wipo grtkf ic 17 inf 8

7/23/2019 Wipo Grtkf Ic 17 Inf 8

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IPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/8

ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

DATE : NOVEMBER 24, 2010

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property andGenetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore

Seventeent SessionGeneva, !ecem"er # to $%, &%$%

NOTE ON THE MEANINGS OF THE TERM “PUBLIC DOMAIN” IN THE

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SYSTEM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE

PROTECTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND TRADITIONAL

CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS/EXPRESSIONS OF FOLKLORE

Document prepared by the Secretariat

INTRODUCTION

1 At its sixt!t" sssi#!$ "%& '(#) M*+ , t# -$ .1$ t" WIPO I!t(0#(!)!t*%

C#))itt #! I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ *!& G!ti2 Rs#3(2s$ T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 *!&

F#%6%#( 7“t" C#))itt”8 &2i&& t"*t t" S2(t*(i*t s"#3%& “4(4*( *!& )*6

**i%*9% '#( t" !xt sssi#! #' t" C#))itt :;< * t2"!i2*% i!'#()*ti#! &#23)!t #!

t" )*!i!0s #' t" t() =439%i2 &#)*i!> i! t" i!t%%2t3*% 4(#4(t+ s+st) 5it" s42i*%

('(!2 t# t" 4(#t2ti#! #' t(*&iti#!*% 6!#5%&0 *!& t(*&iti#!*% 23%t3(*% x4(ssi#!s?”1

T" 4(s!t &#23)!t "*s 9! 4(4*(& 43(s3*!t t# t" *9# &2isi#!?

Background

. T" 439%i2 &#)*i!$ i! i!t%%2t3*% 4(#4(t+ 7IP8 %*5$ is 0!(*%%+ s*i& t# 2#!sist #'

i!t*!0i9% )*t(i*%s t"*t *( !#t s39@2t t# x2%3si IP (i0"ts *!& 5"i2" *($ t"('#($

'(%+ **i%*9% t# 9 3s& #( x4%#it& 9+ *!+ 4(s#!?

, T" 439%i2 &#)*i! is$ "#5($ *! %*sti2$ (s*ti% *!& (%*ti 2#!24t *!& it is !#t

s3s24ti9% t# * 3!i'#() %0*% )*!i!0? Its )*!i!0 *!& ''2t i! IP t"#(+ *( !#t +t

5%% 3!&(st##&? T" t() (*(%+ *44*(s i! %0*% txts *!& it is ! (*(( t"*t s42i'i2

(3%s *( *tt*2"& t# it?

1 D(*'t R4#(t #' t" Sixt!t" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1/ P(#?8



WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/4*0 .

F3(t"($ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is !#t !2ss*(i%+ t" “#44#sit #' 4(#4(t+” #! t" 2#!t(*(+$ it

)i0"t 9 *(03& t"*t i!!#*ti#! 2*4t3(& *s 4(i*t 4(#4(t+ &4!&s 34#! t" xist!2

#' * (i2" 439%i2 &#)*i!?. I! t"is s!s$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is !#t si)4%+ t" (si&3 #' 5"*t

is !#t 4(#t2t& 9+ IP? I!st*&$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is its%' * *%3*9% (s#3(2?, I!&&$

)*i!t*i!i!0 * (i2" *!& (#93st 439%i2 &#)*i! is 2#))#!%+ 43t '#(5*(& *s *! i)4#(t*!t

439%i2 4#%i2+ 0#*%?

N(t"%ss$ (0*(&i!0 t" 4(#t2ti#! #' t(*&iti#!*% 6!#5%&0 7TK8 *!& t(*&iti#!*%

23%t3(*% x4(ssi#!s 7TCEs8$ *!& '(#) t" 4(s42ti #' i!&i0!#3s 4#4%s *!& %#2*%

2#))3!itis$ t" “439%i2 &#)*i!” #4(*ts t# x2%3& TK *!& TCEs '(#) 4(#t2ti#! *!&

2*! 9 3s& t# @3sti'+ t"i( )is*44(#4(i*ti#!? It is *(03& t"*t i!&i0!#3s 23%t3(s t!&

!#t t# )*6 4(#4(t+/!#!4(#4(t+ &isti!2ti#!s$ *!& s# t" (+ 2#!24t #' t" “439%i2

&#)*i!” is *%i! t# t")? TK )*+ s34('i2i*%%+ (s)9% 439%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*%$ *s

s"*(i!0 5it"i! * 2#))3!it+ is 2#))#!? Yt t"( *( #'t! s#2i*% (st(i2ti#!s #! 5"#$ i'

*!+#!$ 2*! 3s 2(t*i! 6!#5%&0$ *!& 3!&( 5"*t 2i(23)st*!2s? S#) 6!#5%&0 is

2#!si&(& s2(t$ s*2(&$ *!& *! i!*%i!*9% 4*(t #' i!&i0!#3s 23%t3(*% "(it*0 '(#)

ti) i)))#(i*% t# ti) 3!!&i!0? P3tti!0 TK *!& TCEs i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 5#3%&

i#%*t t" 2#!'i&!ti*% 2"*(*2t( #' )*!+ i!t*!0i9%$ s*2(& *!& s2(t %)!ts 5"i2"9%#!0 t# t" %ii!0 "(it*0 *!& 5#3%& *22!t3*t t" &t(i#(*ti#! *!& i%%i2it

*44(#4(i*ti#! #' 23%t3(*% *%3s F3(t"($ 5"i% 439%i2 &#)*i! *&#2*ts *224t t"*t

92*3s * (s#3(2 is '( '#( 3s 9+ *%% t" (s#3(2 5i%% 9 x4%#it& s+))t(i2*%%+ 9+

*%%$ *&#2*ts '#( t" 4(#t2ti#! #' TK *!& TCEs )i0"t 9 *%*()& t"*t t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

)#)!t “%*s t" 2#))#! 4(s#! t# t" )(2+ #' *! 3!(03%*t& )*(6t4%*2 :;<?”-

I!&i0!#3s 4#4%s *!& %#2*% 2#))3!itis )i0"t$ t"('#($ *(03 t"*t t" &'i!iti#! #'

t" 439%i2 &#)*i! !&s t# *22#))#&*t * !3)9( #' &i''(!t 5#(%&i5s 5it" (0*(& t#

t" s"*(i!0 #' 6!#5%&0? T"( *($ it is *(03&$ !#t #! 439%i2 &#)*i! 93t * !3)9( #'

&i''(!t$ #(%*44i!0 439%i2 &#)*i!s #( 6!#5%&0s"*(i!0 s4*2s? I! t"is (0*(&$ *

“T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 C#))#!s” "*s 9! 4(#4#s&?

C#!(s%+$ #t"(s *(03 t"*t t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2"*(*2t( #' TK *!& TCEs is *%3*9% *s

it *%%#5s '#( t"i( (0!(*ti#! *!& (it*%i*ti#!? Nit"( ))9(s #' *! i!&i0!#3s

2#))3!it+ !#( #t"(s 5#3%& 9 *9% t# 2(*t #( i!!#*t 9*s& #! t" i!t*!0i9% 23%t3(*%

"(it*0 i' x2%3si 4(i*t 4(#4(t+ (i0"ts 5( t# 9 st*9%is"& #( it? B+

#(4(#t2ti!0 23%t3(*% x4(ssi#!s$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! &i)i!is"s$ %*i!0 '5( 5#(6s t#

93i%& #!? T"('#($ i!&i0!#3s *(tists 5is"i!0 t# &%#4 t"i( *(tisti2 t(*&iti#!s 9+

(i!t(4(ti!0 t(*&iti#!*% )#ti's i! !#!t(*&iti#!*% 5*+s$ *!& 5*!ti!0 t# 2#)4t i! t"

2(*ti *(ts )*(6ts$ )*+ 9 i!"i9it& 9+ t"s (0i)s? T" 2#!s3!2 is t"*t t"s

. CHANDER$ A? *!& M? SUNDER$ “T" R#)*!2 #' t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ . CAL? L? REJ? 1,,1 7.8$ *t 1,,$ 1,

, S *%s# BOETTIGER$ S? *!& C? CHIHAM$ “D'!si P39%is"i!0 *!& t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ i! Intellectual Property

Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices$ 7K(*tti0( A?$ R?T? M*"#!+$ L? N%s!$

?A? T"#)s#!$ A?B? B!!tt$ K? S*t+*!*(*+*!*$ G?D? G(*''$ C? F(!*!&$ *!& S?P? K#5*%s6i 7&s?8$ .-$ MIHR 7Ox'#(&$

U?K?8$ PIPRA 7D*is$ U?S?A?8$ Os5*%&# C(3 F#3!&*ti#! 7Fi#2(3$ Ri# & *!i(#$ B(*i%8 *!& 9i#D%#4)!ts

I!t(!*ti#!*% I!stit3t 7It"*2*$ U?S?A8 JAN CAENEGEM$ W?$ “T" P39%i2 D#)*i! S2i!t* N3%%i3s”$ :..< E?I?P?R?$ ,.

