wire rope slings - · pdf filelike wire rope itself, wire rope slings are ... a basic wire...

Wire Rope Slings

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Pride. Integrity. Quality.

© 2015 Yarbrough Cable Service, LLC

Like wire rope itself, wire rope slings are one of the most fundamental and versatile components of modern rigging. In addition to standard loops, wire rope slings are available with a wide variety of end terminations, each of which has been designed for a specific purpose and application.

A basic wire rope sling is fabricated by cutting a length of wire rope, unlaying the rope a bit at each end, and weaving the wires back together in the form of a loop. Then, the rope tails are secured by tucking them into a swaging sleeve.

Yarbrough Cable fabricates wire rope and cable slings using cable and wire rope diameters from 1/4 inch to 4-1/2 inch. All Yarbrough slings are available with a wide range of standard and custom end terminations and treatments in place of standard eyes. Yarbrough uses small diameter aircraft cable and EIPS or EEIPS IWRC wire rope to fabricate wire rope slings. Wire rope slings fabricated with fiber center wire rope are available on special request. Unless otherwise requested, Flemish eye mechanical splices are used on all Yarbrough wire rope slings. Hand tucked splices are available on special request.

Wire Rope Slings

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© 2015 Yarbrough Cable Service, LLCMemphis, TN • 800 . 395 . 5438

Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690

How to Measure and Specify Wire Rope SlingsThe standard eye/eye wire rope sling is illustrated below. Two dimensions are required to specify this wire rope sling:

1. Wire rope diameter.

2. Sling length.

The length of a wire rope sling is measured from the bearing surface of one eye to the to bearing surface of the opposite eye, as shown in the following diagram.

The size of standard eyes for wire rope slings are shown in the following table. These dimensions should be considered approximate as they will vary slightly depending on the splicing technique used by the individual who actually fabricates the sling.

Sling Length

Body

Eye Length

Eye

Width

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Pascagoula, MS • 228 . 712 . 2933Pride. Integrity. Quality.

© 2015 Yarbrough Cable Service, LLC Muscle Shoals, AL • 256 . 383 . 3212

Unless otherwise specified, standard eyes in all wire rope slings fabricated by Yarbrough will have these approximate dimensions. The general rule of thumb used to calculate

wire rope sling eye size is that it measures approximately eight (8) sling body diameters wide by sixteen (16) body diameters long, up to 3 inch diameter.

Wire Rope Size Sling Eye Width Sling Eye Length

(diameter in inches) (inches) (inches)

1/4 in. 3 in. 6 in.

5/16 in. 3 in. 6 in.

3/8 in. 4 in. 8 in.

7/16 in. 4 in. 8 in.

1/2 in. 4 in. 8 in.

9/16 in. 5 in. 10 in.

5/8 in. 5 in. 10 in.

3/4 in. 6 in. 12 in.

7/8 in. 7 in. 14 in.

1 in. 8 in. 16 in.

1-1/8 in. 9 in. 18 in.

1-1/4 in. 10 in. 20 in.

1-3/8 in. 11 in. 22 in.

1-1/2 in. 12 in. 24 in.

1-3/4 in. 14 in. 28 in.

2 in. 16 in. 32 in.

2-1/4 in. 18 in. 36 in.

2-1/2 in. 20 in. 40 in.

2-3/4 in. 22 in. 44 in.

3 in. 24 in. 48 in.

3-1/2 in. 36 in. 72 in.

4 in. 45 in. 90 in.

4-1/2 in. 55 in. 110 in.

Wire Rope Slings – Approximate Sizes of Standard EyesImportant note on wire rope sling eye size: When fabricating wire rope slings with Flemish eye mechanical splices, it is not possible to create eyes in an infinite range of sizes. Though some adjustment is possible, splicers are generally limited to creating eye sizes which are multiples of rope lay—the helical twist of wire rope strands created when the wire rope itself is manufactured. Contact a Yarbrough representative to discuss your needs if the application requires sling eyes of a specific and/or critical size.

Wire Rope Slings – Approximate Sizes of Standard Eyes

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Minimum sling body length is the minimum distance between splices, sleeves, or fittings. Generally, the minimum body length for single-part slings is equal to ten (10) times the sling body diameter. This allows approximately one and one half (1-1/2) rope lays between splices. For multi-part (braided) slings, the minimum body length between splices is forty (40) times the component rope diameter.

Allowable length tolerance for single-part slings is generally plus or minus two (2) body diameters, or plus or minus 0.5% of the sling length, whichever is greater. The legs of bridle slings are normally held to within one (1) body diameter.

Wire Rope Sling CapacityThe rated capacity of any wire rope sling is based on the minimum breaking force of the wire rope used in the sling and other factors which affect the overall strength of the sling. These other factors include:

• Efficiency of the eye splice or end termination attachment.

• Number of parts of rope in the sling (applies to braided slings only).

• Type of hitch with which the sling is attached to the load (straight pull, choker hitch, basket hitch, etc.).

• Diameter around which the body of the sling is bent (D/d ratio).

• Diameter of the pin or hook that attaches the sling to the lifting or pulling apparatus.

The wire rope sling capacity tables presented later in this section take these and other factors—including design factor—into account when presenting wire rope sling capacity.

Wire Rope Sling SplicesThere are three basic splice types: hand tucked, return loop mechanical, and Flemish eye mechanical.

The hand tucked splice is one in which a loop is formed at the end of a piece of wire rope by splicing the dead (short) end into the live (long) end of the rope. Each dead end strand is manually tucked between, over, and around a live end strand several times, thus the name: hand tucked splice. The advantage of a hand tucked splice is that it is physically small, having a diameter only slightly greater than the wire rope itself. This allows the sling eye to be passed through spaces where a mechanical splice would not fit because of the diameter of the steel sleeve.

