wire entanglements addenda no 1 to engineer field manual

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— OMCLASSIFICfi— =-=u25a0 _ _ .i— ! .

WIRE ENTANGLEMENTSADDENDANO. 1

TO ENGINEER FIELDMANUAL

/VReprint of pamphlet prepared by the General «*

StaffHeadquarters, American Expeditionaryu25a0

Forces, France, February, 1918.

Edited at the

WAR PLANS DIVISION

April,1918

WAR DEPARTMENT.Document No. 792.

20QO O_^ce o/ T^e AdjutantGeneral.00/W

i/MCLASSIFI£I



*\u25a0 .-4

DEPARTMENT,I

s t g t o n , April 29,1918.ire Entanglements," an

s published forthe

mation or an concerned, inis^pampniexex supersedes War Department document No.729, "Instructions onn Wiring."

[082.1 A.G.O.]

E y order ofhe S e c r e t a r y of War,

PEYTON C. MARCH,

MajorGeneral, ActingChief ofStaff.Official:

H .P. McCAIN. The Adjutant General.

rts •-\u25a0 i

11kJ- f~H iti



TABLEOF CONTENTS PAGE

Introduction. 5 Standard patterns .................. 5

General p r in c ip le s .. . 5 Location ....:..

"

5 Design

6 Construction .................... 6 Notes onmateriais and preliminary preparations . ... 7

Barbed wire 7 Pickets . . . 7 Wirecutters ...\u25a0.......' 8 Mauls 8 Ribard wire .. . . .. . .. 8 Methodofmakingribard wire 8 Methodofpreparing spirals ofloose wire . ....... 9 Man loads . ...... . . . ... . ;. . . ... 9

•Time andmen required.

.. ......

..... .\u25a0 . 9

General rules foralld rills ..-. 10 Order of work .. . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pickets. .........../.. 10 Running out wires 11 Fixing wires. 11

Description, of the standard obstacles ......... 11 Ribard wire 12 Low(orknee-high) entanglement 12 Double apron fence : . . . . . . . . 12 Portable wireobstacles 12 The kniferest . . . 13

The ribard wire 13 The gooseberry 13 The hedgehog 13

—rill I.—For 50yards standard double beltribard wire . . 13 DrillII. For50yards standard low(orknee-high)

— ment 15 Drill111. For 50yards standard double apron fence . . . .8

'Continued on nextpage)

3



TABLEOF CONTENTS(Continued)

APPENDIXPAGE

French high wire entanglement ............ 20 D r i l lIV.—For 50yards standard French high wire

—ment . .. . 20Plate I. Enfilade of entanglement; caps in the belt of

wire;sizes ofscrew pickets. 23 Plate ll.—Methodofcoilingrope onface of maul;

work for making spirals; winch for making

— spirals ..... . . .4 Plate 111. Running out coilof wire;fixingwireon eyes of

— screw picket .\u25a0. . . . . . 25 Plate I V . Windlassing; large knife rest; method of

— ingtrench withkniferest ......... 26 Plate V. Barbed wiregooseberries; hedgehog : 27 Plate Vl.—Methodofmaking ribardwire ... .. .. 28

—late Vll.—Standard double beltribard wire . . . . . . . 29

Plate V I I I .—Standard low wire.;......

30 Plate I X .—Standard doubleapron fence ......... 31 Plate X. Standard French high wireentanglement . . .2



WIRE ENTANGLEMENTSADDENDANO. 1TO ENGINEER FIELD MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

1. Theobject of these notes istostandardize- the construction ofobstacles throughout the American Expeditionary Forces and tolimit the patterns taught and used. Such portions of previously-

published works on wire entanglements, as conflict with these notes,willnotbeused bythe troops inFrance.

2. Toinsurethatalltrainingisdirectedtothesame purpose, thesepatterns ofentanglements and the drillsforerecting them willbestandard and willhavethe forceofregulations. Unitsareforbiddento adopt any other types without previous sanction. I f anybettertype ordrillisdiscovered, the fact should be reported. The new

method willhenbethoroughly tested andiffoundmoresatisfactory,

willbe officiallysubstituted for the oldone, and allthe units intraining willbesoinformed.

3. I f the occasions demands it, these standard obstacles may be

modified tosuit such conditions as may arise, due tolack of men,materials, etc., butonly 'by the substitution ofsmooth forbarbedwire,the use ofwooden pickets forscrew pickets, or theomission ofportions of the obstacle, such as one of the aprons of the apron fence.Men trainedaccording tothe standard drillsshouldbeable tostruct the modifiedentanglements withoutspecial practice.

4. Thefollowingare the patterns adopted'(1) Beltsofribardwire.(2) Lowwire entanglement.(3) Double apron fence.(4) French highwire entanglement.(5)

Portable wire obstacles. Troops willbetrained inthe construction ofthe ribardwire, the low wireentanglement, the double apron fence and portable wireobstacles. The French high wireentanglement is included m thisbook fortheuse oftroops serving on theFrench front.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES5. Location. Barbed wireentanglements should belocated in accordance with

the followingprinciples:(a) They must be covered at every point by our own rifleor

machine gun fire, either frontal or enfilade. Special emphasis

must belaidon f l a n q t je m e n t , that principle whichconsists in sositing the entanglement and machine gun positions in reference toeach other that the frontofthe entanglement is swept bythe firefrom the machine guns. It is the most important consideration in

csiting barbed wireentanglements (see Fig. l)..5



(b) They must notbe toofa£ fromthe trench, in order tobe under observation and control at all times, especially atnight.

(c) They must not be toonear ourowntrench, so asoprevent

enemy patrols bombing from outside of entanglement. This, in conjunction with(b)above, fixesitslocation ata distance varyinggenerally from 30to60yards.