“I)4%)!ti!0 * T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 C#))#!s”$ N*t3(*% 3sti2$ .1$ 4?

S R4#(t #' t" Fi't" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC//18$ 4*(*?

- CHANDER A? *!& M? SUNDER$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ *t 1,1

RAJEN$ M?$ “Rt"i!6i!0 t" P39%i2 D#)*i! A C"*%%!0 '#( K!#5%&0s"*(i!0 S#2itis i! t" I!'#()*ti#! A0”$ W#(6i! P(#0(ss$ J#%? 1-$ N3)9( .$ S3))( .$ 4? ., “I)4%)!ti!0 * T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 C#))#!s”$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&



WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/4*0 ,

%*5s )*+ “'(” t" 23%t3( i! * "ist#(i2 )#)!t$ *!& &!+ t(*&iti#!*% 4#4%s *

2#!t)4#(*(+ #i2?1

- A22#3!ti!0 '#( t"s *(i#3s i5s$ t" C#))itt (2#0!i& *(%+ #! i! its 5#(6 t"*t *!

3!&(st*!&i!0 #' t" (#%$ 2#!t#3(s *!& 9#3!&*(is #' t" “439%i2 &#)*i!” 5*s i!t0(*% t#

*! IP(%*t& *!*%+sis #' t" 4(#t2ti#! #' TK *!& TCEs?11 T" iss3 "*s 9! ('((& t#

9+ s(*% 4*(ti2i4*!ts &3(i!0 t" 2#3(s #' t" C#))itt>s &%i9(*ti#!s$ *!& t"

&2isi#! t*6! 9+ t" C#))itt *t its 1 t" sssi#! t# 2#))issi#! t" 5(iti!0 #' t"is

&#23)!t (isits t"is 6+ 3sti#! i! * '#23s& *!& st(32t3(& )*!!(?

T"s *( 2#)4%x *!& s!siti iss3s$ *!& t"is &#23)!t !t3(s #!%+ t# s2#4 t"

*(i#3s )*!i!0s #' t" t() “439%i2 &#)*i!”$ 0!(*%%+ *!& i! s42i'i2 ('(!2 t# TK

*!& TCEs? T" &#23)!t &#s !#t s6 t# *&*!2 *!+ 4*(ti23%*( i!t(4(t*ti#! #(

*44(#*2"$ *!& it is 5it"#3t 4(@3&i2 t# &is23ssi#!s #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! #t"( WIPO

9#&is?

Structure of this Document

Wit" t"is 9*260(#3!&$ t" A!!x &is23sss t" s39@2t '3(t"( 3!&( t" '#%%#5i!0

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98 S42i'i2 &'i!iti#!s #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! t" *(i#3s 'i%&s #' IP

28 I&!ti'i2*ti#! *!& )*!i!0s #' (%*t& t()s *!& 2#!24ts

&8 Dis23ssi#! #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! #t"( WIPO 9#&is

8 Dis23ssi#! #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! t" C#))itt *!&$

'8 TK *!& TCE !*ti#!*% *!& (0i#!*% %0is%*ti#! ('((i!0 t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?

1 C(t*i! #' t" t()s &is23ss& i! *!#t"( &#23)!t 4(4*(& '#( t"is sssi#!$ !*)%+ t"

“List *!& B(i' T2"!i2*% Ex4%*!*ti#! #' J*(i#3s F#()s i! 5"i2" T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0

M*+ 9 F#3!&” 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/8$ *( *%s# (%*!t t# t" 4(s!t &#23)!t?

!! "he #ommittee is invited to take note

of this document and the Anne$ to it

:A!!x '#%%#5s<

1 S “Ex4(ssi#!s #' F#%6%#(”$ &#23)!t s39)itt& 9+ t" E3(#4*! C#))3!it+ 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/,/11?8? S *%s#

HAIGHT FARLEY$ C? “P(#t2ti!0 F#%6%#( #' I!&i0!#3s P#4%s Is I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ t" A!s5(” , C#!!? L?

R? 1$ 1-$ *!& C#!s#%i&*t& A!*%+sis #' t" L0*% P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% C3%t3(*% Ex4(ssi#!s$ &#23)!tWIPO/GRTKF/IC//,11

S C#!s#%i&*t& A!*%+sis$ #4? 2it? !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 4*(*? 1



WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/ ANNEX

ANNEX

NOTE ON THE MEANINGS OF THE TERM “PUBLIC DOMAIN” IN THE INTELLECTUAL

PROPERTY SYSTEM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROTECTION OF TRADITIONAL

KNOWLEDGE AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS/EXPRESSIONS OF

FOLKLORE

I? DEFINITIONS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN GENERALLY

1? M#st &'i!iti#!s #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! t" IP 2#!txt1. 2%3st( *(#3!& t"( )*i! '#2i

t" %0*% st*t3s #' )*t(i*%$ '(&#)s t# 3s )*t(i*%$ *!& t" *22ssi9i%it+ #' )*t(i*%?

.? F#( x*)4%$ B%*26>s L*5 Di2ti#!*(+ &'i!s t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *s “:t<" 3!i(s #'

i!!ti#!s *!& 2(*ti 5#(6s t"*t *( !#t 4(#t2t& 9+ i!t%%2t3*% 4(#4(t+ (i0"ts *!& *(

t"('#( **i%*9% '#( *!+#! t# 3s 5it"#3t 2"*(0? W"! 2#4+(i0"t$ t(*&)*(6$ 4*t!t$

#( t(*&s2(t (i0"ts *( %#st #( x4i($ t" i!t%%2t3*% 4(#4(t+ t"+ "*& 4(#t2t&

92#)s 4*(t #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!& 2*! 9 *44(#4(i*t& 9+ *!+#! 5it"#3t %i*9i%it+ '#(

i!'(i!0)!t?”1, B%*26>s L*5 Di2ti#!*(+$ S2#!& P#26t E&iti#!$ 4(#i&s t"*t t" 439%i2

&#)*i!$ i! (s42t #' IP$ is “t" (*%) #' 439%i2*ti#!s$ i!!ti#!s$ *!& 4(#2sss t"*t *(

!#t 4(#t2t& 9+ 2#4+(i0"t #( 4*t!t?”1

,? T" t"( '#2i *( *(ti23%*t& 9%#5

A? IPFREE MATERIAL

? T" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2#!sists #' i!'#()*ti#! (s#3(2s '( '(#) IP (i0"ts$1 #( IP'(

(s#3(2s$1 #( “i!'#()*ti#! *(ti'*2ts 3!!23)9(& 9+ IP (i0"ts$”1- i??$ (+ i!t%%2t3*%

4(#&32t t"*t 5*s !( #( !# %#!0( is 3!&( IP 4(#t2ti#!? 1 P3t &i''(!t%+$ it is )*& 34

#' )*t(i*% t"*t 5*s i!%i0i9% '#( 4(#t2ti#! i! t" 'i(st 4%*2$1

?0?$ 7i8 )*t(i*% #'i!s3''i2i!t #(i0i!*%it+ t# 3*%i'+ '#( 2#4+(i0"t 4(#t2ti#! #( *! i!!ti#! t"*t &i& !#t '3%'i%%

t" 2#!&iti#!s #' 4*t!t*9i%it+ #( 5*s !#t 4*t!t*9%$ 7ii8 )*t(i*% “'(&” 9+ i!*%i&*ti#! #(

x4i(+ #' t" (%*!t IP (i0"t$ *!& 7iii8 )*t(i*% t"*t 5*s %i0i9% '#( 4(#t2ti#! 93t$ i! t"

2*s #' i!&3st(i*% 4(#4(t+$ i! (s42t #' 5"i2" 4(#t2ti#! 5*s !#t *44%i& '#(?

1. T" 439%i2 &#)*i! is *! i)4#(t*!t 2#!24t i! #t"( *(*s #' %*5$ s32" *s “Fi(st A)!&)!t (i0"ts #' *22ss$

0#(!)!t s2(2+ *0()!ts$ s4i#!*0 %*5$ %*5s (03%*ti!0 2%*ssi'i& i!'#()*ti#! *!& )3!iti#!s %ists$ *!& t"F(&#) #' I!'#()*ti#! A2t?” S LEE$ E?$ “T" P39%i2s D#)*i! T" E#%3ti#! #' L0*% Rst(*i!ts #! t" G#(!)!tsP#5( t# C#!t(#% P39%i2 A22ss T"(#30" S2(2+ #( I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+$” HASTINGS L?? 1 7.,8$ *t -? T"4(s!t &#23)!t is %i)it& t# t" IP s4"(

1, B%*26s L*5 Di2ti#!*(+$ 1.- 7t" &? .8

1

B%*26s L*5 Di2ti#!*(+$ 7.!&

&? .181

SAMUELSON$ P?$ “M*44i!0 t" Di0it*% P39%i2 D#)*i! T"(*ts *!& O44#(t3!itis$” L*5 C#!t)4? P(#9s? 1-

7.,8

1 SUTHERSANEN$ U?$ A%& and the 'IP( Development Agenda: "ime to )ist the *Public Domain+ $ UNCTADICTSD

P(#@2t #! IPRs *!& S3st*i!*9% D%#4)!t$ P#%i2+ B(i' N3)9( 1$ D2)9( .