The return loop splice or turnback eye is fabricated by forming a loop at the end of the rope, sliding one or more metal sleeves over the short end of the loop eye and pressing the sleeve(s) to secure the end of the rope to the sling body. The drawback of this type of splice is that the lifting capacity of the sling depends entirely upon the integrity of the pressed or swaged metal sleeve. Return loop splices are used almost exclusively on small diameter aircraft cable, in sizes below 3/8 inch diameter.

The Flemish eye splice is fabricated by opening or unlaying the rope body into two parts, one having three strands and the other having the remaining three strands and the

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core. The rope is unlaid to allow the loop or eye to be formed by looping one part in one direction and the other part in the opposite direction, and then laying the rope back together. The ends of the strands are rolled around the rope body and a metal sleeve is slipped over the ends of the splice and pressed (swaged) to secure the ends to the body of the sling. Because the eye splice is formed by actually laying the rope strands back together, the strength of the eye does not depend on the swaged sleeve alone.

Yarbrough Cable typically fabricates wire rope slings with Flemish eye mechanical splices. Hand tucked splices are available from Yarbrough Cable on a special order basis.

Wire Rope Size Type of Wire Rope – IPS, EIPS, and EEIPS Steel Grades

(diameter in inches) IWRC

1/4 in. 90%

5/16 in. 89%

3/8 in. 88%

7/16 in. 87%

1/2 in. 86%

9/16 in. 85%

5/8 in. 84%

3/4 in. 82%

7/8 through 2-1/2 in. 80%

Splice Efficiency for Wire Rope – Hand Tucked Splice

Yarbrough uses return loop splices on aircraft cable slings below 1/4 inch diameter and, depending on the application, for some aircraft cable slings from 1/4 inch to 3/8 inch diameter.

Wire Rope Splice EfficiencyNominal splice efficiency refers to the effectiveness of the sling splice. Any time wire rope is disturbed, as when splicing an eye, the strength of the rope is reduced. This reduction must be taken into account when calculating the rated capacity of a wire rope sling.

Sling HitchesDepending on the type of hitch used to attach the sling to the load, the capacity of the sling may be increased or decreased.

Wire Rope Size Type of Wire Rope – IPS and EIP Steel Grades

(diameter in inches) IWRC Fiber Core

1/4 through 1 in. 95% 92.5%

1-1/8 through 2 in. 92.5% 89%

2-1/8 in. and larger 90% 87%

Splice Efficiency for Wire Rope – Flemish Eye Mechanical Splice

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A vertical basket hitch, in which the body of the sling is passed around the load and each end of the sling is attached to the lifting or pulling apparatus in an exactly vertical orientation, can double the capacity of the sling. This is because each leg of the sling carries half of the load.

Sling capacity is unaffected with a straight pull or attachment.

A choker hitch is a hitch in which one end of the sling is passed around the load, then through the opposite sling eye, thus “choking” the sling around the load. The load is then suspended or pulled from the free sling eye. The choker hitch reduces the capacity of the sling. The contact of the sling body with the choking eye causes a reduction in sling efficiency at the point of contact. If the load is hanging free, the normal choke angle will be approximately 135° and there is no reduction in sling capacity. However, experience has shown that typical choke angles

are usually much less than 135°. Thus, for purposes of rating the choke capacity of slings, the choke angle is assumed to be between 60° and 90°, and, within this choke angle range, the sling will have a capacity of approximately 74% of its straight pull rating.

D/d RatioD/d ratio is the ratio of the diameter of an object around which the sling is bent (D), to the body diameter of the wire rope in a single-part sling (d). This ratio has an effect on the rated capacity of the sling when the body of a sling is bent around an object. Tests have shown that whenever wire rope is bent around a diameter, the strength of the rope is decreased due to bending stress in the wires that make up the rope. Minimal strength reduction occurs with D/d ratios of 20 or greater.

The industry standard is to maintain a minimum D/d ratio of 20, and preferably a D/d ratio of

Wire Rope SizeOptimum diameter in inches and feet of object around which sling is

bent to minimize sling strength reduction from bending stress

(diameter in inches) 20:1 D/d Ratio 25:1 D/d ratio

1/4 in. 5 in. 6.25 in.

1/2 in. 10 in. 12.5 in.

3/4 in. 15 in. – 1.25 ft. 18.75 in. – 1.6 ft.

1 in. 20 in. – 1.6 ft. 25 in. – 2.08 ft.

1-1/4 in. 25 in. – 2.08 ft. 31.25 in. – 2.6 ft.

1-1/2 in. 30 in. – 2.5 ft. 37.5 in. – 3.1 ft.

1-3/4 in. 35 in. – 2.9 ft. 43.75 in. – 3.6 ft.

2 in. 40 in. – 3.3 ft. 50 in. – 4.2 ft.

2-1/2 in. 50 in. – 4.2 ft. 62.5 in. – 5.2 ft.

3 in. 60 in. – 5 ft. 75 in. – 6.25 ft.

3-1/2 in. 70 in. – 5.8 ft. 87.5 in. – 7.3 ft.

4 in. 80 in. – 6.6 ft. 100 in. – 8.3 ft.

D Sizes for D/d Ratios of 20 and 25

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Plot of Wire Rope E�ciency (Strength) versus D/d Ratio

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5045

% E

�ci

ency

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

D/d Ratio

25 or more. Examples of D/d ratios of 20 and 25 for selected rope diameters are shown in the chart on the preceding page. When D/d ratios smaller than those listed in the rated capacity tables later in this section are necessary, the rated capacity of the sling must be decreased as shown in the above chart. Put another way, this means that the efficiency of the sling is less than maximum.

Pin DiameterThe maximum diameter of the pin or hook which attaches the sling to the lifting or pulling apparatus or load should not be any greater than the natural width of the sling eye.

The minimum pin diameter should never be smaller than the sling body diameter. See footnotes with each capacity table for D/d assumptions specific to the sling type presented in the table.