(d) They must beconcealed as muchaspossible fromtheenemy'sobservation, .both terrestrial and aerial, especially from his groundartilleryobservation stations. Fulladvantage should be taken ofdepressions jn the ground, tallgrass, woodsand reverse slopes.

(c) Thebjeltofwire should, as faras possible, avoid paralleling thefire trench; and in. addition should be irregular in widthand height.

Thefirstconsideration willprevent theenemy artilleryfromrangingon the trenches todestroy theentanglement; thesecond, fromingdefinitelywhen the wire has been destroyed.

Special precaution must be taken in locating theentanglement toavoidindicating the manner in whichtheground is occupied. Thelocation ofthe ground should be supervised by an engineer officerorother officerdetailed forthatpurpose in order thatitmaybemadetoconform tothe general organization ofthe ground prescribed by*thecommander.

6. Design: The followingprinciples govern the design ofthe entanglements : (a) Withinlimits a broad, thin entanglement is better than a

narrow, thick one; the former being just as effective, and less liable

todestruction byartillery fire,as wellas less visible, especially in aerialphotographs.(6) Twobelts ofentanglements, separated by a space of from

10to50,yards, are better than the same amount ofentanglement inone belt.

(c) The entanglement must be well supported and anchored tothe ground by means ofpickets and posts, so asobe difficulttoflatten out or drag aside.

(d) I tmust have sufficient barbed wire toprevent easytion. Some loose tangled wirein the entanglement is difficult to

clear aside after the wireiscut.(c)

I t shouldbesimple

indesign

in order tobebuiltrapidlyandquietly atnightinclose proximitytotheenemy.(/) The entanglement should be provided withblinded gaps for

passage ofour men. The gap usually leftisabout 12 feetinevery50yards. The actualnumber willdepend largely uponthe tacticalsituation, theactivityofthe sector, howheavily thelineisheld,andwhohas theoffensive. Means toblockthese gaps must be athand(see Pig. 2).

(g) I t should present in its firststages an obstacle, behind whichthe wiring party ca n work under protection and w hich ca n be added"toand improved as desired.

7. Construction:(a) The entanglement is constructed generally by the infantry

under the supervision ofinfantry officers.(6) Thebest men should beselected forthe wiring party proper.(-.) In case the entanglement istobe erected in close proximity

6



tothe enemy, patrolsshould be sent out in front to protect theworkingparty. Mennot workingshould lie on the ground.

(d)Rapidity of

constructiondepends on:

(1) Simplicity of design. . ;

(2) Confidence ofmen in handlingwire.(3) Careful organization ofparties andmaterial.(c) Points toremember in workingout drill:(1) Use as fewmen as possible, scattered, n o tbunched.(2) See t

y Ts^oups workinechelon in same direction, and never

cross pa;*o^(3) As farQ.\ nble,donot workonenemy side ofobstacle.(4) Use a simpiepattern so arranged that no group willhave to

step over wirepreviously laidby another.group.

NOTES ONMATERIALSANDPRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS

8. Barbed wire:—(a) Length. Thelength ofwireona reelvaries from50yards to

100 yards. Reels will,ifpossible, be issued instandard 50-yardlengths. —

(b) Weight. The weight including drumis about 28 pounds for

the 100-yard reel, and 15 pounds forthe 50-yard reel.—(c) Marking End of Wire. The plain wire securing a reel of

barbed wiremust be cut, and a piece of sandbag or white cloth tied

totherunning ends in order thatthere willbenodifficulty in findingit at night; also the pieces of tinon the wooden drums must be brokenoff to prevent noise. AH this must be done before material is takenoutforwork.

9. Pickets:(a) Wooden.

Long. Short.ong. Short.Length 5 ft. 2)4ft.ength 5 ft. 2)4 ft.Diameter ..... .3 to3%, in. 2^to3in.iameter ..... .3 to 3%, in. 2^ to 3 in.

(b) Screw. (See Fig. 3.)b) Screw. (See Fig. 3.)Long. Medium.ong. Short.edium. Short.

Length. 5 ft. 3^ft. 1% ft.ength . 5 ft. 3^ ft. 1% ft.Diameter $4 in. piin. fiin .iameter $4 in . piin. fiin .Weight. ........ ........ Long 9 lbs. Short 6 lbs. Anchorage 3 lbseight. ........ ........ Long 9 lbs. Short 6 lbs. Anchorage 3 lbs

(c) Angle iron(British type).c) Angle iron (British type).Length... '..'..'.' 5 ft.10j^ in.and 3ft.6in.ength... '..'..'.' 5 ft. 10j^ in. and 3 ft. 6 in.W eigh t............eight............ ... 10lbs.and 6lbs... 10 lbs. and 6 lbs.

(d) Forcarrying, all bundles ofscrew and ironpickets should bewrapped round witha sand bag and secured in at least twoplacesby a turn of plain wire with the ends twisted together. Enough end

tothis wire must always beleft so thatitcan beuntwistedby hand

withoutpliers.

(c) Bundles oflongwooden pickets should be tiedtogether in atleast two places withplain wire. Short wooden pickets are best

carried in sand bags, eight ineach bag; twobags are.tied together

and slung over the shoulder.

7



10. Wire cutters:Itveryseldom occurs that there are enough wirecutters togivea

pair to every man in a wiring party (party consists of not more than

25 men). I fstores havebeen properly prepared beforehand, thereisnonecessity formore than twopairstoeach party, whichshouldbe carried foruse inemergency.

11. Mauls:

Should be prepared withcoiled rope fastened onend todeaden sound (Fig.4). Where rope is not available, sandbags should becarried toplace onhead ofpickets."

12. "Ribardwire:(a) Thisentanglement iscopied fromthe French. Itconsists of

a frameworkofheavy steel wirerings spaced 3 feet 4 inches apartand connected bybarbed wire.