1- BOYLE$ ?$ “T" S2#!& E!2%#s3( M#)!t *!& t" C#!st(32ti#! #' t" P39%i2 D#)*i!$” LAW CONTEMP?

PROBS? ,, 7.,8$ *t $ $ *!& BOYLE$ ?$ “F#(5#(& T" O44#sit #' P(#4(t+”, LAW CONTEMP? PROBS?1$ ., 7.,8

1 SUTHERSANEN$ U?$ op cit note -rror: .eference source not found

1 T" 439%i2 &#)*i! )*+ i!2%3& “*9st(*2t s39@2t )*tt($ s32" *s i&*s #( &is2#(is :;<$” i!'#()*ti#!$ 2#!24ts$

4(i!2i4%s$ %*5s #' !*t3($ t2? See SUTHERSANEN$ U?$ op cit note -rror: .eference source not found ? S#)$ "#5($

&# !#t s s32" )*t(i*% *s 9i!0 4*(t #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? See, eg$ ROSE$ M?$ “Ni!T!t"s #' t" L*5 T" E!0%is"C#4+(i0"t D9*ts *!& t" R"t#(i2 #' t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ LAW CONTEMP? PROBS? - 7.,8$ *t see also GORDON$ W?$ “O! O5!i!0 I!'#()*ti#! I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ *!& t" Rstit3ti#!*(+ I)43%s”$ - JA? L? REJ? 1$ 1,71.8



WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/

A!!x$ 4*0 .

? At t"is 4(#!0>s 2#( is *! )4"*sis #! *! IP'( %0*% st*t3s$ #! t" *9s!2 #' IP (i0"ts?

S32" &'i!iti#!s 2*! #!%+ 9 3!&(st##& i! (%*ti#! t# 5"*t is 4(#t2t& 3!&( IP %*5s? I!

t"*t s!s$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is “si)4%+ 5"*t( is %'t #( *'t( *(i#3s tsts #' %0*%

4(#t2ti#! "* 9! *44%i& :;<$ t" =!0*ti> #' 5"*t( )*+ 9 4(#t2t& :;<?”.

? A%t"#30" it )*+ 9 2#))#! t# 2#!2i #' )*t(i*% *s it"( 9i!0 i! *! IP'( 439%i2

&#)*i! #( !23)9(& 9+ IP (i0"ts$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! %it(*t3( (*%s * 2#!ti!33) #'

%0*% st*ts i! 9t5! t"#s !&4#i!ts?.1

B? MATERIAL AJAILABLE FOR USE BY ANYONE AND INELIGIBILITY FOR

PRIJATE OWNERSHIP

-? A 2(iti2*% &isti!2ti#! is )*& 9t5! i!'#()*ti#! (s#3(2s t"*t *( '(%+ 3s*9% *!&

t"#s t# 5"i2" *! #5!( 2*! x(2is x2%3si (i0"ts?..

? P39%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*% is s*i& t# 9 '( #( **i%*9% '#( *!+ ))9( #' t" 439%i2 t#

3s., '#( *!+ 43(4#s 5it"#3t "*i!0 t# #9t*i! t" 2#!s!t #( 4()issi#! #' * (i0"t #5!(

*!& 5it"#3t 2"*(0?

? M#(#($ t" t() is 3s& t# ('( t# i!t%%2t3*% )*t(i*% #( %)!ts i! 5"i2" !# #!

2*! st*9%is" #( )*i!t*i! 4(#4(it*(+ i!t(sts$ i??$ 5"i2" *( i!%i0i9% '#( 4(i*t

#5!(s"i4? M*t(i*% i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is !#t t" 4(i*t 4(#4(t+ #' *!+ i!&ii&3*% it is

i!st*& 2#))#! *!& #4! t# t" 439%i2 '#( 3s 5it"#3t (st(i2ti#!?.

C? AJAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY

1? It is *(03& t"*t “* &#)*i! )3st 9 439%i2 i! t" s!s #' 9i!0 439%i2%+ *22ssi9% t# 9

* 439%i2 &#)*i!?”. T"is 2#!t!ti#! 2*%%s '#( t5# ()*(6s? Fi(st$ !#t *%% t"*t is *22ssi9%

is i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? T"3s t" 439%i2 &#)*i! "*s t# 9 &isti!03is"& '(#) )*t(i*%

5"i2" is si)4%+ 439%i2%+ **i%*9% #( *22ssi9%? It s"#3%& '3(t"( 9 !#t& t"*t*22ssi9i%it+ is * (%*ti 2#!24t t"( *( *(i#3s &0(s #' “*22ssi9i%it+?”. A!&

s2#!&$ 4("*4s i! 2#!t(*&i2ti#! 5it" t" *9# 2#!t!ti#!$ !#t !2ss*(i%+ *%% t"*t is i!

t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is *22ssi9%?

C?1 ACCESSIBLE BUT PROTECTED

11? C#!t(*(+ t# s#) 4(24ti#!s$ )*t(i*% is !#t i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! si)4%+ 92*3s it is

*22ssi9% #( **i%*9% t"(#30" * '( *!& #4! s#3(2? F#( x*)4%$ 4*i!ti!0s "3!0 #!

t" 5*%%s #' 439%i2 )3s3)s )*+ 9 '(%+ *22ssi9% *!& (4(#&32ti#! 9+ )*!s #'

. SAMUELS$ E?$ “T" P39%i2 D#)*i! i! C#4+(i0"t L*5$ 1 ? COPYRIGHT SOC>Y U?S?A? 1,- 71,8$ 3#t& i!

SAMUELSON$ P?$ -nriching Discourse on Public Domain$ D36 L*5 #3(!*% 117.8 1.1

SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 11

.. BENKLER$ Y?$ “F( *s t" Ai( t# C#))#! Us Fi(st A)!&)!t C#!st(*i!ts #! E!2%#s3( #' t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ -

N?Y?U? L? REJ? ,$ 718$ *t ,1.$ *s 3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1.1

., See, eg, C#4+(i0"t *!& F*i( Us$ St*!'#(& U!i(sit+ Li9(*(is$ “W%2#) t# t" P39%i2 D#)*i!$”

"tt4//'*i(3s?st*!'#(&?&3/C#4+(i0"tQ*!&QF*i(QUsQO(i5/2"*4t(/*?"t)% 7“T" 439%i2 #5!s t"s 5#(6s$ !#t *!i!&ii&3*% *3t"#( #( *(tist? A!+#! 2*! 3s :t")< 5it"#3t #9t*i!i!0 4()issi#!$ 93t !# #! 2*! ( #5! :t")<?”8

. REESE$ A?$ T" N5 U!439%is"& P39%i2 D#)*i! . 7A30? .8 73!439%is"& )*!3s2(i4t8$ *t $ *s 3#t& i!

SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1,

. SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1

. SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1,? S#) i!'#()*ti#! )*+ 9 )*i!t*i!& *s *

2%#s%+ 03*(&& s2(t? S2(ts )*+ 9 %i2!s& #( #t"(5is &ist(i93t& t# #! #( )#( 4(s#!s s39@2t t# i)4%i2it #(x4%i2it 2#!'i&!ti*%it+ (st(i2ti#!s? 7See, eg$ POOLEY$ ?$ TRADE SECRET LAW ?:.< 71-88? Li2!ss *(+ i!(st(i2ti!ss (0*(&i!0 5"# )*+ *22ss *!& 3s t" i!'#()*ti#! *!& '#( 5"*t 43(4#ss

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4"#t#0(*4"+ )*+ 9 4()itt&$ 93t it &#s !#t )*! t"*t t" 4*i!ti!0s *( i! t" 439%i2

&#)*i!? Li65is$ 9i!0 *9% t# i5 * (4(#&32ti#! #' * 5#(6$ #($ i! '*2t$ * TCE$ #! t"

I!t(!t &#s !#t )*! t"*t t" 5#(6 #( TCE is i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? .-

C?. UNPROTECTED BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE

1.? T" '*2t t"*t s#)t"i!0 is i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! &#s !#t 03*(*!t *s s32" * '(&#) t#*22ss it? T" %*26 #' IP 4(#t2ti#! 2*!!#t i! its%' i)4#s '( *22ss t# t" 2#4is #'

439%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*%?.

1,? I!&&$ 439%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*% is !#t *%5*+s '( '(#) *!+ 2#st #( !23)9(*!2? F#(

x*)4%$ *22ssi9i%it+ t# s#) 439%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*% )*+ &4!& #! %*5s t"*t 4(#t2t

2%*ssi'i& i!'#()*ti#! *!& #t"( t(*& s2(ts '(#) &is2%#s3(? M#(#($ * 2#!si&(*9%

*)#3!t #' i!'#()*ti#! is 439%i2%+ *22ssi9% 7?0?$ 2#3(t (2#(&s8 i' #! is 5i%%i!0 t# t*6

ti) *!& ''#(t t# &is2#( it$ 93t is$ 4(*0)*ti2*%%+ s4*6i!0$ !#t s# *22ssi9%? .

