library PC gets updated. And at the same time it sends the updatedtransaction details to the admin PC wirelessly. Once the transaction is updated at the

admin PC a confirmation message will be immediately sent to the student.

5. 2 days before the exam, message will be sent to the students with pending dues.

6. 1 day before the exam , final message to the students stating that they can collect thedues if they have cleared the dues. If dues are still pending, message will be sent tothe student informing her about the remaining dues.

3.4 Circuit Diagram



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Transmitter

Receiver



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3.5 Design of the System



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The design of the model is done by three phase, first construction of Library Block,

Secondly construction of Administrative block, and thirdly the VB code and Firmware code.

The library block is developed with the assistance of MAX232, AT89s52, ULN2003, and IC

encoder and decoder for transmission purpose. The library block is equipped with RF reader,where basically the swapping of the RF Tags (which is embedded inside the books as well as

students RF-ID). The administrative block is also develop for the higher hierarchy. The

update is done automatically done by the User Interface as well as with the touch operation.

3.6 Issues Faced with development

The project is basically for advanced embedded system where the total concentration

was on design and implementation of the microcontroller. Remaining components to bedeployed are readily available for the development purpose.

One of the major issues occurred during the development of this project work is the

set up and installation of the microcontroller. As one of the important issue encounter was the

programming and real time communication of the microcontroller. Another important issue

found during the development process was dissipation of heat. The transformer deployed in

this project work does not have the potential to bear the heat for more than 45-57 Minutes. Or

else it is subjected to overheat and sometime may result to damage of the transformer.

3.7 Methods Used to resolve the issues faced

The project planning stage has brought a light to the solution which was encountered

for the development issues. The microcontroller AT85s52 is decided to be used and it is

assumed to be in usage with 40 minutes of operation to avoid overheating as we are not

concentrating into any issues based on heat dissipation in terms of sink.

3.8 Photographs and explanations



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Figure 3.4: Complete Admin Block

The above figure 3.4 signifies the administrative block, which is completed mounted

on the wooden block consisting of step down Transformer, Complete motherboard, and RF

receiver with decoder.



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Figure 3.5: Motherboard

The above Figure 3.5 represents the motherboard which consist of AT89s52

microcontroller, MAX232, regulators, LED (indicator for power supply).

Figure 3.6: Step down Transformer.



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Figure 3.7: RF Receiver Section

This consists of PCB board with ULN 2003 and LED mounted on it. IT also consist

of HT-12D, it also has ASK modulation for reception.

Figure 3.8: Complete Library Block

The above figure 3.8 represents the Complete Library Block, which consist of

motherboard, RFID Reader, RF transmitter section, and transformer.



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Figure 3.9: Transmitter section

Figure 3.10: RFID Reader



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Figure 3.11: RFID Tags

The above figure 3.11 represents the RFID Tags which is considered to be embedded

in the library books as well as it is also assumed to be Identification Card for the students too.

In our Project work, we have taken 5 RF Tags, where 2 RF Tags is assumed as Students ID

Card and 3 RF Tags is consider as RF-Tags to be embedded inside the library books. All

these tags need to be swapped in library block for the processing of our Smart RF library

management system



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Snapshots of the GUI of project

Fig 3.12: Login Window

Fig 3.13: Section Selection Window



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Library part

Fig 3.14: Library Section Interface



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After swapping students ID RFID Tag

Fig 3.15: Library Section Interface after swapping students RF ID Tag



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After swapping Books ID RFID Tag

Fig 3.16: Library Section Interface after swapping Books RFID Tag



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Fig 3.17: Issuing of Book



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Changing the user date

Fig 3.18: Changing of User Date



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After swapping the Book ID for returning purpose

After clicking in Return Book Button

After clicking on Get Total Due Button

Fig 3.19: Returning of Book and Updating Dues to Admin Block



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Admin Section

Fig 3.20: Admin Block Interface



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Fig 3.21: Reception of Dues Information

Fig 3.22: Feedback Option to Student



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3.9 SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

DEFINITION

Statements of services the system should provide how the system should react to

particular inputs and how the systems should behave in particular situations.

INITIALISATION

The initialization of the project work is carried out in the consecutive manner.

First, the model of the surveillance is connected to the PC terminal and powered is turned

on. We need to make sure that there is no physical disturbance like too much gathering in

a room or ceiling fan is turned on to high speed, or a music is played in high volume, as

any of this will turn on the motion sensor which might give the faulty parameter. This is

one of the precautionary measures to be followed for the project to be initialized. The

project is controlled with the GUI interface designed in Visual Basic 6.0, which make the

user quite easy and comfortable to work on. The project could also be run with the help

of MS HyperTerminal in case the project is in windows XP or in Mincom in case of

Linux OS.