(b) Itschief advantages are itslowdegree of visibility;the factthatitcanbe madeup behind the lineand carried outtoitsplace;that itisresilient and therefore hard to destroy withartillery, or

crush bya weightthrownuponit;and thatitis rapidand simple ofconstruction. ..

(c) Aftertwistingthe "Ribard"cylinder (see paragraph 13e) intoa compact coil,bindwithwhitetracing tape in three places. Thecoilsmust not be bound with wireas thisbinding may bedifficulttofind atnight.

(d) A "Ribard" coil isone man load innarrow tre nc he s. A cro ss country one cancarrytwo,oratapinch,three coilsstrungonastickoverhis back.

(<?) Twomen are required tountwistand place a "Ribard" coil.

13. Methodofmaking "Ribard" 'wire {Plate V I):

(a) Make a wooden table 4 feet square, describe a circle 3 feet

4 inches in diameter o n the surface, and drivenails as shown ondiagram (Fig. 15). \u25a0

(b) Withheavy steel smooth wire,3/16 to}/iinches indiameter,

make a circle of two turns around the nails. Bind tightly at severalpoints on the circumference. With lightsmooth wire,about 1/16inch indiameter inscribe twoequilateral triangles in the circle as

shown.in Fig.16, binding tightlyatthe points " S " and "J."(c) Builda woodenframe3 ft. 4in.high, 21ft.8in.long. Make

cutsin theframe, ormakecleats toholdthecircles (Fig.17).(d) Place the circles in the frame, and connect the points of the

triangles by three diagonal barbed wires as, A A', BB', CC' or D ' D " ,

E'E",F'F". Connect the six points ofthe inscribed star by

zontalbarbed wires;a, b,c,d,e,f. Bindthehorizontals andnals toeach circle, and the diagonals where they cross withsmoothwire ligaments (Fig.18).

(c) Take the entanglement out of the frame. One man graspsone end, another the other end;both twiststrongly totheright,

proaching each other.at the same time. The cylinder rollsup toa,

it with thefeet, andmallbundle. Place it ontheground, compress

bind withthree ligaments, preferably whitetracing tape. I tis nowa coilwhichcan betransported tothe front,and there unrolledfor

use. '.

(/) Twomen work ateach table making circles. Three menwork

ateach frame wiringthe cylinder together. .8



1

(g) Average timeper cylinder is twentyminutes. Wirerequired:Barbed, 70yards; heavy.steel wire,50yards; lightsmooth wire,40

yards. Shortlengths, ofsmaller wire.14. Methodofpreparing spirals ofloose wire:(a) The, task ofthrowing loose wireinto an entanglement is a

longand tediousone. Itismade verymucheasier and quicker ifthewire is coiled in a spiral beforehand.

(6) Todo this, drivein two3-foot stakes, 3 feet apart, and twomore atright angles tothem 1 foot 6 inches apart as shown in Fig. 5. Then wind75yardsofbarbed wire around this diamond-shaped framework, gradually working it up the stakes in a spiral.Finally, take the spiral off the stakes, and tieittogether infourplaces withplain wire.

(c) Aspiral thus made can beeasilycarried onhis shoulder by aman in a trench.(d) I f spirals are needed in large quantities, a winch, as shown

in Fig.6,isusefuland saves timeandlabor.15. Man loads (Convenient Approximations)

AverageAverage

Number.Number.otalweight.otal weight.Wooden picketsooden (long)ickets (long) 4 4Wooden picketsooden (short)ickets (short) 16 16Screw picketscrew (long)ickets (long) 44 36 lbs.6 lbs.

Screw pickets (medium).;

Screw pickets (medium) .;

66 36 lbs.6 lbs.Angle ironpickets (long)ngle iron pickets (long) 44 45 lbs.5 lbs.Angle ironpickets (short)ngle iron pickets (short) 66 27.lbs.7. lbs.Barbed wire—loo yard reelarbed wire—loo yard reel 11 28 lbs.8 lbs.——Barbed wire 50 yard reelarbed wire 50 yard reel 22 30 lbs.0 lbs.——Loose wireoose spiralsire spirals 1 1 20 lbs.0 lbs.Kibard wire—ibard coilsire—coils 11 25 lbs.5 lbs.Anchorage pickets..<nchorage pickets..< 88 26lbs.6 lbs.

T I M E AND MENREQUIRED

16. The following table showing timeand men required tostruct the different standard entanglements is based o n theassumption of work under the following conditions, with goodaverage parties, not picked men:

(a) Stores are taken up bya separate carryingparty as faras firetrench only.

(b) The entanglement is erected 40 to50 yards fromfiretrench;stores have, therefore, to be carried out that distance by wiringparty.

(c) Menworkequipped tomeet attacks.

9



Table:

Wiri:Wiri:ngingCarryingCarrying

partparty.:y. party.party. AverageAverageverageAverage

Pattern andattern Lengthand Length time byime by time byim e bydaylight.daylight.ight.night.

N.C.O.N.C.O.en.Men..C.O.N.C.O.en.Men.

50 yards doublebeltofribard0 yards double belt of ribardwire... . .'....\u25a0ire... . .'....\u25a0 11 1010 ll 2121 15 mm. 25-35 m .5-355 m .m.

50 yards low or knee-high50 yards low or knee-high

wire.wire. 1 1 77 ll1717 30 mm.0 mm. 1-lJihrs.1-lJi hrs.u25a0\u25a0

50 yards double apronfence..0 yards double apron fence. . 11 99 1 1 1515 30 mm.0 mm. M -lhr.-lhr.

50 yards French high wire0 yards French high wire -o 3434 ll 2525entan^-ementntan^-ement 15 mm.5 mm. K-Mhr.-Mhr.