T2"!i2*% 4(#t2ti#! )*s3(s )*+ '3(t"( (st(i2t 3ss *!& 9 9*26& 34 9+ %0is%*t&

*!ti2i(23)!ti#! (3%s$ t"(9+ *''2ti!0 t" 9#3!&*(is #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?

1? O! !*((#5 &'i!iti#! #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! '*2t 4(#4#ss t"*t it 2#!sists #' “439%i2%+

*22ssi9% i!'#()*ti#!$ t" 3s #' 5"i2" &#s !#t i!'(i!0 *!+ %0*% (i0"t$ #( *!+

#9%i0*ti#! #' 2#!'i&!ti*%it+? :;< It ('(s :;< t# 439%i2 &*t* *!& #''i2i*% i!'#()*ti#!

4(#&32& *!& #%3!t*(i%+ )*& **i%*9% 9+ 0#(!)!ts #( i!t(!*ti#!*% #(0*!i*ti#!s?”,

1 Si)i%*(%+$ s#) &'i!iti#!s #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i!2%3& 3!439%is"& 5#(6s #( 5#(6s t"*t

"* !#t 9! 439%i2%+ &is2%#s&? As #! s2"#%*( 4#i!ts #3t$ it is '*i( t# *s6 5"*t it )*!s

'#( )*t(i*% t# 9 i! * 2#4+(i0"t'( 439%i2 &#)*i! i' it is !#t 439%i2%+ *22ssi9%?,1 It is

2#!t!&& t"*t i' 4#ssss#(s #' )*t(i*% "* 4(s#!*% 4(#4(t+ (i0"ts t"*t i!2%3& t"

(i0"t t# 2#!t(#% *22ss t# *!& 3ss #' t" )*t(i*%$ t" 439%i2 &#s !#t (*%%+ &(i *!+

9!'it '(#) t" xist!2 #' *! 3!439%is"& 439%i2 &#)*i!? P"+si2*% 2#!t(#% #( t"

IP'( )*t(i*% )*+ 2#!+ )#( 4#5( t# 2#!t(#% 3ss t"*! IP %*5s 5#3%& 4(#i&?,.

C?, PUBLIC DOMAIN AND PUBLICLY AJAILABLE TK

1? I! t" 'i%& #' TK$ x4(ts #! 3sti#!s #' *22ss *!& 9!'its"*(i!0 2#!2(!i!0 0!ti2

(s#3(2s *!& *ss#2i*t& TK,, "* (2#0!i& * 2(iti2*% &isti!2ti#! 9t5! TK

.- Di0it*% (2#(&i!0 *!& &#23)!t*ti#! #' 23%t3(*% "(it*0 )*+ 2#!t(i93t t# t"i( *s+ *22ss '#( i!*44(#4(i*t 3s *!&

x4%#it*ti#! 9+ t"i(& 4*(tis$ *s t" 2#!t!t )*+ 9 2#!si&(& 4*(t #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 5"! &is4%*+&

. WIPO S2#4i!0 St3&+ #! C#4+(i0"t *!& R%*t& Ri0"ts *!& t" P39%i2 D#)*i!$ S(i! D3s#%%i($ .1$ 4?-

. SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$$ 1

, /0-S#( .ecommendation concerning the Promotion and /se of Multilingualism and /niversal Access to #yberspace

,1 See REESE$ A?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ *t

,. Ibid$ *t ..

,, T" x4(ts *t t" Meeting of the 1roup of "echnical and )egal -$perts on "raditional &no2ledge Associated 2ith

1enetic .esources in the #onte$t of the International .egime on Access and Benefit3Sharing &isti!03is"& t" t()s“439%i2 &#)*i!” *!& “439%i2*%%+ **i%*9%” 5it" s42i*% ('(!2 t# TK *ss#2i*t& 5it" GR




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*ss#2i*t& 5it" 0!ti2 (s#3(2s 9i!0 i! t" “439%i2 &#)*i!” *!& t"*t 9i!0 “439%i2%+

**i%*9%”? A! x4(t (4#(t st*ts t"*t

– T" t() 439%i2 &#)*i!$ 5"i2" is 3s& t# i!&i2*t '( **i%*9i%it+$

"*s 9! t*6! #3t #' 2#!txt *!& *44%i& t# TK *ss#2i*t& 5it" 0!ti2 (s#3(2s

t"*t is 439%i2%+ **i%*9%? T" 2#))#! 3!&(st*!&i!0 #' 439%i2%+ **i%*9% &#s !#t

)*! **i%*9% '#( '(? T" 2#))#! 3!&(st*!&i!0 #' 439%i2 **i%*9i%it+ 2#3%&

)*! t"*t t"( is * 2#!&iti#! t# i)4#s )3t3*%%+ *0(& t()s s32" *s 4*+i!0 '#(

*22ss? TK "*s #'t! 9! &)& t# 9 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!& "!2 '(%+

**i%*9% #!2 it "*s 9! *22ss& *!& ()#& '(#) its 4*(ti23%*( 23%t3(*%

2#!txt *!& &iss)i!*t&? B3t it 2*!!#t 9 *ss3)& t"*t TK *ss#2i*t& 5it"

0!ti2 (s#3(2s t"*t "*s 9! )*& **i%*9% 439%i2%+ &#s !#t 9%#!0 t#

*!+#!? Wit"i! t" 2#!24t #' 439%i2 **i%*9i%it+$ 4(i#( i!'#()& 2#!s!t '(#) *

TK "#%&( t"*t is i&!ti'i*9%$ 2#3%& sti%% 9 (3i(&$ *s 5%% *s 4(#isi#!s #'

9!'its"*(i!0 )*& *44%i2*9%$ i!2%3&i!0 5"! * 2"*!0 i! 3s is &is2(!i9%

'(#) *!+ *(%i( 4(i#( i!'#()& 2#!s!t 4(#i&&? W"! * "#%&( is !#t i&!ti'i*9%$

9!'i2i*(is 2#3%& sti%% 9 &2i&& '#( x*)4% 9+ t" St*t?,

1-? TK )i0"t 9 5i&%+ *22ssi9% t# t" 439%i2 *!& )i0"t 9 *22ss& t"(#30" 4"+si2*%

&#23)!t*ti#!$ t" I!t(!t *!& #t"( 6i!&s #' t%2#))3!i2*ti#! #( (2#(&i!0s? TK

)i0"t 9 &is2%#s& t# t"i(& 4*(tis #( t# !#!))9(s #' t" i!&i0!#3s *!& %#2*%

2#))3!itis '(#) 5"i2" TK #(i0i!*ts$ 5it" #( 5it"#3t t" *3t"#(i*ti#! #' t" i!&i0!#3s

#( %#2*% 2#))3!itis 7s '3(t"( “List *!& B(i' T2"!i2*% Ex4%*!*ti#! #' J*(i#3s F#()s

i! 5"i2" T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 )*+ 9 F#3!&”$ &#23)!t WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/8?

II? SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE JARIOUS FIELDS OF

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

1? As B%*26>s *'#()!ti#!& &'i!iti#! i!&i2*ts$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2#!24t 4(t*i!s t#

4*t!ts$ 2#4+(i0"t$ t(*&)*(6s *!& t(*& s2(ts?

A? PUBLIC DOMAIN AND COPYRIGHT LAW

1? T" xist!2 #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is * '#3!&*ti#!*% 4(i!2i4% #' t" 2#4+(i0"t s+st)?,

A?1 BASIC DEFINITION

.? T" B(! C#!!ti#! '#( t" P(#t2ti#! #' Lit(*(+ *!& A(tisti2 W#(6s$ 1-1 *44%is t# *%%

5#(6s 5"i2"$ *t t" )#)!t #' t" C#!!ti#!>s 2#)i!0 i!t# '#(2$ “"* !#t +t '*%%!

i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! t" 2#3!t(+ #' #(i0i! t"(#30" t" x4i(+ #' t" t() #'

4(#t2ti#!?”,

.1? U!&( t" C#!!ti#!$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is “t" s2#4 #' t"#s 5#(6s *!& #9@2ts #'

(%*t& (i0"ts t"*t 2*! 9 3s& *!& x4%#it& 9+ (+#! 5it"#3t *3t"#(i*ti#!$ *!&

5it"#3t t" #9%i0*ti#! t# 4*+ ()3!(*ti#! t# t" #5!(s #' 2#4+(i0"t *!& (%*t& (i0"ts

2#!2(!& *s * (3% 92*3s #' t" x4i(+ #' t"i( t() #' 4(#t2ti#!$ #( &3 t# t"