Sling AngleWhen using two or more wire rope slings together by attaching an eye of each sling to one point on a load and the opposite eye of each sling to a common point such as a hook, the effect of sling angle must be considered

when calculating the capacity of the sling. The principal of sling angle applies whether one sling is used to pull at an angle, in a basket hitch, or for multi-leg bridle slings (described later in this section).

Sling angle is the angle measured between a horizontal plane and the sling body. This angle is very important because it can have a dramatic effect on the rated capacity of the sling. When the sling angle decreases, the load on each sling leg increases. Care should be taken to avoid the use of sling angles of less than 30 degrees.

Design FactorDesign factor—sometimes called “safety factor”—is used in calculating a sling’s rated capacity and is necessary to allow for conditions such as wear, abrasion, damage, and variations in load. Design factors have been established which allow the sling to give the most efficient service to the user. Rated capacity tables for wire rope slings in this catalog are based on a design factor of 5. This means that the rated capacity of the sling (working load limit [WLL]) will be 1/5 or 20% of the nominal strength of the wire rope used to fabricate the sling, less any applicable efficiency reductions as described previously.

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Types of Wire Rope SlingsThere are four basic types of single-leg wire rope slings, each of which may have variations.

Single-part Flemish eye mechanical splice slings are fabricated with a single length of wire rope, typically EIPS grade, and with Flemish mechanical splices. The construction of wire rope used for single-part slings is typically 6x19 or 6x36, right regular lay, IWRC.

Multi-part braided slings are wire rope slings fabricated by taking a single long length of aircraft cable or IWRC wire rope and braiding it back and forth along the entire sling design length—including the sling eyes—to form a single, high-capacity sling. Multi-part slings achieve capacities greater than that of single-part slings of the same diameter wire rope or cable. And, in the case of 9-part slings, the capacity increase is significant. Multi-part slings are significantly more flexible than single-part slings of like capacity. Because a multi-part sling is made up of many smaller wire ropes or cables, the sling can bend around smaller diameters without taking a permanent set or kink. Often, multi-part braided slings are used in heavy lifting applications where the weight of the load is such that the capacity of the largest available single-part sling is insufficient to carry the load. Braided slings may be fabricated with mechanical or hand tucked splices.

Cable laid slings are rarely seen in modern rigging and have been almost completely replaced by multi-part braided slings. Cable laid slings are fabricated from small diameter galvanized aircraft cable or IWRC wire rope. Six (6) individual cables or ropes are used as strands laid around a seventh rope or cable which forms the core of the sling. As with multi-part braided slings, cable laid slings are used when flexibility and resistance to kinking and setting are more important than resistance to abrasion. Since the sling is made up of many smaller wire ropes or cables, the sling can bend around smaller diameters without taking a permanent set or

kink. Yarbrough Cable can supply cable laid slings as special order items. Contact your Yarbrough representative for more information.

A Grommet is a unique type of wire rope sling which forms a continuous loop. There are two basic types of grommets: cable laid and strand laid.

Cable laid grommets, like cable laid slings, are rarely seen in modern rigging. Cable laid grommets may be fabricated from small diameter galvanized aircraft cable or IWRC wire rope. Six (6) individual ropes or cables are used as strands and are laid around a seventh rope or cable which forms the core of the grommet. Cable laid grommets are typically mechanically spliced and care must be taken to ensure that the splice does not come into contact with the load or the lifting or pulling attachment. Since the grommet is made up of many smaller wire ropes or cables, the grommet can bend around smaller diameters without taking a permanent set or kink. Yarbrough Cable can supply cable laid grommets as special order items. Contact your Yarbrough representative for more information.

Strand laid grommets (also called rope laid grommets) are fabricated from one continuous length of small diameter galvanized aircraft cable strand or IWRC wire rope strand. To fabricate a strand laid grommet with aircraft cable, a sufficient length of aircraft cable strand is unlaid from the cable, then looped around itself seven (7) times to form the body of the strand. To fabricate a strand laid grommet with IWRC wire rope, a sufficient length of wire rope strand is unlaid from the rope, then looped around itself six (6) times to form the grommet body. A slightly smaller IWRC wire rope is then inserted into the center of the grommet body and, with a marlinspike, wound into the body to form the seventh—or core strand—of the grommet. Strand laid grommets are typically mechanically spliced. When using any grommet, care must be taken to ensure that the splice does not come into contact with the load or the lifting or pulling attachment.

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Wire Rope Sling End FittingsAs discussed previously, the standard end termination for a wire rope sling is a loop that forms an eye in the sling end. However, wire rope slings may be fabricated with a wide

variety of fittings spliced into one or both sling eyes, and/or various specialty end fittings in place of one or both sling eyes. Several fittings may be combined to form specialty slings for certain applications.

Spelter Sockets

Open and closed spelter sockets installed on wire rope achieve 100% efficiency (i.e. 100% of the nominal strength of the wire rope). These sockets are used when the sling is to be installed as a semi-permanent standing rigging assembly. Applications are the same as with swage sockets. Spelter sockets are installed by brooming out wire rope ends, pulling the ends into a conical cavity in the socket, and filling the cavity with molten zinc or epoxy resin. Exact and very precise cable assembly lengths can thus

be achieved. When the wire rope attached to the socket reaches end of life, it can be cut off at the socket base and removed from the socket. The socket can then be reused (assuming there has been no damage to the socket). Jaw (open) and eye (closed) sockets are available and are often mixed on the same cable. The plane or orientation of the sockets with respect to one another on the cable may be specified as same plane or 90° offset. Spelter sockets are available to fit wire rope diameters from 1/4 to 4 inches.