Notes:Notes:

Id bed ]be ] thatthat1) The size of the ca:1) The size of the ca:rrying partiesrying shouiarties shoui regulated soegulated sowiringparty willnot beiringparty willnot be delayed by lack of i)elayed by lack of i) aaterisaaterisl. Thel. carryinghe carryingparties given above canarties given above can carry at one trip siarry at one trip si ifficieiifficieit stores for fiftyt stores for fiftyyards ofards entanglement,f entanglement, If more than 50f more than 50 yardsyards are to be conare to be con-structed, say 200 yards, Jtructed, say 200 yards, J four times as many nfour times as many n aen men mlust carry.ust Howarry. How-ever, if the material dvver, if the material dv :mp is close, and thmp is close, and th c rou:rou:nd trip from thed trip from thedump to the work can beump to the work can be ;made ina short timmade ina short tim Le, saye, say t one hour, itmayone hour, itmay

be possible to make two trips, and cut the carrying party in half,.For instance, if the entanglement chosen is the double apron fence,

requiring thirty minutes to each 50 yards, total time for the 200yards, two hours, and the dump is one hour round trip away, the

-necessary material can be carried by 1N. C. O. and f

—~—*) or 30

men. Inother words, the size of. the carrying party willvary withthe length of the entanglement to be builtand with the distance of the-material dump from the work.

(2) For long lengths of entanglement (over 100 yards), a smalladditional carrying party of three or four men is formed' to supply

the wiringparty withmaterial from frontline trench, and also to fillplaces left vacant by casualties.

GENERAL RULES FOR ALLDRILLS

17. Order of work:In the followingdrills,all men have been given a number, and the

tasks should be initiated in the order in which the men are numbered,and should be carried through in echelon, so that the men doingdifferent tasks willnot be in each other's way. .

18. Pickets: —(a) Spacing.

The N. C. O. determines the location of thepickets

in one row by means of pacing; the pickets are located in the otherrows by eye in the—intervals.

(b) Laying out. Pickets should always be carried under the leftarm and placed on the ground with the right hand, and in such a way

10



4

thattheend ofthe screw, orthepointofthepicket,faces theenemy,indicating the spot at which thepicketistobeerected.—

(c) Erection. Screw pickets must bescrewed in so thattheloopsare parallelto the length of the entanglement, and the top looppoints in the direction from which the men are working, i. c., toward

the starting point. (This rule is essential in order to facilitateplacing wires.) —

(d) Anchorpickets. Wooden pickets,used as holdfasts, should bedrivenin roughly at right angles tothestay wire thatis attached

tothem, butscrew anchorage pickets must be putinthe directionofthisstay wireor they willbe drawnin the directionofthestrain.

19. Running out wires:In running out barbed wire, two men worktogether; one man

holds the reelandthe

other stretches the wireand fastensit

tothepickets. The stake on which the reel is carried must be smallenough so that the coilrevolves easily onit,andit must beheld so

thatthe wire runs fromunderneath thereel, andnotfrom the top,for, ifheld the latter way, the wire tends to rise into the man's face(Fig.7). .

20. Fixing wires:(a) Menfixing the wiresmust always workfacing the enemy.(b) To fixwire in top eye ofscrew picket:Pullthe standing end

taut and slipthe wireup intothe eye,turnthe runningendup over

the eye, thus threading the wire in the eye. Then take a turn withthe running

endaround thepicket

below theeye (see Fig.8).

(c) To fixthe wire in lower eye ofscrew pickets when there isalready a wire in thetopeye:

(1) Pullthe standing end taut and slipthe wireup intothe eye

Then take the bighto n the running end, pass itaround the picket

above the eye, then finish off by taking a turn with the bight on therunning end(see Fig. 9).

(2) Ifone eye is on the opposite side of the pickets from the others,

the wire must be forced downintothe eye,and thebight on.theningend passed around thepicket under the eye.

Notes: The above rules (&) and (c) apply whichever way the wire men are

working, from right to left, or left to right, and ifcarried out, the wirewillbe firmlyfixedin the eye, and cannot slip up or down the

picket;also, if one bay is cut, the wire in the bays on either sideremains taut, and does notslipthrough the eyes.

(d) To fixthe wiretowooden pickets, take twoturns around the

picket,thesecond turn bindingthe firstturn. (Staples are notused

as the above methodis quieter and faster.)

(c) To fixone wiretoanother, adjacent toit,a short length ofsmooth wire may be used, or the two wires may be twisted together

by means iofa rack stick, used as shown in Fig.10. Thismethodisknown as "windlassing."

DESCRIPTION OF THE STANDARD OBSTACLES

The additionofloosewireanda tripwirecertainly make theglement moreefficient,and it canbe made as quickly as the French

11



wire itself can be erected. The organization of the wiring party isso arranged that two spare men can do this. I f circumstancestherefore demand that the trip wireand the loose wireshould be

omitted, the organization oftherest of the partyisnot affected.

I.Bjbard Wire.21. Thisisa rapid entanglement consisting oftwo parallelrows

ofpickets, 6 feetbetween rows, withhorizontal wirealong the top

ofeach row. Under each ofthese fences are placed seven ribardcylinders wired together end toend, anchored to theground withironstaples, and windlassed to the horizontal wirealong the top.

It combines highspeed with value as an obstacle andresistance toartilleryfire.

22. The double belt is given as the standard, but itis obvious that

more beltsmaybe laidwhenthought necessary.

11. Low(or.Knee-high) Entanglement.

23. Thisentanglement consists ofthree rowsofmedium pickets,a horizontal wirealong the top ofeach row,one diagonal wireineach ofthe twobays formedbythe three rows, andfinallyloose wire

thrown intothe bays.24. I tis not a very effective entanglenient, but its chief value lies

in the fact that it is no t conspicuous. I tis the slowest entanglementto erect at night, ifscrew pickets are used, as the latter are very hardtofind. This difficultycan be overcome by layingdownaspunyarn

lineor tracing tape.