*9s!2 #' *! i!t(!*ti#!*% t(*t+ !s3(i!0 4(#t2ti#! '#( t") i! t" 0i! 2#3!t(+ ”,-

, S UNEP/CBD/WGABS//.$ R4#(t #' t" Mti!0 #' t" G(#34 #' T2"!i2*% *!& L0*% Ex4(ts #! T(*&iti#!*%

K!#5%&0 Ass#2i*t& 5it" G!ti2 Rs#3(2s i! t" C#!txt #' t" I!t(!*ti#!*% R0i) #! A22ss *!& B!'itS"*(i!0

, LITMAN$ ?$ “T" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ , E)#(+ L?? 718

, Berne #onvention for the Protection of )iterary and Artistic 'orks$ *(ti2% 1718

,- 1uide to the #opyright and .elated .ights "reaties by 'IP( and 1lossary of #opyright and .elated .ights "erms




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..? S32" * &'i!iti#! is 4(i)*(i%+ !0*ti$ *s its s2#4 is t" #44#sit #' t" s2#4 #'

2#4+(i0"t 4(#t2ti#!?, T" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2#)4(iss i!t%%2t3*% )*t(i*% 5"i2"$ it"(

92*3s it &#s !#t )t t" 2#4+(i0"t %i0i9i%it+ 2(it(i* #( 92*3s t" 2#4+(i0"t t()

"*s x4i(&$ *)#!0 #t"( (*s#!s$ is !#t 4(#t2t& 9+ 2#4+(i0"t? S#)ti)s$ t"

&'i!iti#! is st(i2t($ '#23si!0 #!%+ #! 5#(6s 5"#s 2#4+(i0"t "*s !&&? , T" 439%i2

&#)*i! )*+ *%s# i!2%3& )*t(i*%s 5"i2" 5( 2(*t& 9'#( *!+ 2#4+(i0"t %*5 xist&

75"i2" )i0"t i!2%3& TCEs8 *!& 4#(ti#!s #( *s42ts #' #t"(5is 2#4+(i0"t& 5#(6s t"*t

2#4+(i0"t &#s !#t 4(#t2t? It s"#3%& 9 !#t& t"*t *s 2#4+(i0"t 4(#t2ti#! is t((it#(i*%$ *

5#(6 )*+ 9 4(#t2t& i! #! 2#3!t(+ 93t 9 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! *!#t"(? F3(t"($

5"i% t" 2#!#)i2 (i0"ts #' 2#4+(i0"t x4i($ )#(*% (i0"ts )*+ s39sist i! 4(4t3it+?

A?. “USES” IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

.,? S#) &'i!iti#!s #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! '#23s #! '(&#)s t# 3s )*t(i*% ! 5"!

5#(6s )9#&+i!0 t"is )*t(i*% *( 4(#t2t& 9+ IP (i0"ts?1 T"*t is$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

i!2%3&s !#t #!%+ 3!4(#t2t& s39@2t )*tt( 93t *%s# 3!4(#t2t& 3ss #' 2#4+(i0"t&

5#(6s$ i!2%3&i!0 2#4+(i0"t x24ti#!s #( '*i( 3s?. T" 439%i2 &#)*i! )*+ t"3s 9 s*i&

t# i!2%3& “3!(03%*t&$ i)4%i2it%+ %i2!s&$ 3!*)9i03#3s%+ '*i($ *!& #t"(5is 4(ii%0&3ss #' IP4(#t2t& i!'#()*ti#! (s#3(2s$”, +t 2#!tst& 3ss t"*t )i0"t 3%ti)*t%+ 9

&)& '*i( #( #t"(5is 4(ii%0& *'t( 4(#t(*2t& %iti0*ti#! *( x2%3&&?

.? A%s# i!2%3&& )i0"t 9 3ss #' 5#(6s sti%% 4(#t2t& 9+ 2#4+(i0"t$ 93t %0iti)i& t"(#30"

t" #4(*ti#! #' * %i2!s? H!2$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! )*+ i!2%3& )*t(i*% t"*t$

*%t"#30" 4(#t2t& 9+ 2#4+(i0"t %*5$ is 4(ii%0& #( i)4%i2it%+ %i2!s& '#( 2#))#! 3ss?

M*t(i*% )*& 5i&%+ **i%*9% 3!&( C(*ti C#))#!s 7CC8 *!& si)i%*( %i2!ss )*+$

s39@2t t# "#5 t" %i2!ss *( st(32t3(&$ 9 2#!si&(& i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? -

.? F3(t"()#($ t" 2#!24t #' 439%i2 &#)*i! 6!#5s s#) 3*si3i*%!t *(i*!ts$ s32"

*s “#4! *22ss” #( “#4! s#3(2$” “i!'#()*ti#! 2#))#!s”$ “i!t*!0i9% 2#))#!s #' t"

)i!&” #( “6!#5%&0 2#))#!s?” S32" &isti!2t +t *!*%#0#3s 2#!24ts *( #'t! 3s& i!2#!!2ti#! 5it" t" 4(s42ti t"*t i!!#*ti#! *!& 2(*tiit+ 2*! #!%+ 9 '#st(& i! t"

4(s!2 #' *! #4!$ 2#))#!s9*s& 4##% #' i&*s *!& 6!#5%&0$ i??$ * “(#93st 439%i2

&#)*i!?”

, WIPO S2#4i!0 St3&+ #! C#4+(i0"t *!& R%*t& Ri0"ts *!& t" P39%i2 D#)*i!$ S(i! D3s#%%i($ .1$ 4?

, Ibid

COHEN$ ?$ et al$ #opyright in a 1lobal Information -conomy $ As4! L*5 *!& B3si!ss$ ..

1 SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1

. WIPO S2#4i!0 St3&+$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 4?$ 11

, BENKLER$ Y?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ ,1.? See also$ MERGES$ R?$ “A N5 D+!*)is) i!

t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ -1 U? CHI? L? REJ? 1,$ 1 7.8$ *s 3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1.1

SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1

WIPO S2#4i!0 St3&+$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 4?$ 11? S *%s# NIMMER$ D? t *%?$ “T"

Mt*)#(4"#sis #' C#!t(*2t I!t# Ex4*!&”$ - CAL? L? REJ? 1-$ ., 718$ *s 3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#tE((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 11

SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1.1

- SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!& 1., *!& 1.? C(*ti C#))#!s$ C"##si!0 *

Li2!s$ "tt4//2(*ti2#))#!s?#(0/*9#3t/%i2!ss/ 7%*st isit& 3%+ 1$ .18 SUTHERSANEN$ U?$ op cit note -rror: .eference source not found ? F#( * &is23ssi#! #! #4!s#3(2 s#'t5*($ s

SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 1.,

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.? L*st%+$ #(4"*! 5#(6s *!& #3t#'4(i!t 5#(6s *%s# #2234+ * 0(*+ *(* 5"i2" )*+ 9 s*i& t#

9 4*(t #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?

A?, PLEAS FOR A BROAD PUBLIC DOMAIN

.-? It is #'t! 2#!t!&& t"*t 2(*tiit+ &4!&s #! t" *9i%it+ t# *22ss *!& &(*5 34#! *

2#(43s #' xisti!0 439%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*%? I!&&$ it "*s 9! 2%*i)& t"*t *3t"#(s &#!#t 2#!@3( 34 !5 5#(6s '(#) !#t"i!0 *!& t"*t *%)#st (+ 23%t3(*% 2(*ti#! "*s

*!t2&!ts 4(xisti!0 2(*ti#!s i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?1 A22#(&i!0%+$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

*2ts *s t" “%*5s> 4(i)*(+ s*'03*(& #' t" (*5 )*t(i*% t"*t )*6s *3t"#(s"i4 4#ssi9%

:???< 7it8 s"#3%& 9 3!&(st##& !#t *s t" (*%) #' )*t(i*% t"*t is 3!&s(i!0 #'

4(#t2ti#!$ 93t *s * &i2 t"*t 4()its t" (st #' t" s+st) t# 5#(6 9+ %*i!0 t" (*5

)*t(i*% #' *3t"#(s"i4 **i%*9% '#( *3t"#(s t# 3s?” . Li65is$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! "*s *

“2!t(*% i)4#(t*!2 i! 4(#)#ti!0 t" !t(4(is #' *3t"#(s"i4?”,

.? I! t"*t s!s$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is !#t * 4%*2 s4*(*t *!& *4*(t '(#) t" (*%) #'

IP4(#t2t& 2#!t!t$ #( “5"*t is %'t *'t( t" 2#!t#3(s #' 2#4+(i0"t "* 9! &(*5!$

93t :;< * (4#sit#(+ #' (s#3(2s #' its #5!?”

It “'#st(:s< t" &%#4)!t #' *(tisti223%t3($” 9i!0 4*(t #' t" “23%t3(*% %*!&s2*4?”