USER INTERFACE

The user interface should be designed in a very user-friendly way with a lot of

specific instructions and must fulfill the ergonomic requirements. The purpose is

achieved with the helped of Visual Basic 6.0

IDENTIFICATION

The electronic border security system should be capable of identifying the

obstacle in its field, when it is programmed by the user to dispatch the load to its

destination.



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RESPONSE

The system should respond during each operation for example when a particular

operation like detects the obstacle with buzzer.

3.10 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

DEFINITION

Constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing

constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc.

RELIABILITYSoftware failure rate shall be only once for 30 years.

PERFORMANCE

Software shall take 5 seconds to process from one state to another.

ROBUSTNESS

Software shall take only 5 minutes to restart after abnormal termination.

MAINTAINABILITY

Only maintainers are allowed to connect the electronic assistive robot to the

computer peripheral.



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3.11 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The hardware components that are used in the electronic Assistive robot are as follows:

1. Power Supply (12V)

2. Capacitor3. Voltage Regulator

4. PCB-General Board.

5. LED-Green, Red

6. Display from a computer with GUI interface

7. Buzzer (alarm), LED indicator.

8. Panel to hold the components.

9. Microcontroller

10. RS232 cable.

3.12 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The Fire Alarm system network should provide software interfaces to softwares

different network softwares.

1. Operating System: Windows-2000/NT/XP with SP2

2. Programming Language-Visual Basic, Embedded C

3. IDE: Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0, Keil IDE

3.13 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Description

The softwares used in this project are:

1. Embedded C2. Express PCB

3. Keil Compiler

4. Express Schematic



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The program for this project is written in Keil C language (KeilCx51 compiler). The

C programming language is a general-purpose programming language that provides code

efficiency and a rich set of operators. Its generality combined with its absence of

restrictions, makes C a convenient and effective programming solution for a wide variety

of software tasks. Many applications can be solved more easily and efficiently with C

than with other more specialized languages.

The Cx51 Optimizing C Compiler is a complete implementation of American

National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for C language. Cx51 is not a universal C

compiler adapted for the 8051 target. It is a ground-up implementation dedicated to

generating extremely fast and compact code for the 8051 microcontroller. Cx51 provides

the flexibility of programming in C and speed of assembly language.

To facilitate many features of 8051, the Cx51 compiler adds a number of new

keywords to the scope of the C language:


_at_ far sbit

Alien idata sfr

Bdata interuppt sfr16

Bit large small

Code pdata _task_

Compact _priority_ using

Data reentrant xdata


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3.14 Source code of the project

ADMIN SECTION

#INCLUDE

SBIT REC=P1^0;SBIT LED1=P2^0;SBIT LED2=P2^1;SBIT LED3=P2^2;SBIT LED4=P2^3;

SBIT LED5=P2^4;SBIT LED6=P2^5;SBIT LEDEN=P2^6;

UNSIGNED CHAR X,Y,DKEY1, DATA1,D1,D2,D3,COUNT;VOID SERTX (UNSIGNED CHAR P);VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT);VOID DECODER();

//********************************************************

VOID MAIN (VOID){TMOD=0X20;

//2C00 ONE SEC,



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TH1=0XFD;TL1=0XFD;SCON=0X50;TR1=1;

P2=0X00;P0=0XFF;P1=0XFF;//TR0=1;COUNT=0;

//============================================================

SERTX('S');

SERTX('T');SERTX('A');SERTX('R');SERTX('T');//IE0=1;IT0=1; //EDGE TRIGGERINGIE=0X81;//=============================================================WHILE(1){IF (REC==0) DECODER();

}}

//=====================================================================

VOID DECODER(){DATA1=P0;IF(COUNT==0){D1=DATA1&0X0F;

COUNT++;}ELSE{D2=DATA1&0X0F;D2=D2


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SERTX(D3);}}

//************************************************************

VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT VALUE){UNSIGNED INT I,J;FOR(I=0; I


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//VOID TRANSMIT(UNSIGNED CHAR );VOID TRANSMIT(UNSIGNED CHAR );VOID RFCAR();VOID ENCODER(UNSIGNED CHAR);

//********************************************************

VOID MAIN (VOID){KEY1=1;KEY2=1;

TMOD=0X20;TH1=0XFD;TL1=0XFD;

SCON=0X50;TR1=1;P2=0X00;COUNT=0;