111. Double A p r o n Fence.

25. Thisentanglement consists offourhorizontal strands on thefence, and three, including the tripwire,o n each apron.

26. Takinginto consideration the followingpoints:(a) Effectiveness.(b) Amount ofpreparation required beforehand.(c) Sizeofthe carryingparty.(d) Rapidity and simplicityoferection.The double apron fence is undoubtedly one of the best patterns

ofentanglement yet evolved,

anditands up against shell fireor

Bangalore torpedoes as well as any other pattern. For veryrapidworkoverlong lengths, the back apron was often omitted at thebeginning of the war,and the entanglement thus modifiedwas foundamply sufficient to holdup the most determined enemy attacks.—The value of the entanglement lies chiefly in the front apron rwhich.shouldnever beomitted. Themen Workbehind the wirethe wholetime, and there is n o stepping over wires previously erected.

• 27.Belts ofdouble apron fences forman excellent frameworkfora wide obstacle; ribard wire, gooseberries, or loose wirecan be

thrown in between the bays forthickening purposes.

IV.Portable Wire Obstacles.(See Plates IV and V.) .

28. These special forms consist of various different shapes offrameworkupon whichis strung barbed wire. They are used:

12



(a) Toblock gaps intheentanglement.(b) To throwout in frontof the trenches as anemergency obstacle.(c)

To blockup narrow streetsin defended villages, and

trenchesleading toward the enemy.(d) To make emergency repairs to entanglements partially

destroyed by the enemy's fire.

29. Theprincipalformsare:(a) Thekniferest.(b) The ribardwire.(c) The gooseberry.(d) The hedge hog.30. Thekniferest: Thisobstacle consists of a frameworkof woodor iron,upon which

isstrung

barbed wire. Theironframeworkiscollapsible

andhence

easier totransport as wellas beingmoredifficult tosee and stronger

than the wooden type. In shape, the frameworkofthekniferest is

of the same appearance as acommon saw-buck. I tisthemost oftenused of the portable obstacles (see Fig. 11 for a diagram of a

wooden kniferest, andFig. 12fora drawing showing one methodofblocking a trench) .

31. The ribarb wire:

This entanglement has been described in paragraphs 21 and 22.Thecylinders aremuch used forclosing gaps, blocking trenches, and-forhasty repair toexisting entanglements.

32. Thegooseberry:

It consists of barbed wire balls connected by spirals of the samematerial. It is used.principally to block trenches. For thispose theballs should bemade with a diameter slightlygreater than

that.of the trench in order that, when jammed intoplace, they will

bemore difficulttoremove (see Fig.13).33. The hedgehog.:This formhas a wooden framework consisting of two crosspieces

nailedtogether atrightangles anda third nailedatrightangles to theplaneofthe other two(see Fig.14). I tisused in the same situationas the gooseberry.

/ D e i i l I.

Drillfor 50 Yards Standard Double BeltRibard Wire. Material: (1) Four bundles containing four long screw pickets each.(2) One bundle containing four anchorage pickets.(3) Fourteen coilsribardwire.(4) Two coilsbarbed wire.(5) Thirty-twostaples.(6) Twenty-four strips No.8plainwire,8inches long.

Wiringparty:

One N.C. 6.and ten men. The N .C. O, carries cuttingpliers;Nos. 1 and 2each carrytwelve wire strips; Nos. 9 and10 eacharry

sixteen staples. Allcarry windlassing sticks. Gloves as desired.Carrying party:

One N .C.O. and twenty-one men.

13



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Detail:(1) The N.C. O.leads out wholepartytothe head ofthe work,

andall

numbers undotheirbundles.(2) The N . G. O.ndicates to No. 1where to lay down first anchor

age pickets of the two belts. He then paces out and indicates toNos. 2, 3, 4,rid 5 where to lay their long pickets, and to No. 1where to lay the anchor pickets at the other end of the belts. Eaohnumber then screws in his own four pickets.

(3) Parties C and D bring out two Ribard coils each on the firsttrip. On the second trip Nos. 6, 7, 8 and 9 each bring out one coil,and No. 10 brings out a coil ofbarbed wire. Allundo their bundlesand make ready for erection.

(4) Each pair, beginning with Nos. 1 and 2, and ending with

Nos.9

and10,

carriesout

andplaces on

the front line ofpickets one

Ribard coil, extending it to its fulllength and dropping over theline of pickets. Nos. 1and 2 start wiring the coils together, end toend, working from left to right, No. 1 on the enemy side, No. 2 onour side. Nos. 3 and 4 and Nos 5 and 6 bring up two more coils andplace them on the front line.

(5) Meanwhile Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10 have placed two coils on thesecond line. ,Then parties 13, C, and D place four more coils on thesecond line. Party D starts stapling down the first belt, placingstaples at each end andn the center ofeach coil. Party B runs thehorizontal wire along the top of the pickets of the first belt. No.runs out the barbed wire coil,No. 4 fixes the

endto

thehead anchor

age picket, and, pulling the wiretaut, fixes itto the top of each longpicket, finally finishing off on the end anchorage picket. No. 5windlasses the coils up to the horizontal wire at points about one footon either side of the pickets and at points about midway betweenthem.

(C) Nos. 7 and 8 place the last coil on the second line. No. 6carries a coil of barbed wire to the head of the second belt and fixesthe end to the head anchorage picket. He is then joined by Nos.7 and 8, and the three run the horizontal wire of the second belt, No.

6 running out the coil, No. 7 fixing the wire,and No. 8 windlassing.

C7) Party A wires together the coils of the second belt, as soon as

it finishes the first, working the same, as before. Party D staplesdown the first belt and then the second.