.? I! * !3ts"%%$ 4%*s '#( * i9(*!t 439%i2 &#)*i! )4"*si its 4#siti '3!2ti#!s '#( s#2it+

*s * 93i%&i!0 9%#26 '#( t" 2(*ti#! #' !5 6!#5%&0$ *s *! !*9%( #' 2#)4titi

i)it*ti#!$- '#%%#5#! 2(*ti#!$ '( #( %#5 2#st *22ss t# i!'#()*ti#!$ 439%i2 *22ss t#

23%t3(*% "(it*0$ t2? I! t"is 4(s42ti$ t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2#3%& 4(#i& “* '(ti%

'#3!&*ti#! #! 5"i2" 2(*t#(s 2*! 93i%& !5 5#(6s$ *s 5%% *s * (i2" s#3(2 #' 2#!t!t '#(

&32*ti#!?”1

B? PUBLIC DOMAIN AND PATENT LAW

B?1 BASIC DEFINITION

WIPO S2#4i!0 St3&+$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 4?$ 11

LITMAN$ ? op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ *t

1 S DUTFIELD$ G? *!& U? SUTHERSANEN Innovation and development, in INNOJATION WITHOUT PATENTS

HARNESSING THE CREATIJE SPIRIT IN A DIJERSE WORLD$ 7S3t"(s*!! U$ D3t'i%& G$ B#+ C"#5 K? &s?8$

E&5*(& E%0*($ .-.

LITMAN$ ?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ *t -$ ,

Ibid

COHEN$ ?$ #opyright, #ommodification and #ulture: )ocating the Public Domain$ in THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF

INFORMATION 7P? H30!"#%t L? G3i9*3%t &s?$ .8$ *s 3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2

s#3(2 !#t '#3!&?

WIPO S2#4i!0 St3&+$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 4?

COHEN$ ?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&-

See, eg$ OCHOA$ T?$ “O(i0i!s *!& M*!i!0s #' t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ . U? DAYTON L? REJ? .1 7..8$ *t .1$ *s

3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&

See, eg$ LITMAN$ ?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ *t See, eg$ JAN HOUWELING$ M?$ “Dist(i93ti J*%3s i! C#4+(i0"t L*5”$ , TEX? L? REJ? 1,$ 1- 7.8$ *s

3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&

See, eg$ OCHOA$ T?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ *t .1 7“W t*6 it '#( 0(*!t& t"*t t" 4%*+s #'

S"*6s4*( *!& t" s+)4"#!is #' Bt"#! *( i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!& )*+ 9 '(%+ 2#4i&$ *&*4t&$ *!&

4('#()& 9+ *!+#!?”81 #i!t St*t)!t 9+ IFLA$ EIFL *!& EBLIDA t# t" P(#isi#!*% C#))itt #! P(#4#s*%s R%*t& t# * WIPO

D%#4)!t A0!&*$ S2#!& Sssi#!$ G!*$ ., 3! .$ *t "tt4//555?i'%*?#(0/III/2%)/41/A.K-?"t)

http://www.ifla.org/III/clm/p1/A2K-7.htm






A!!x$ 4*0 -

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i!!ti#! 2*! 9 2*((i& #3t 9+ * 4(s#! s6i%%& i! t" *(t?

,.? F#( *2" 4*t!t$ *44%i2*!ts *( (3i(& t# 4(#i& t2"!i2*% &t*i%s #' t" i!!ti#!$

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i!t# !5 i!!ti#!s$ *s %#!0 *s it &#s !#t i!'(i!0 t" 0(*!t& 4*t!t? G(*!t& 4*t!ts

)*+ *%s# !2#3(*0 #t"(s t# i!!t *(#3!& t" 4*t!t? F#( x*)4%$ #t"(s 2*! 3s t"

&is2%#s& i!'#()*ti#! t# &%#4 !5 t2"!#%#0is t"*t '*%% #3tsi& t" x2%3si (i0"ts #'t" iss3& 4*t!t?, T" 2#!24t “4(i#( *(t” is &is23ss& '3(t"( 9%#5?

B?. THE WAYS INJENTIONS GET INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

,,? G!(*%%+$ i!!ti#!s 0t i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 92*3s #'

*8 *9s!2 #' %0*% (st(i2ti#!s #! 3s * 5#(6 )*+ 9 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i' t"( is

!# %0is%*ti#! st*9%is"i!0 4(#4(it*(+ (i0"ts #( t" 5#(6 #( i' t" 5#(6 is i!%i0i9%

'#( 4(#t2ti#! *!& s42i'i2*%%+ x2%3&& '(#) 4(#t2ti#! 3!&( xisti!0 %*5s

98 x4i(*ti#! #' 4*t!t 4(#t2ti#! 4*t!t 4(#t2ti#! is %i)it& i! ti)? I! )#st

2#3!t(is$ t" t() '#( 4*t!ts is . +*(s 2#3!t& '(#) t" 'i%i!0 &*t$ *'t( 5"i2"t" i!!ti#! is !# %#!0( 3!&( 4*t!t 4(#t2ti#!

28 !#! (!5*% t# )*i!t*i! * 0(*!t& 4*t!t i! '#(2$ i! 0!(*%$ !*ti#!*% %*5s

(3st )*i!t!*!2 #( (!5*% 's t# 9 4*i& 9+ t" 4*t!t "#%&( t# t" 4*t!t

#''i2? F*i%3( t# 4*+ )*i!t!*!2 's t# t" 4*t!t #''i2 (s3%ts i! t" '#('it3(

#' t" 4*t!t 2#!2(!& *!&

&8 (#2*ti#! #( i!*%i&*ti#! i! 0!(*%$ 4*t!t %*5s 4(#i& 2(t*i! 4(#2&3(s '#(

t" (#2*ti#! #( i!*%i&*ti#! #' * 4*t!t &3(i!0 its %i'ti)$ 5"( * 4*t!t "*s

'*i%& t# )t t" st*t3t#(+ (3i()!ts '#( 4*t!t*9i%it+?-

B?, TERRITORIALITY

,? P*t!t 4(#t2ti#! is t((it#(i*%? I! )*!+ 2*ss$ *!& 43t si)4%+ '#( 4(s!t 43(4#ss$

i!!ti#!s )*+ 9 4(#t2t& i! #! 2#3!t(+ 93t )*+ 9 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! #t"(

. See Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 11

, See R4#(t #' t" I!t(!*ti#!*% P*t!t S+st) 7SCP/1./,8$ 4*(*? ,-,

See Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 11

See Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 11

S Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 11-

- T"( is * &i(2t (%*ti#!s"i4 9t5! t" 3*%it+ #' 4*t!ts 0(*!t& *!& t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? I! (2!t +*(s$ s#)

4*t!t #''i2s "* 9! 2(iti2i& '#( iss3i!0 4*t!ts t"*t *( #(9(#*& 2#)4*(& t# t" *2t3*% i!!#*ti#! &is2%#s& i!t" 4*t!t *44%i2*ti#!? O! t" #t"( "*!&$ *! #(%+ st(i2t *44%i2*ti#! #' t" 4*t!t*9i%it+ (3i()!ts )*+ %*& t# *

4#t!ti*% x4*!si#! #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? S Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 11




A!!x$ 4*0

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2#3!t(is #( 92*3s t" %0is%*ti#! i! 4%*2 &#s !#t *%%#5 t" 0(*!t #' 4*t!ts '#( t"*t

6i!& #' i!!ti#!s?

,? Si!2 t" 4*t!t (i0"t is * t((it#(i*% (i0"t$ i! 4(i!2i4%$ * 4*t!t *44%i2*ti#! "*s t# 9 'i%&

i! *2" 2#3!t(+ i! 5"i2" 4*t!t 4(#t2ti#! is s#30"t? A 5#(6 )*+ 9 i! t" 439%i2

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,? A! i!!ti#! 5#(6 )*+ 9 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i' t"( is !# %0is%*ti#! st*9%is"i!0

4(#4(it*(+ (i0"ts #( t" i!!ti#! #( i' t" i!!ti#! is i!%i0i9% '#( 4(#t2ti#! *!&

s42i'i2*%%+ x2%3&& '(#) 4(#t2ti#! 3!&( xisti!0 %*5s? T" &i''(!2s i! %0is%*ti#!s

*)#!0 2#3!t(is s300st t"*t * 2(t*i! i!!ti#! )*+ 9 2#!si&(& i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

i! #! @3(is&i2ti#! 93t !#t i! *!#t"(?

B? EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

,-? As i!&i2*t& (0*(&i!0 2#4+(i0"t %*5$ it 2#3%& 9 2#!si&(& t"*t t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

i!2%3&s !#t #!%+ 3!4(#t2t& s39@2t )*tt( 93t *%s# 3!4(#t2t& 3ss #' 4*t!t&

i!!ti#!s?