SERTX('S');SERTX('T');SERTX('A');SERTX('R');SERTX('T');

WHILE(1){IF(RI==1)

{SER1=SBUF;RI=0;IF (SER1=='A')BREAK;}}

SERTX('A');IE=0X90;

//============================================================WHILE(1){IF (KEY1==0) SERCOM();// IF (KEY2==0) RFCAR();IF(COUNT>=12){COUNT=0;RFCAR();



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SERTX('F');SERTX('F');SERTX('F');SERTX('F');IE=0X90;

}}

}//*******************************VOID SERTX (UNSIGNED CHAR P)

{SBUF=P;WHILE(TI==0);TI=0;

}

//*******************************

VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT VALUE){UNSIGNED INT I,J;FOR(I=0; I


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{TI=0;}ELSE{

//P2=COUNT; TODAY//RI=0;RFID[COUNT]=SBUF;COUNT++;RI=0;}

}//*****************

VOID RFCAR(){UNSIGNED CHAR X;IE=0X00;FOR(X=0;X>4;ENCODER(D1);ENCODER(D2);

}

//*****************************VOID ENCODER(UNSIGNED CHAR K ){P2=K;MSDELAY(10);TE14=0;



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MSDELAY(20); //GOOD DELAYTE14=1; }

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Conclusion

RFID makes it possible to record, track and control a flow of goods without

contact and via radio. This ground-breaking technology has already been successfully

implemented in many industries, especially in global product logistics and has also

proven its value as an efficient helper in data and document management. Libraries, for

instance, benefit from the technology and have equipped media such as books, films, CDs

as well as reader IDs, transport boxes or shelves with tags, the chips which store the

information. Direct visual contact with the individual tagged units is not necessary for the

transmission of the saved data. In a time-saving process, several media may be recorded

at a time, as is the case when returning or checking out books. In addition to self-

checking by library visitors, stack circulation and anti-theft systems have prevailed as

core applications. With additional UHF label and the ability of the LAN reader to process

two system frequencies, existing RFID libraries are able to utilize the additional



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functions. The result of the cooperation: a high-capacity library management and cost-

efficient self-checks for libraries with only one technology.

Future Enhancement

Establishing principles that will guide the Information Management and

Knowledge Management strategies are crucial. These provide the checklist against which

decisions can be made about future policies, practices and systems. Embedding these

principles within the organization is critical if there is to be a clear understanding about

the value of information and the value of sharing knowledge across the organization.

Including Information Management and Knowledge Management Principles in induction

for new staff (so that they are made aware of the principles and the implications for these

in their work), performance development and review (requiring objectives and targets

that demonstrate alignment with the Information Management and Knowledge

Management strategies and principles; codifying at least one or two pieces of knowledge

that may not be known by other employees), and in job descriptions (explicitly setting out

expectations regarding Information Management and Knowledge Management) are ways

of achieving this.

Decision Support Systems

Knowledge Management and Information Management Strategies will result in

the convergence of a number of data sources, as stated before. There will be more



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Executive (or Management) Information Systems and these will form a strategic part of

an organizations formal decision-making. Simple, graphical dashboards that indicate the

'health' of an organization, based on pre-defined key performance indicators, will be

available on managers' desktops.

Content Management

There will be an increasing prevalence of different content management systems

within organizations. The library online catalogue and library-related digital repositories

of research publications, licensed image collections, digital copies of past examination

papers, digital reading list resources and the like will be increasingly complemented by

web content management systems.

Federated Searching

Institutional data in content management systems (whether statistical,

correspondence, records of student enrolments, web pages, research publications and in-

house reports) will be searched by federated search engines that can retrieve information

from metadata and full-text.



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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, and David Culler, \Wireless

sensor networks for habitat monitoring," ACM International Workshop on

Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, 2002.

2. Michael J. Caruso and Lucky S. Withanawasam, \Vehicle detection and compassapplications using AMR magnetic sensors, AMR sensor documentation,"

http://www.magneticsensors.com/datasheets/amr.pdf.

3. C. S. Raghavendra C. Meesookho, S. Narayanan, \Collaborative classication

applications in sensor networks," Second IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel

Signal Processing Workshop, Aug. 2002

4. Ashwin D'Costa and Akbar Sayeed, \Collaborative signal processing for

distributed classification in sensor networks," The 2nd International Workshop on

Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN '03), pp. 193{208, Apr. 2003.

http://www.magneticsensors.com/datasheets/amr.pdfhttp://www.magneticsensors.com/datasheets/amr.pdf


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APPENDIX

wireless automation

Documents