Swage Sockets

Open and closed swage sockets installed on wire rope achieve 100% efficiency (i.e. 100% of the nominal strength of the wire rope). These sockets are used when the sling is to be installed as a semi-permanent standing rigging assembly. Typical applications include boom pendant lines, guy lines, crash barrier cables,

backstays, etc. Jaw (open) and eye (closed) sockets are available and are often mixed on the same cable. Because swage sockets elongate during the swaging process, it is not possible to achieve exact or highly precise cable assembly lengths when using these sockets. Swage sockets are available to fit wire rope diameters from 1/4 to 2 inches.

The following pages provide information on the most common wire rope sling fittings and end terminations available from Yarbrough Cable. Many other specialty fittings and terminations are available, including threaded studs, swivels, and a wide range of field-replaceable sockets, swivels, hooks, bails, etc. Contact your Yarbrough representative if your wire rope sling application requires specialized fittings or end terminations.

Image © The Crosby Group; used with permission


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Solid Thimble

Solid thimbles are installed when a wire rope sling is to be used as a boom pendant or other semi-permanent standing rigging assembly, such as a backstay, guy line, accumulator tower line, fixed lifting bridle, brake cable, crash barrier cable, etc. The hole in these thimbles fits open wire rope sockets, boom pendant clevis jaws, and wedge sockets.

Sorting (Shake Out) Hook

A sorting hook may be spliced into the eye of a wire rope sling, typically in conjunction with a standard thimble to protect the sling eye from wear and deformation, and most often on a 2-leg bridle sling. Sorting hooks are used when the sling application is lifting flat plates and/or large cylindrical shapes such as pipe and tube.

Turnbuckles

Standard Thimble

Thimbles reduce wear in sling eyes and prevent deformation of eyes under load. Thimbles also permit attachment in close quarters using bolts, pins, clevis jaws, etc. Slings with thimble eyes in both ends are sometimes installed as semi-permanent standing rigging assemblies.

Slip-Thru Thimble

Slip-through thimbles are sized to allow the passage of an identical thimble through the eye. This permits a sling equipped with slip-thru thimbles to be used as a choker sling. The large inside dimension also permits the thimble to fit large crane hooks. The rope retention ears are tapered and may be bent or peened over the wire rope.

Crescent Thimble

Crescent thimbles are designed to protect the bearing surface of a loop or eye and are used to accomplish this when a large size loop is required. The rope retention ears are tapered and may be bent or peened over the wire rope to hold the thimble in position on the rope.

Turnbuckles of various types may be spliced into the eyes of wire rope slings, typically when the slings are to be installed as semi-permanent standing rigging assemblies such as backstays, guy lines, wind brace cables, tensioning cables, etc. Turnbuckles permit sling length adjustments in the field.


Image © The Crosby Group; used with permission Image © The Crosby Group; used with permission Image © The Crosby Group; used with permission

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Sling Hook

An eye type sling hook is often spliced into the eye of a wire rope sling, typically in conjunction with a standard thimble to protect the sling eye from wear and deformation. Hooks on a sling can simplify rigging and speed the attachment of the load to the sling. Spliced-in hooks are convenient since they are a permanent part of the sling. Hooks also reduce wear on the sling eye, especially when the eye with the hook is fabricated with a standard thimble.

Slide Choker Hook

A slide choker hook may be installed onto the sling body during fabrication of the sling. This hook permits rapid attachment of the sling to the load in a choker configuration, and slides along the sling body to adjust to various load sizes. A standard thimble spliced into the sling eye that is to be hooked onto the slide hook protects the eye from wear and deformation. A standard eye is usually spliced into the opposite end of the sling for attachment to various lifting or pulling apparatus.

Image © The Crosby Group; used with permission Image © The Crosby Group; used with permission

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Single-Part, Single-Leg Wire Rope SlingsYarbrough Cable fabricates Flemish eye mechanical splice single-part wire rope slings of any length from 1/4 in. to 4-1/2 in. diameter, using 6x19 and 6x36 IWRC wire rope. The availability of EEIPS wire rope greater than 3-1/2 inches in diameter is extremely limited; slings fabricated with EEIPS rope in these sizes are subject to availability of the rope itself, which may or may not be obtainable.

Single-Part, Multi-Leg Wire Rope Bridle SlingsWhen lifting or pulling large, bulky objects, it is often desirable to attach a wire rope sling to the object at multiple points. Multi-leg wire rope slings, often called bridle slings, are used for this purpose.

Two, three, four, or more single-part wire rope slings are assembled into a single sling by fabricating one of the sling eyes of each leg around a common, oval, or pear-shaped ring. The ring is sized such that its capacity is sufficient to support the combined load of the total number of individual bridle legs.

Sling AngleAn additional factor that influences the

capacity of any multi-leg sling—including the use of two or more single-leg slings used together to lift or pull a single load—is sling angle. Sling angle is the angle measured between a horizontal plane and the sling body. This angle is very important because it can have a dramatic effect on the rated capacity of the sling. When the sling angle decreases, the load on each sling leg increases. Care should be taken to avoid the use of sling angles of less than 30 degrees. The principal of sling angle applies whether one sling is used to pull at an angle, in a basket hitch, or for multi-leg bridle slings described below.

Yarbrough Cable fabricates Flemish eye mechanical splice single-part wire rope bridle slings in 2-leg, 3-leg, and 4-leg configurations, of any length in the following sizes, using 6x19 and 6x36 IWRC wire rope. The availability of EEIPS wire rope greater than 3-1/2 inches in diameter is extremely limited; slings fabricated with EEIPS rope in these sizes are subject to availability of the rope itself, which may or may not be obtainable.