,? I! i5 #' t" 4#%i2+ #9@2tis #' t" 4*t!t s+st)$ t" s2#4 #' t" x2%3si 4*t!t

(i0"t is 2*('3%%+ i!t!&& 3!&( !*ti#!*% 4*t!t %*5s t# st(i6 * 9*%*!2 9t5! t"

%0iti)*t i!t(sts #' t" (i0"t "#%&(s *!& t"#s #' t"i(& 4*(tis? - A !3)9( #' 2#3!t(is

4(#i& i! t"i( !*ti#!*% %0is%*ti#!s '#( 2(t*i! x24ti#!s *!& %i)it*ti#!s t# t" x2%3si

(i0"ts$ i!2%3&i!0$ 93t !#t %i)it& t#

*8 *2ts &#! '#( 4(i*t *!& !#!2#))(2i*% 3s

98 3ss #' 4*t!t& *(ti2%s #! *i(2(*'t$ %*!& "i2%s #( ss%s #' #t"( 2#3!t(is

5"i2" t)4#(*(i%+ #( *22i&!t*%%+ !t( t" *i(s4*2$ t((it#(+ #( 5*t(s #' t"

(s42ti 2#3!t(+

28 *2ts &#! #!%+ '#( x4(i)!t*% 43(4#ss #( (s*(2" 43(4#ss

&8 *2ts 4('#()& 9+ *!+ 4(s#! 5"#$ i! 0##& '*it"$ 9'#( t" 'i%i!0 &*t 74(i#(it+

&*t8 #' t" *44%i2*ti#! #! 5"i2" t" 4*t!t is 0(*!t&$ 5*s 3si!0 t" i!!ti#! #(

5*s )*6i!0 ''2ti *!& s(i#3s 4(4*(*ti#! '#( s32" 3s i! t" (s42ti

2#3!t(+ 74(i#( 3s(>s x24ti#!8

8 *2ts s#%%+ '#( 3ss (*s#!*9%+ (%*t& t# t" &%#4)!t *!& s39)issi#! #'

i!'#()*ti#! (3i(& '#( #9t*i!i!0 * (03%*t#(+ *44(#*% *!&

'8 4(4*(*ti#! #' &(30s i! *22#(&*!2 5it" * )&i2*% 4(s2(i4ti#!?-1

C? PUBLIC DOMAIN AND TRADEMARK LAW

,? T" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2*! 9 i5& '(#) t5# *!0%s 5"! x*)i!i!0 its )*!i!0 3!&(

t(*&)*(6 %*5?

C?1 “FISHING OUT” OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

S Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 1-

S Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#! 7SCP/1,/8$ 4*(*? 11- S R4#(t #' t" I!t(!*ti#!*% P*t!t S+st) 7SCP/1./,8$ 4*(*? .,

-1 S R4#(t #' t" I!t(!*ti#!*% P*t!t S+st) 7SCP/1./,8$ 4*(*? .,-




A!!x$ 4*0

? Ex2%3si (i0"ts )*+ 9 *23i(& i! !*)s *!& s+)9#%s t"*t 5( i!iti*%%+ 2#!si&(& *s

439%i2 &#)*i! )*t(i*%?-. I!&&$ “&s2(i4ti !*)s$ '#( x*)4%$ )*+$ *'t( s#) +*(s

#' 3s$ 2#) t# si0!i'+ t" #(i0i!s #' 0##&s #( 4(#&32ts$ t"(9+ *23i(i!0 s2#!&*(+

)*!i!0 t"*t !*9%s t") t# s( *s t(*&)*(6s?” -, International Business Machines

4IBM5 is *! x*)4% #' * (0ist(& )*(6 t"*t 5*s #!2 t## &s2(i4ti t# 9 4(#t2t&? -

1? Li65is$ t" (i0"t #' 439%i2it+ is * 2#))#! %*5 IP (i0"t t"*t *%%#5s 2%9(itis t#

*44(#4(i*t )*t(i*%$ s32" *s t"i( !*) *!& %i6!ss$ '(#) t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? S32"

*44(#4(i*ti#! is @3sti'i& 9+ t" ti)$ )#!+ *!& !(0+ i!st& i! t" 2(*ti#! #' *

2#))(2i*%%+ *%3*9% 4(s#!*? O(&i!*(+ 4#4% &# !#t "* 439%i2it+ (i0"ts *!& t"i(

!*)s *!& %i6!sss )*+ 9 i! *! IP'( 439%i2 &#)*i!$ *%t"#30" 4(#t2t& 9+ 4(i*2+

%*5s? Yt 34#! 92#)i!0 2%9(itis$ * !*) #( %i6!ss )*+ 9 *!& #'t! *(

“4(#4(ti&?”-

C?. “FALLING INTO” THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

.? C#!(s%+ t# t" *9#$ 4(#t2t& t(*&)*(6s 2*! 92#) 0!(i2 *!& %#s t"i(

&isti!2ti!ss? I! t"*t 2*s$ t"+ )*+ 9 2#!si&(& t# "* '*%%! i!t# t" 439%i2

&#)*i!$ ! t"#30" i!iti*%%+ t"+ 5( 5#(&s #( s+)9#%s 4(#t2t& 9+ t(*&)*(6 %*5?

,? G!(*%%+$ it s"#3%& 9 !#t& t"*t “t(*&)*(6 %*5s$ %i6 *%% IP %*5s$ *( t((it#(i*% i! !*t3(?

As * 0!(*% )*tt($ #5!(s"i4 #' t(*&)*(6 (i0"ts i! #! 2#3!t(+ *''#(&s !# (i0"ts t# 3s

t"*t )*(6 #( t# !@#i! #t"(s '(#) 3si!0 t" )*(6 i! *!#t"( 2#3!t(+? A t(*&)*(6 "*s *

s4*(*t xist!2 i! *2" i!&4!&!t %0*% s+st) t"*t *22#(&s *!& (2#0!is

t(*&)*(6 (i0"ts i!&&$ t" s*) )*(6 )*+ 9 #5!& 9+ &i''(!t 4(s#!s i! &i''(!t

2#3!t(is?”-

? M#(#($ “5"! (0ist(i!0 * t(*&)*(6$ )#st 2#3!t(is (3i( t" *44%i2*!t t# &s2(i9

t" 0##&s *!& s(i2s t# 9 4(#t2t&?”-- WIPO st*9%is"& t" I!t(!*ti#!*%

C%*ssi'i2*ti#! S+st) C%*sss 7t" Ni2 A0()!t C#!2(!i!0 t" I!t(!*ti#!*%

C%*ssi'i2*ti#! #' G##&s *!& S(i2s '#( t" P3(4#ss #' t" R0ist(*ti#! #' M*(6s #'

1-8 5"i2" 2(*ts s42i'i2 &s2(i4ti 2%*sss '#( 'i%i!0 *! i!t(!*ti#!*% *44%i2*ti#!? It

'#%%#5s t"*t * t(*&)*(6 2*! #!%+ 9 (0ist(& i! (%*ti#! t# 2(t*i! 2%*sss #' 0##&s #(

s(i2s *!& t"*t$ x24t i! t" 2*s #' 5%%6!#5! )*(6s$ 4(#t2ti#! #' * t(*&)*(6 5i%%

9 %i)it& t# t"#s 2%*sss #' 0##&s *!& s(i2s?

D? PUBLIC DOMAIN AND TRADE SECRETS

? B(#*&%+ s4*6i!0$ *!+ 2#!'i&!ti*% 93si!ss i!'#()*ti#! 5"i2" 4(#i&s *! !t(4(is 5it"

* 2#)4titi &0 )*+ 9 2#!si&(& * t(*& s2(t? T(*& s2(ts !2#)4*ss

)*!3'*2t3(i!0 #( i!&3st(i*% s2(ts *!& 2#))(2i*% s2(ts? T" 3!*3t"#(i& 3s #'

s32" i!'#()*ti#! 9+ 4(s#!s #t"( t"*! t" "#%&( is (0*(&& *s *! 3!'*i( 4(*2ti2 *!& *

-. SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&$ 11

-, Ibid

- Ibid

- S LANGE$ D?$ “R2#0!ii!0 t" P39%i2 D#)*i!”$ LAW CONTEMP? PROBS? 1- 7A3t3)! 118$ *t 1$ *s

3#t& i! SAMUELSON$ P?$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!&- DINWOODIE$ G?$ INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND POLICY$ Lxis Nxis$ .1$ 4? -- Ibid ?$ 4? 1.




A!!x$ 4*0 1

i#%*ti#! #' t" t(*& s2(t? D4!&i!0 #! t" %0*% s+st)$ t" 4(#t2ti#! #' t(*&

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9*s& #! s42i'i2 4(#isi#!s #( 2*s %*5 #! t" 4(#t2ti#! #' 2#!'i&!ti*% i!'#()*ti#!?-

? C#!t(*(+ t# 4*t!ts$ t(*& s2(ts *( 4(#t2t& 5it"#3t (0ist(*ti#!$ t"*t is$ t(*& s2(ts

*( 4(#t2t& 5it"#3t *!+ 4(#2&3(*% '#()*%itis? C#!s3!t%+$ * t(*& s2(t 2*! 9

4(#t2t& '#( *! 3!%i)it& 4(i#& #' ti)? T"( *($ "#5($ s#) 2#!&iti#!s '#( t"i!'#()*ti#! t# 9 2#!si&(& * t(*& s2(t? C#)4%i*!2 5it" s32" 2#!&iti#!s )*+ t3(!