Notes:(1.) To prepare Ribard coils for erection, two men seize the ends

and, twistingin opposite directions, straighten it out..(2) If wooden or angle iron pickets are used, the N. C. O. and

No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, and No. 4 and No. 5 work together; theN. C. 0., Nos. 2 and 4 holding up the pickets while Nos. 1, 3, ands 'drive them in.

Drill11.

Drill

for50 Yards Length Standard Low (or Knee-high) Wire

Entanglement.Materials:(1) Nine bundles containing six medium pickets each.(2) Two coils (100 yards) and three coils (50 yards) barbed, wire.(3) Four spirals.

15



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16



Detail:(1) TheN.CO.leads out the wholeparty andgets allhis stores

dumped in some convenient spot behind or near the head of the task.Each party is responsible foritsown stores as detailed above; Abeing thelarger party willbeready first.

(2) When ready, the N.C. 0.,followedbyN.os. 1, 2and 3, pacesout and indicates to No. 1where to lay pickets. As soon as No. 1 hasfinished his bundle he screws in .6 pickets. The N.C. O. thenfollowsthesame procedure withNos. 2 and 3.

(3) As soon as the N.C.O.has thus laidout his center lineofpickets, hereturns tothe headofthe task andsupervises the layingofthe outer andinnerlineofpickets byBandCparties.

(4) Assoon as Aparty has finisheditspickets,it returns tothe

head of the work and puts on the diagonal in the outer bay. No. 1runs out the coil, only No. 2 fixes wire on the outer line of pickets,and No.3 fixes the wire on the center lineof pickets.

(5) Assoon as B partyhas finisheditspickets, it returns tothehead ofthe workand puts the horizontal wireon the outerline.ofpickets; No. 4 running out the coil and No. 5 fixing the wire on thepickets.

(6) As soon as C party has finished its pickets, it throws the spiral

wire into the outer bay, two spirals in each 50 yards bay.(7) When B partyhas finished the horizontal wireo n the outer

lineofpicketsitcomes back tothe head ofthe work,and puts the

horizontal wire onthe center lineofpickets. SimilarlyA partyand

Cparty return tothe head ofthe workand repeat the operationsstated inparagraphs 4and6 in the homebay.

(8) FinallyB party puts thehorizontal wireonthe inner line ofpickets. \u25a0

Notes:(1) Thebest men shouldbe in A party andthenextbest shouldbe

in B party. .(2) Three men areputin A party as ithas byfarthe most difficult

task toperform. I f this isnot done it willbe found that the other•parties are continually waiting.

(3) From Paragraph 5it canbeseen thatB party has toworkin

frontofthe diagonal wirelaidby A party; but B party having amuch easier task willovertake them andreach the end ofthe work

first. Itautomatically begins thehorizontal wire onthe center lineof pickets before A party is ready to start on the diagonal wireon theinnerbay.

(4) I f theloose wire isnot made up in spirals, three men shouldbe put in C party, as it is slow work to uncoil the wire and throw.itin loose.

(5) Alllowwireentanglements are slow at night owing tothedifficultyofseeing the pickets. I f circumstances permit oftracing

tape orspun yarnbeing laiddownalong thecenter lineofpickets,

thisdifficulty may beto a great extent overcome, and allparties gettheir direction automatically. I f tracing.tape isused, itcan and

must be taken upafter the entanglement isfinished.(6) No change inthe drillis necessary ifwooden or angle iron

pickets are used.

17



D h i l l 111.

Drillor 50 Yards Standard Double ApronFence.'Materials: .0 )Four bundles containing four (long) pickets each.(2) Fourbundles containing eight anchorage pickets each.(3) Fourteen coils (50 yards) barbed wire or two coils (100 yards)

and ten coils(50 yards).Wiring Party:One N. C.O.andnine men. The N .G. O.arries cutting pliers

and each ofthe party a windlassing stick.' Gloves as desired.Carrying Party:

OneN.C.O. and fifteen men.

Tasks:

Party. Nos. IstTask. 2nd Task. 3rd Task. . 4thTask. sth Task.

N . C.. O.. O. DiredDiredion andion supernd super 'ision.'ision.

AA11:

2233

CarryCarryu t o u t

33undlesbundlespickets.pickets.

ScrewScrewininonglongpickets.pickets.

..FrontFrontdiagonaldiagonal

wire.wire.

BottomBottomwirewire

o n o nence.fence.

RearReardiagonaldiagonal

wire.wire.

BB 4455

CarryCarryu t o u t22bundlesbundlesanchorageanchorage

pickets.pickets.

ScrewScrewininrontfrontanchorageanchorage

pickets.pickets.

FrontFrontriptrip

wire.wire.2nd2ndirewireononence.fence.

TopTop hori-zontalzontalire-wire-ononearrearapron.apron.

CC 6677

CarryCarryutout22undlesbundlesanchorageanchorage

pickets.pickets.

ScrewScrewininearrear

anchorageanchoragepickets.pickets.

2nd2nd hori-zontalzontalirewire

ononrontfront.. apron.apron.

3rd3rdirewireononence.fence.

2nd2nd hori-zontalzontalirewire

ononearrear\u25a0\u25a0 apron.apron.

DD 8899

1 1undlebundlefofidid414oilscoilsddwire.wire..-

CarryCarryutoutpicketspicketsatat

barbeibarbei

TopTop

horizontalhorizontalwirewirenonrontfront

apron.apron.u25a0\u25a0

TopTopirewireononence.fence.

TripTripirewireononearrearaproii.aproii.