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EIPS - Extra Improved Plow Steel | EEIPS - Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel | Rated capacities of basket hitch based on D/d ratio of 25 times the component rope diameter | Rated capacities based on pin or hook diameter no larger than natural eye width or less than the nominal sling diameter | Horizontal sling angles less than 30° shall not be used | For new slings or slings in new, unused condition

Approximate Capacity of Single-Leg Wire Rope Slings – tons of 2000 lbs.; 5:1 design factor Flemish Eye Mechanical Splice 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire Rope

Rope Diameter

Vertical Choker Vertical Basket

(inches) EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS

1/4 0.65 0.71 0.48 0.52 1.3 1.4

5/16 1.0 1.1 0.74 0.81 2.0 2.2

3/8 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.2 2.9 3.2

7/16 1.9 2.1 1.4 1.6 3.9 4.3

1/2 2.5 2.8 1.9 2.0 5.1 5.5

9/16 3.2 3.5 2.4 2.6 6.4 7.0

5/8 3.9 4.3 2.9 3.2 7.8 8.6

3/4 5.6 6.2 4.1 4.5 11 12

7/8 7.6 8.3 5.6 6.1 15 17

1 9.8 11 7.2 8.0 20 22

1-1/8 12 13 9.1 10 24 26

1-1/4 15 16 11 12 30 32

1-3/8 18 20 13 15 36 39

1-1/2 21 23 16 18 42 46

1-5/8 24 27 18 20 49 53

1-3/4 28 31 21 24 57 62

1-7/8 32 35 24 27 64 71

2 37 40 28 30 73 80

2-1/4 44 49 35 38 89 98

2-1/2 54 60 42 46 109 120

2-3/4 65 71 51 56 130 143

3 77 84 60 66 153 168

3-1/4 89 98 69 76 177 195

3-1/2 102 112 79 87 203 224

3-3/4 115 128 90 100 231 257

4 130 145 101 113 260 291

4-1/4 145 163 112 127 289 326

4-1/2 160 182 124 142 320 364

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Approximate Capacity of 2-Leg Wire Rope Bridle Slings – tons of 2000 lbs.; 5:1 design factor Flemish Eye Mechanical Splice 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire Rope

Rope Diameter

Vertical 60° 45° 30°

(inches) EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS

1/4 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.91 1.0 0.65 0.71

5/16 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.1

3/8 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.0 2.2 1.4 1.6

7/16 3.9 4.3 3.4 3.7 2.7 3.0 1.9 2.1

1/2 5.1 5.5 4.4 4.8 3.6 3.9 2.5 2.8

9/16 6.4 7.0 5.5 6.1 4.5 5.0 3.2 3.5

5/8 7.8 8.6 6.8 7.5 5.5 6.1 3.9 4.3

3/4 11 12 9.7 11 7.9 8.7 5.6 6.2

7/8 15 17 13 14 11 12 7.6 8.3

1 20 22 17 19 14 15 9.8 11

1-1/8 24 26 21 23 17 19 12 13

1-1/4 30 33 26 28 21 23 15 16

1-3/8 36 39 31 34 25 28 18 20

1-1/2 42 46 37 40 30 33 21 23

1-5/8 49 54 42 47 35 38 24 27

1-3/4 57 63 49 54 40 44 28 31

1-7/8 64 71 56 62 46 50 32 36

2 73 80 63 70 52 57 37 40

2-1/4 89 98 77 85 63 69 44 49

2-1/2 109 120 94 104 77 85 54 60

2-3/4 130 143 113 124 92 101 65 71

3 153 168 133 146 108 119 77 84

3-1/4 177 195 153 169 125 138 89 98

3-1/2 203 224 176 194 144 158 102 112

3-3/4 231 257 200 222 163 182 115 128

4 259 291 224 252 183 205 130 145

4-1/4 289 326 250 282 204 231 145 163

4-1/2 320 364 277 315 226 257 160 182

EIPS - Extra Improved Plow Steel | EEIPS - Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel | Rated capacities of basket hitch based on D/d ratio of 25 times the component rope diameter | Rated capacities based on equal loading of all sling legs and pin or hook diameter no larger than natural eye width or less than the nominal sling diameter | Horizontal sling angles less than 30° shall not be used | For new slings or slings in new, unused condition

60º 45º 30º

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Rope Diameter



1/4 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.97 1.1

5/16 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.3 1.5 1.7

3/8 4.3 4.7 3.7 4.1 3.0 3.3 2.2 2.4

7/16 5.8 6.4 5.0 5.5 4.1 4.5 2.9 3.2

1/2 7.6 8.3 6.6 7.2 5.4 5.9 3.8 4.2

9/16 9.6 11 8.3 9.1 6.8 7.5 4.8 5.3

5/8 12 13 10 11 8.3 9.1 5.9 6.5

3/4 17 18 15 16 12 13 8.4 9.2

7/8 23 25 20 22 16 18 11 12

1 29 32 26 28 21 23 15 16

1-1/8 36 40 31 34 26 28 18 20

1-1/4 44 49 38 42 31 34 22 24

1-3/8 53 59 46 51 38 42 27 29

1-1/2 63 69 55 60 45 49 32 35

1-5/8 73 81 63 70 52 57 37 41

1-3/4 85 94 74 81 60 66 42 47

1-7/8 97 107 84 92 68 75 48 53

2 110 120 95 104 78 85 55 60

2-1/4 133 151 116 127 94 104 67 73

2-1/2 163 184 141 155 115 127 82 89

2-3/4 195 220 169 186 138 152 97 107

3 230 260 199 219 162 179 115 126

3-1/4 266 301 230 254 188 207 133 147

3-1/2 305 345 264 290 215 237 152 168

3-3/4 346 396 300 333 244 272 173 193

4 389 448 337 377 275 308 194 218

4-1/4 434 503 376 424 307 346 217 245

4-1/2 480 561 415 473 339 386 240 273


60º 45º 30º

70W

ire

Rope

Slin

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Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690


Rope Diameter



1/4 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.4

5/16 4.0 4.4 3.5 3.8 2.8 3.1 2.0 2.2

3/8 5.7 6.3 5.0 5.5 4.1 4.5 2.9 3.2

7/16 7.8 8.5 6.7 7.4 5.5 6.0 3.9 4.3

1/2 10 11 8.8 9.6 7.1 7.8 5.1 5.5

9/16 13 14 11 12 9.0 9.9 6.4 7.0

5/8 16 17 14 15 11 12 7.8 8.6

3/4 22 25 19 21 16 17 11 12

7/8 30 33 26 29 21 24 15 17

1 39 43 34 37 28 31 20 22

1-1/8 48 53 42 46 34 37 24 26

1-1/4 59 65 51 56 42 46 30 33

1-3/8 71 78 62 68 50 55 36 39

1-1/2 84 93 73 80 60 65 42 46

1-5/8 98 108 85 94 69 76 49 54

1-3/4 113 125 98 108 80 88 57 63

1-7/8 129 142 112 123 91 100 64 71

2 147 161 127 139 104 114 73 80

2-1/4 178 196 154 170 126 138 89 98

2-1/2 217 239 188 207 154 169 109 120

2-3/4 260 286 225 248 184 202 130 143

3 306 337 265 292 216 238 153 168

3-1/4 354 391 307 339 250 276 177 195

3-1/2 406 447 352 387 287 316 203 224

3-3/4 462 513 400 445 326 363 231 257

4 518 581 449 503 367 411 259 291

4-1/4 578 652 501 565 409 461 289 326

4-1/2 639 728 554 630 452 515 320 364


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Multi-part Braided SlingsMulti-part braided slings are wire rope slings fabricated by taking a single long length of aircraft cable or IWRC wire rope and braiding it back and forth along the entire sling design length, including the sling eyes, to form a single, high-capacity sling. Multi-part slings achieve capacities greater than single-part slings of the same diameter wire rope or cable, and in the case of 9-part slings, the capacity increase is significant.

Multi-part slings are significantly more flexible than single-part slings of like capacity. Because multi-part slings are made up of many smaller wire ropes or cables, the slings can bend around smaller diameters without taking a permanent set or kink. The availability of EEIPS wire rope greater than 3-1/2 inches in diameter is extremely limited; slings fabricated with EEIPS rope in these sizes are subject to availability of the rope itself, which may or may not be obtainable.

Approximate Capacity of 3-Part Braided Slings – tons of 2000 lbs.; 5:1 design factor Flemish Eye Mechanical Splice 7x19 GAC; 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire Rope

Component Rope or Cable

Diameter (inches)


Component: 7x19 Galvanized Aircraft Cable3/32 0.21 0.18 0.421/8 0.42 0.37 0.84

3/16 0.88 0.77 1.81/4 1.5 1.3 2.9

5/16 2.1 1.8 4.13/8 3.0 2.6 6.0

Component: 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire RopeEIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS

1/4 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.4 2.9 3.15/16 2.2 2.4 1.9 2.1 4.4 4.93/8 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.0 6.3 7.0

7/16 4.3 4.7 3.7 4.1 8.6 9.41/2 5.6 6.1 4.9 5.4 11 12

9/16 7.1 7.8 6.2 6.8 14 165/8 8.7 9.5 7.6 8.3 17 193/4 12 14 11 12 25 277/8 17 18 15 16 33 37

1 22 24 19 21 43 481-1/8 27 30 24 26 55 601-1/4 34 37 29 32 67 741-3/8 40 45 35 39 81 891-1/2 48 53 42 46 96 1051-5/8 55 61 49 54 111 1231-3/4 64 71 56 62 129 1421-7/8 73 80 64 71 146 161

2 83 91 73 80 166 182EIPS - Extra Improved Plow Steel | EEIPS - Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel | Rated capacities of basket hitch based on D/d ratio of 25 times the component rope diameter | Rated capacities based on pin or hook diameter no larger than natural eye width or less than the nominal sling diameter | Horizontal sling angles less than 30° shall not be used | For new slings or slings in new, unused condition

72W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690



Diameter (inches)


Component: 7x19 Galvanized Aircraft Cable

3/32 0.28 0.25 0.56

1/8 0.56 0.49 1.1

3/16 1.2 1.0 2.4

1/4 2.0 1.7 3.9

5/16 2.7 2.4 5.5

3/8 4.0 3.5 8.1

Component: 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire Rope

EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS

1/4 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.8 3.8 4.2

5/16 3.0 3.2 2.6 2.8 5.9 6.5

3/8 4.2 4.6 3.7 4.1 8.5 9.3

7/16 5.7 6.3 5.0 5.5 11 13

1/2 7.4 8.2 6.5 7.2 15 16

9/16 9.4 10 8.2 9.1 19 21

5/8 12 13 10 11 23 25

3/4 16 18 14 16 33 36

7/8 22 25 20 21 45 49

1 29 32 25 28 58 64

1-1/8 36 40 32 35 73 80

1-1/4 45 49 39 43 89 98

1-3/8 54 59 47 52 108 119

1-1/2 64 70 56 61 128 140

1-5/8 74 82 65 72 148 164

1-3/4 86 95 75 83 171 189

1-7/8 97 108 85 94 195 215

2 111 122 97 106 222 243


Wire Rope Slings

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74W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690




Diameter (inches)



3/32 0.42 0.37 0.84

1/8 0.84 0.74 1.7

3/16 1.8 1.54 3.5

1/4 2.9 2.57 5.9

5/16 41 3.6 8.2

3/8 6.0 5.2 12



1/4 2.9 3.14 2.5 2.7 5.7 6.3

5/16 4.4 4.9 3.9 4.2 8.9 9.7

3/8 6.3 7.0 5.5 6.1 13 14

7/16 8.6 9.4 7.5 8.2 17 19

1/2 11 12 9.8 11 22 25

9/16 14 16 12 14 28 31

5/8 17 19 15 17 35 38

3/4 26 27 22 24 49 54

7/8 33 37 29 32 67 74

1 43 48 38 42 87 95

1-1/8 55 60 48 53 109 120

1-1/4 67 74 59 65 134 148

1-3/8 81 89 71 78 161 178

1-1/2 96 105 84 92 192 210

1-5/8 111 123 97 107 222 245

1-3/4 129 142 112 124 257 284

1-7/8 146 161 128 141 292 323

2 166 182 146 159 333 365

Wire Rope Slings

75



76W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690



Diameter (inches)