Details:Details:(1) The N .C O1) The N .C O i. leadsout thewholi. leads out the wholie party to the head o:e party to the head o:>f the work•

>f the work •

and A, B, and Cnd A, B, and C! parties undo theiparties undo theiir bundles, when re tr bundles, when re t jEkdy.^ ThejEkdy.^ The

N.C.O.paces out.C. O. paces out :andindicates toAand indicates to A. party where to lay i. party where to lay its pickets,ts pickets,commencing withommencing 1ith1No. 1 and finishing io. 1 and finishing iwith No. 3. Havingith No. 3. Having;done this,one this,

the N. CO. retuhe N. C O . retu ms tothe head ofs to the head of the work,picks uphe work, picks up the fourthhe fourthbundle which D pundle which D p iarty has brought oarty has brought o>ut, walks back againut, walks back again 1, and, lays-nd lays-out thisbundle; aut this bundle; a 11numbers ofApai1 numbers of A pairty,as they finish foity , as they finish foiurpickets,.r pickets,.

ast fourst pickets.four pickets.join the N. C. O. aoin the N. C. O. a md screw in these hd screw in these h(2) Meanwhile Band C partieSj getting the direction fromthe

center line of the long pickets, lay out and screw in the whole of theanchorage pickets, No.4being responsible forthe anchorage picketatthehead ofthe work,andNo.7 fortheanchorage picket attheendofthe work. Each number ofbothpartieslaysoutand screws in his own bundle ofpickets.

18



(3) Meanwhile D party brings out the remainder of the storesand dumps themat any convenient spot indicated bythe N . C. 0 .This means thateach manhas todo fourjourneys.

(4) As soon as Aparty has finished itspickets itreturns tothehead of the work and puts on the front diagonal wire. No. 1 runs

outthe coil,No.2 fixes the wire on thepickets,- andNo.3 fixes thewireontheanchorage pickets.

(5) As B,C, and D parties finish theirsecond task (see tasks)they return tothe head ofthe workandput thehorizontal wireon

\ u25a 0the aprons. Nos. 4, 6,and 8respectively runout the coils, whileNos. 5,7,and 9 windlass the wireson the diagonal wire. In doingthisNos.5,- 7, and 9shouldnotstep over the diagonalwire, butwalkround theposts, liftingtheir wireover theposts, and thendownintoposition on the diagonal wire.

(6) Asthey finisheach task the various parties return totheheadof the workand carryon withthe next task inthe order given.

Notes:(1) The best men should be put in A party and the next best in B

party; thenext best in Cparty > and the lastin Dparty.(2) Three men are put in' A party, as ithas by far the most

difficulttask to do.(3) Allmen workbehind thewirethe whole time.(4) Nos. 1and 2 must be careful to put the diagonal wire on fairly

slack; itautomatically gets tightened up when the horizontal wiresare windlassed on.

(5) Alldiagonal wires and apron wiresare begun and finished ontheend anchorage pickets. Thehorizontal strands onthe fence arenot takendown to the endanchorage pickets.

(6) Ifwooden or angle iron pickets are used, Nos. 1 and 1and No.3and the N .C. O. worktogether, No.2 and the N .CO. holdingup the pickets whileNos. 1and 3maulthem in.

19



APPENDIXFRENCH HIGHWIRE ENTANGLEMENT (SEE PLATE X )

1. This entanglement consists of two parallel rows of picketsstaggered. On these rows are strung three fences, twoparalleltothe frontandone zig-zag connecting the tworows. Each fencesists of twohorizontaland twodiagonal wires.

2. Among the advantages of this pattern of wiremay be listed thefollowing: v

(a) Men workin succession and in the same direction from aflank.

(6) Men are not bunched and never have tostep over wireviously strung.

(c) Mennever have to workon the enemy side of the wire.(d) Presents very quickly a complete obstacle which is always

between the wiring party andthe enemy and which may be added toas desired.

3. This pattern is regarded as especially important since trenchesto be occupied bythe American troops have in front of them at the

present time large quantities of this entanglement whichmuststantly berepaired. Ithas generally been employedbythe Frenchin belts 10yards wide. The pattern is one that lends itself veryreadily todeepening the entanglement as far as desired.

D h t l l I V .

Drillfor 50 Yards French High Wire Entanglement.

Materials: (1) Thirteen bundles containing four long screw pickets each.(2) Twenty-one coils ofbarbed wire,50yards each.

(3) Nineanchorage pickets. Wiring Party:

Two N.C.O.'s. and thirty-four men. The N . C. O.'s. carry

cutting pliers. Allnumbers carry windlassing sticks. Gloves as

desired.Carrying Party:

OneN.C. O. and twenty-fivemen.

20



Tasks:

Party.Party.os.Nos. Ist Task.st Task. 2nd Task.-nd Task.- 3rd Task.rd Task.

\u25a0\u25a0N . C.. O.. O. Traces firstraces line.irst line. SupervisionSupervision SupervisionSupervisionoffrontf panel.ront panel. ofrearf panel.ear panel.

Carries outarries on eut on e SupervisionSupervisionSupervisionSupervisionN . C.. O.. O. bundle ofundle picketsof pickets >> _

of_

anchoragef anchorage\u25a0\u25a0traces rearraces line.ear line. ofzig-zagf panel.ig-zag panel. pickets andickets wires.nd wires.

u0084\u0084

AA1212 Sets picketsets pickets Place anchorlace pickets'nchor pickets'33 offrontf panel.ront panel. andanchor wires. .nd anchor wires. .

4 4BB 55 Set pickets ofrearet pickets of rear >anel. >anel.6 6

. II __arryout 12 'arry out 12 ' Screw increw anchorn anchor77 Screw increw picketsn pickets. C.C. bundles' ofundles' pickets.f pickets. pickets aandickets windlassand windlass88 of frontf panel.front panel.

anchor wires.nchor wires.

Screw increw anchorn anchor99 Screw increw picketsn pickets1010

pickets andickets Windlassnd Windlassofrearf panel.ear panel. anchor wires.nchor wires.