3/32 0.56 0.49 1.1

1/8 1.1 0.98 2.2

3/16 2.4 2.1 4.7

1/4 3.9 3.4 7.8

5/16 5.5 4.8 11

3/8 8.1 7.1 16



1/4 3.8 4.2 3.3 3.7 7.6 8.4

5/16 5.9 6.5 5.2 5.7 12 13

3/8 8.5 9.3 7.4 8.1 17 19

7/16 11 13 10 11 23 25

1/2 15 16 13 14 30 33

9/16 19 21 16 18 38 41

5/8 23 25 20 22 46 51

3/4 33 36 29 32 66 73

7/8 45 49 39 43 89 98

1 58 64 51 56 116 127

1-1/8 72 80 64 70 146 160

1-1/4 89 98 78 86 179 197

1-3/8 108 119 94 104 215 237

1-1/2 128 140 112 123 255 280

1-5/8 148 164 129 143 296 327

1-3/4 171 189 150 166 343 379

1-7/8 195 215 171 188 390 430

2 222 243 194 213 444 486


Wire Rope Slings

77



78W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690




Diameter (inches)


Component: 7x19 Galvanized Aircraft Cable3/32 0.63 0.55 1.31/8 1.3 1.1 2.5

3/16 2.6 2.3 5.31/4 4.4 3.9 8.8

5/16 6.2 5.4 12.33/8 9.1 7.9 18.1

Component: 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire RopeEIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS EIPS EEIPS

1/4 4.3 4.7 3.7 4.1 8.6 9.45/16 6.6 7.3 5.8 6.4 13 153/8 10 10 8.3 9.2 19 21

7/16 13 14 11 12 26 281/2 17 18 15 16 34 37

9/16 21 23 19 20 42 475/8 26 29 23 25 52 573/4 37 41 32 36 74 827/8 50 55 44 48 100 110

1 65 72 57 63 130 1431-1/8 82 90 72 79 164 1801-1/4 100 111 88 97 201 2221-3/8 121 134 106 117 242 2671-1/2 144 158 126 138 287 3151-5/8 166 184 146 161 333 3681-3/4 193 213 169 186 386 4261-7/8 219 242 192 212 438 484

2 249 273 218 239 499 5472-1/4 311 343 272 300 622 6852-1/2 381 418 333 366 761 8372-3/4 455 500 398 438 910 1000

3 536 590 469 516 1071 11793-1/4 620 684 542 599 1240 13683-1/2 711 782 622 686 1421 15653-3/4 808 898 707 786 1615 1797

4 907 1017 794 890 1814 20344-1/4 1012 1142 885 999 2024 22834-1/2 1119 1274 979 1115 2238 2548

Wire Rope Slings

79



80W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690

EIPS - Extra Improved Plow Steel | EEIPS - Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel | Rated capacities of basket hitch and vertical lift based on D/d ratio of 5 times the body diameter of the finished grommet | Rated capacities based on pin or hook no smaller than 5 times the grommet body diameter | Horizontal sling angles less than 30° shall not be used | For new slings or slings in new, unused condition

GrommetsA Grommet is a unique type of wire rope sling that forms a continuous loop. Yarbrough Cable fabricates strand (rope) laid mechanical splice grommets of any length in sizes up to 3 inches.

Approximate Capacity of Strand Laid Grommets – tons of 2000 lbs.; 5:1 design factor Flemish Eye Mechanical Splice; 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire Rope

Grommet Body

Diameter (inches)




1/4 1.1 1.2 0.74 0.82 2.1 2.3

5/16 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3 3.3 3.6

3/8 2.4 2.6 1.6 1.8 4.7 5.2

7/16 3.2 3.5 2.2 2.4 6.4 7.0

1/2 4.1 4.6 2.9 3.2 8.3 9.1

9/16 5.2 5.8 3.7 4.0 10 12

5/8 6.4 7.1 4.5 5.0 13 14

3/4 9.2 10 6.4 7.1 18 20

7/8 12 14 8.7 9.6 25 27

1 16 18 11 12 32 36

1-1/8 20 22 14 16 41 45

1-1/4 25 27 17 19 50 55

1-3/8 30 33 21 23 60 66

1-1/2 36 39 25 27 71 78

1-5/8 41 46 29 32 82 91

1-3/4 48 53 33 37 95 105

1-7/8 54 60 38 42 109 120

2 62 68 43 47 124 135

2-1/4 77 85 54 59 154 170

2-1/2 94 104 66 73 188 207

2-3/4 113 124 79 87 225 248

3 133 146 93 102 265 292

Wire Rope Slings

81



82W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690

Approximate Capacity of Strand Laid Grommets, Basket Hitches – tons of 2000 lbs.; 5:1 design factor; Flemish Eye Mechanical Splice; 6x19, 6x36 IWRC Wire Rope

Grommet Body

Diameter (inches)