1111 String bottomtring bottom horizontalhorizontalirewirerontfront\u25a0\u25a0u25a0\u25a01212 panel.panel.

1313 Stringbottom diagonal wirefrontpanel.tring bottom diagonal wire front panel.14 14E E

15 1516 16 Stringtopdiagonal wirefrontpanel.tring top diagonal wire front panel.

17171818 Stringtop horizontal wire frontpanel.tring top horizontal wire front panel.

1919 String bottomtring bottom horizontal wireorizontal zig-zagwire zig-zag2020 panel.panel.

21212222 Carryp u tarry p u t Stringbottom diagonal wirezig-zagpanel.tring bottom diagonal wire zig-zag panel.

F F twenty-onetwenty-one

2323 coils ofoils wire.f wire.2424 Stringtop diagonal wire zig-zag panel.tring to p diagonal wire zig-zag panel.

I — I — -I-I

25252626 String tophorizontal wire zig-zag panel.tring to p horizontal wire zig-zag panel.

27272828 Stringbottom horizontal wirerearpanel.tring bottom horizontal wire rear panel.

29293030 String bottom diagonal wirerear panel.tring bottom diagonal wire rear panel.

GG31313232 String topdiagonal wirerear panel.tring top diagonal wire rear panel.

3333String top horizontal wirerear panel.tring top horizontal wirerear panel.

Carries outarries nineut nine3434anchor pickets.anchor pickets.

21



Detail:(1) Thesenior N.C. O.leads the wholeparty tothe head ofthe

workandall

numbers undo theirbundles.(2) Thesenior N . C.O. paces the front panelof theentanglement,

and marks points where pickets are tobe placed. Party Afollowshim, fixingpickets lightlyin the ground. Party C screws the picketsin.

(3) The juniorN.C. O.and parties B and D set the rear panelofpickets in the same manner.

(4) OfpartyE, numbers 11and 12 string the bottomhorizontalofthe frontpanel;13 and14the bottomdiagonal;15 and16 the topdiagonal; and 17 and18the tophorizontal.

(5) Party F string the zig-zag panelandparty G therear panelin the

samemanner, corresponding

numbersexecuting corresponding

tasks.(0) Party Aplaces anchorage pickets andanchor wires. Parties

Cand D screw in anchorage pickets and windlassanchor wires.(7) Wires are loosely strung. Each wireis wrapped around the

post and around those wires whichprecede it.(8) I tis tobe noted that when men finishtheir tasks, they get

under cover. When halted temporarily in their work> they liedown.

Notes:(1) If adeeper beltisneeded, a thirdrowofposts maybe added

and s o o n as far as desired, always stringing the zig-zag panel first

andthe rear panelsecond.Time ofconstruction ofthree row entanglement (4 yards depth)

20 minutes; ofsix-rowentanglement (10 yards depth) lj^ hours.

Same detail does allthe work. \u25a0

(2) If wooden or angle iron pickets are used, numbers 7 and 9 holdtheposts whilenumbers 8 and 10maul themin.

(3) When woodenposts areused, caremust betaken tomake twocomplete turns ofthe wire,thesecond turnbinding the first.

(4) Nineanchorage pickets have been set down in the drill,one

toeach endpicket and therest spaced equally between. More or

less can be used as circumstances decree; the extra pickets tobe

carriedbynumbers 33 and34; and placed bythesame numbers, andinthe same manner as the ninenow described.

22



PLATE I

-ig. ENFILADE OF ENTANGLEMENT.

Ji 12* 4 5Q yds. {

— Fig. 2. GAPS INBELT OF WIRE.

l'/i' —\u25a0" '* •

Weight about0lbs.'"'2

Weightabout 6lbs. 'S '—Fig, 3. SCREW PICKET FOR BARBEO WIRE ENTANGLEMENT.



PLATE II

Face ofmaul Sideview ofmaul.

-f/g. 4. COILED ROPE ON M»UL.

{ ' { '"ox"ox

i N.N. ,J lf » f »

,J l•*>•*>

Sv

Sv

'}'}

J l J l /IP// ~ - / WIP// ~ - / Wt = y t = y

J \u25a0=& \u25a0=&PenPenpective viewpective view ——-

FRAMEWORAMEWO IRK FORRK FOR f/|.c. WINCH FOR MAKING SPIRALS./|. c. WINCH FOR MAKING SPIRALS.'iff. 5.'iff.•5. •

ftft

KINS SPIRAL!INS SPIRAL! S.S.



PLATE 111

—Fii7 RIGHT ANO WRONG WAY OF RUNNINGOUT «COILOF BARBEDWIRE.

/ Hunoiog end II yV

a *^lUI]Q(TCDcI.t a

To peye with vnrt forced 2nd Operation.Running .end turned Wire (breaded in eye andupIntoit. over towards the endoftheloop. . a round turn token below

lie eye.

—METHOO Of FASTENING BARBEO WIRE ON PICKET.Fi£. 8, 3,. b, c.

Wireforeed up intoalowereyeofpicket Bightfinished offon therunning end.

«nd thebi^httakenround thepicketabove theeye.

—Fif.s METHOO OfFASTENING BARBED WIRE ON PICKET.



PLATE IV

Tins end upand over.

Tliiscuddown aud under.

~Fig. 10. WINOUSSING WIRE.

-Fig. 11. LARGE KNiFEREST (WOOO).

Koi{e next iafustposition. Knife Rest in secoiid posiUoiw

-Fig. 12. METHOD OF BLOCKING TRENCH WITH KNIFE REST.



PLATE V

—Fig. 13. BARBED WIRE GOOSEBERRIES.

— Fit- -U. HEDGEHOG.



FIATEVI

RIBARD WIRE

Fig.17.

Fig. 18.



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wire entanglements addenda no 1 to engineer field manual

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