60° Basket 45° Basket 30° Basket



1/4 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.2

5/16 2.8 3.1 2.3 2.6 1.6 1.8

3/8 4.1 4.5 3.3 3.7 2.4 2.6

7/16 5.5 6.1 4.5 4.9 3.2 3.5

1/2 7.2 7.9 5.9 6.4 4.1 4.6

9/16 9.1 10 7.4 8.1 5.2 5.8

5/8 11 12 9.1 10 6.4 7.1

3/4 16 18 13 14 9.2 10

7/8 22 24 18 19 12 14

1 28 31 23 25 16 18

1-1/8 35 39 29 32 20 22

1-1/4 43 48 35 39 25 27

1-3/8 52 57 42 47 30 33

1-1/2 62 68 50 55 36 39

1-5/8 71 79 58 64 41 46

1-3/4 83 91 68 75 48 53

1-7/8 94 104 77 85 54 60

2 107 117 87 96 62 68

2-1/4 133 147 109 120 77 85

2-1/2 163 179 133 146 94 104

2-3/4 195 215 160 175 113 124

3 230 253 188 206 133 146

EIPS - Extra Improved Plow Steel | EEIPS - Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel | Rated capacity of basket hitch based on D/d ratio of 5 times the body diameter of the finished grommet | Rated capacities based on pin or hook no smaller than 5 times the grommet body diameter Horizontal sling angles less than 30° shall not be used | For new slings or slings in new, unused condition

Wire Rope Slings

83



Wire Rope Sling Care, Maintenance, and InspectionContrary to the belief of some users, wire rope slings do not last forever. In addition, once damaged, a wire rope sling cannot be repaired, nor can a longer wire rope sling that has suffered damage be made into a good, undamaged shorter sling. The useful service life of a wire rope sling is highly dependent on the conditions of its storage, handling, use, and maintenance. The amount of care and proper maintenance a sling receives will go a long way in determining its service life.

Wire Rope Sling Storage and HandlingProper storage requires that wire rope slings be kept in areas where they will not be exposed to water, extreme heat, or corrosive fumes, liquids, and sprays. Slings also should be stored where they will not be run over by vehicle traffic or kinked.

Slings should never be left beneath loads or lying around where they may be damaged. All slings, when not in use, should be kept on a rack. Use of a rack minimizes accidental damage and allows easier monitoring of the condition of slings between regular inspections. A rack will also save time by allowing larger slings to be picked up and returned by crane, thereby reducing manhandling.

Wire Rope Sling TemperatureAll wire rope should be protected from temperature extremes. Steel core (IWRC) slings should never be used at temperatures above 400° F or below -40° F. It is not always easy to detect when wire rope has been damaged by heat. The most common visual signs are loss of lubrication and discoloration or fusing of wires.

The best practice to follow is that if there is the slightest suspicion that a sling was subjected to high temperatures, it should be taken out of service immediately.

Wire Rope Sling LubricationLike any machine, wire rope slings are thoroughly lubricated at the time of manufacture. For sling use under ordinary conditions, no additional lubrication is required. However, if a sling is stored outside or in an environment which would cause corrosion, lubrication should be applied during the service life to prevent rusting or corroding.

Several manufacturers offer petroleum based penetrating lubricants for wire rope, and these products can be used to renew the lubrication on wire rope that has suffered a loss of lubrication. Recent years have seen the introduction of biodegradable animal fat and vegetable oil based lubricants for use on ropes that see service in environmentally sensitive locations. Special low temperature, low viscosity lubricants are available for ropes that see service in extreme low temperature conditions, such as cables on ski lifts and aerial mountain tramways.

84W

ire

Rope

Slin

gs



Little Rock, AR • 800 . 749 . 3690

Wire Rope Sling InspectionThe goal of a sling inspection is to evaluate the remaining strength in a previously used sling to determine if it is suitable for continued use.

Specific inspection intervals and procedures are required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and by ASME B30.9 standards. Federal Legislation places the

responsibility for performance of inspections squarely on the sling user.

The same work practices which apply to wire rope also apply to wire rope slings. Therefore, a good working knowledge of wire rope design and construction will be both useful and essential in conducting a wire rope sling inspection.

Wire Rope Slings

85



retired are not disposed of properly. When a sling is determined to be worn out or damaged, it should be immediately tagged ‘Do Not Use.’ The sling should then be destroyed as soon as possible by cutting the eyes and fittings from the rope with a torch. This will ensure that the sling is not mistakenly used.

Because wire rope is a complex machine, no precise rules can be given to determine exactly when a wire rope sling should be replaced. There are many variables, and all must be considered.

The best inspection program is of no value if slings which are worn out and have been

Wire Rope Sling Removal From ServiceASME standards specify that a wire rope sling shall be removed from service if any of the following conditions are present.

Broken Wires Remove from service if strand laid grommets and single-part slings have ten (10) randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five (5) broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.

Remove from service if cable laid slings and grommets have 20 broken wires per lay.

Remove from service if multi-part slings of less than 8-part braid have 20 broken wires per braid.

Remove from service if multi-part slings of 8-part braid or more have 40 broken wires per braid.

Distortion Retire the sling if there is evidence of kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or other damage which distorts the rope structure. The main thing to look for is wires or strands that are pushed out of their original positions in the rope.

Heat Damage Retire the sling if there is any metallic discoloration, fusing of wires, or loss of internal lubricant caused by exposure to heat.

Damaged End Attachments

Remove the sling from service if there are cracked, bent, or broken end fittings.

Bent Hooks Remove from service if throat opening is greater than 5% of normal, as measured at the narrowest point from the plane of the unbent hook. Many hooks include forged marks on the hook body for checking proper throat opening. Remove from service if any part of the hook is bent out of the plane of the hook, as this is evidence of side loading.

Corrosion Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments that has caused pitting or binding of wires should be cause for replacing the sling. Light surface rust does not substantially affect the strength of a sling.

Pulled Eye Splices Any evidence that the eye splices have slipped, the tucked strands have moved, or pressed sleeves show serious damage may be sufficient cause to retire a sling.

Unbalance A common cause of damage to a sling is a kink which results from pulling through a loop while using a sling. This causes wires and strands to be deformed and pushed out of their original position in the rope. The sling thus becomes unbalanced, reducing its strength.

wire rope slings - · pdf filelike wire rope itself, wire rope slings are ... a basic wire...

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