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t# i! A(ti2% , #' t" A0()!t #! T(*&R%*t& As42ts #' I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ Ri0"ts

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http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/trade_secrets/trade_secrets.htm



http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/trade_secrets/protection.htm


http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/ip_advertising.htm

http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/wipo_magazine/04_2002.pdf


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind



http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/ip_advertising.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind




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D? RES NULLIUS

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#9@2t i! t" %0*% s!s$ *!+t"i!0 t"*t 2*! 9 #5!&8 is !#t +t t" #9@2t #' (i0"ts #' *!+

s42i'i2 s39@2t? S32" it)s *( 2#!si&(& #5!(%ss 4(#4(t+ *!& *( 3s3*%%+ '( t#

9 #5!&? Ex*)4%s #' res nullius *( 5i%& *!i)*%s #( *9*!&#!& 4(#4(t+?

E? RES COMMUNIS OR COMMONS

E?1 RES COMMUNIS

? .es communis 72#))#! 4(#4(t+8 is * L*ti! x4(ssi#! 3s& i! R#)*! 439%i2 %*5 t#

&si0!*t * 2#))#! t"i!0 #( 0##&$ i??$ #! 5"i2"$ 9+ its (+ !*t3($ 2*!!#t 9

*44(#4(i*t&? It 9%#!0s t# (+#!$ t# *%% 2iti!s *!& is t"3s *22ssi9% 9+ *%%?

? I! R#)*! %*5$ x*)4%s #' res communes i!2%3& t" s*$ t" #2*!$ t" *t)#s4"($

*(i*% s4*2$ *s 5%% *s s*!2t3*(is #( 439%i2 9*t"s? H#5($ 5*t( #( *i($ 5"i2" )*+ 9

s4*(*t& '(#) t" s*$ #2*!$ *t)#s4"( #( '(#) *(i*% s4*2$ *!& 5"i2" )*+ 9 t"

s39@2t #' *44(#4(i*ti#! '#( 4(i*t 3s #( 2#!s3)4ti#! 43(4#ss$ *( res nullius? T"+

)*+ 9 4#ssss& *!& *44(#4(i*t& i!&ii&3*%%+ #( 2#%%2ti%+? .es nullius &# !#t "*

*! #5!( 93t *( !(t"%ss *44(#4(i*9%? C#!(s%+$ res communes *( 3!**i%*9%

'#( 4(i*t #5!(s"i4 *!& !# #! 2*! 4(!t *!+#! %s '(#) 3si!0 t")?

? T# s#)$ t" res communis #' R#)*! %*5 is * 2#!24t si)i%*( t# t"*t #' 2#))#! "(it*0

#' )*!6i!&? T"is is$ "#5($ &9*t&$ *s #t"(s 4('( t" 2#!24t #' res universitatis$

i! 5"i2" t" !#ti#! #' 2iti!s"i4$ i!st*& #' "3)*!it+$ is *44%i&? -

S WIPO I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ H*!&9##6 7S2#!& E&iti#!$ .8$ 4? 1 S R4#(t #' t" I!t(!*ti#!*% P*t!t S+st) 7SCP/1./,8$ 4*(*? .11

- S Wi6i4&i* !t(+ #! “.es communis”$ i! F(!2"$ "tt4//'(?5i6i4&i*?#(0/5i6i/RsQ2#))3!is

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_communis







A!!x$ 4*0 1

E?. COMMONS

-? B%*26>s L*5 Di2ti#!*(+ &'i!s “2#))#!” *s “* %0*% (i0"t t# 3s *!#t"( 4(s#!>s

4(#4(t+$ s32" *s *! *s)!t? It *%s# #''(s “* t(*2t #' %*!& st *si& '#( t" 0!(*%

439%i2>s 3s?”

? T" “2#))#!s” ('(s t# (s#3(2s t"*t *( 2#%%2ti%+ #5!& #( s"*(& 9t5! #(*)#!0 4#43%*ti#!s? T"s (s#3(2s *( s*i& t# 9 “"%& i! 2#))#!” *!& 2*! i!2%3&

(+t"i!0 '(#) !*t3(*% (s#3(2s *!& %*!& t# s#'t5*(? I! s#) &is2#3(s$ t" 4(#2ss

9+ 5"i2" t" 2#))#!s 5( t(*!s'#()& i!t# 4(i*t 4(#4(t+ 5*s t()& “!2%#s3(?”

? T" 2#))#!s 5( t(*&iti#!*%%+ &'i!& *s t" %)!ts #' t" !i(#!)!t'#(sts$

*t)#s4"($ (i(s$ 'is"(is #( 0(*i!0 %*!&t"*t *( s"*(& 9+ *%%? T"s *( t"

t*!0i9% *!& i!t*!0i9% *s42ts #' t" !i(#!)!t t"*t !##! #5!s 93t (+9#&+

!@#+s?

-? T#&*+$ t" 2#))#!s )*+ 9 3!&(st##& 5it"i! t" 23%t3(*% s4"( *s 5%%? T"

2#))#!s t"3s i!2%3& 73!%ss t"s *( 4(#t2t& *s IP8 %it(*t3($ )3si2$ 4('#()i!0*(ts$ is3*% *(ts$ &si0!$ 'i%)$ i&#$ t%isi#!$ (*&i#$ 2#))3!it+ *(ts *!& sits #' "(it*0?

-1? T" 2#))#!s 2*! *%s# i!2%3& “439%i2 0##&s” s32" *s 439%i2 s4*2$ 439%i2 &32*ti#!$

"*%t" *!& t" i!'(*st(32t3( t"*t *%%#5s s#2it+ t# '3!2ti#! 7s32" *s %2t(i2it+ #( 5*t(

&%i(+ s+st)s8?

-.? T"( *( * !3)9( #' i)4#(t*!t '*t3(s t"*t 2*! 9 3s& t# &s2(i9 t(3 2#))#!s?

Fi(st$ t(3 2#))#!s 2*!!#t 9 2#))#&i'i&*!& i' t"+ *($ t"+ 2*s t# 9 2#))#!s?

S2#!&$ 5"i% t"+ *( !it"( 439%i2 !#( 4(i*t t"+ t!& t# 9 )*!*0& 9+ %#2*%

2#))3!itis? W"i% t"is )*+ 9 t(3 t# * &0($ 2#))#!s 2*!!#t 9 x2%3si#!*(+?

T"*t is$ t"+ 2*!!#t "* 9#(&(s 93i%t *(#3!& t") #t"(5is t"+ 92#) 4(i*t

4(#4(t+? T"i(&$ 3!%i6 (s#3(2s$ t"+ *( !#t s2*(2 93t *93!&*!t? I! '*2t$ i' )*!*0&4(#4(%+$ t"+ 5#(6 t# #(2#) s2*(2it+?

-,? A )#&% #' * TK C#))#!s "*s 9! &%#4& *s * 4#t!ti*% )2"*!is) '#( *&&(ssi!0

t" 4(#9%)s '*2& 9+ i!&i0!#3s *!& %#2*% 2#))3!itis i! !0#ti*ti!0 )*!i!0'3% *!&

''2ti 9!'it s"*(i!0 *((*!0)!ts 5it" (s*(2"(s 5"# 5*!t t# #9t*i! *22ss t# TK

'#( !#!2#))(2i*% (s*(2"? As i!&i2*t& i! t" (4#(t #' t" T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0

C#))#!s W#(6s"#4$ D2)9( .$ C*4 T#5!$ S#3t" A'(i2*$ t" &isti!2ti#! 9t5!

6!#5%&0 2#))#!s *!& t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is s42i*%%+ i)4#(t*!t i! t" 2#!txt #' * TK

C#))#!s si!2 23st#)*(+ %*5s (03%*ti!0 TK *( i!'%3!2& 9+ 2#!2(! (%*t& t#

4(#4( (%*ti#!s"i4s *!& (2i4(#2it+ 5it" t" 0#*% #' )*i!t*i!i!0 t"s (%*ti#!s"i4s$ !#t

)#i!0 6!#5%&0 t#5*(& t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? L*(0 *)#3!ts #' TK *( *%(*&+ 439%i2%+

**i%*9% i! 439%i2*ti#!s *!& *(2"is$ *!& i!&i0!#3s *!& %#2*% 2#))3!itis "* %#!0

st(300%& t# 4(!t t"is TK '(#) 9i!0 t(*t& *s t"#30" it 5( i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!&

3s& *s t"#30" it 5( '(? It is t"('#( ss!ti*% t"*t * TK C#))#!s 4(#i&s *22ss

t# t" 3s #' TK st(i2t%+ 5it"i! t" '(*)5#(6 #' 23st#)*(+ %*5 s# *s t# *#i& its x2%#s3(

i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? I! #t"( 5#(&s$ t" TK C#))#!s 5#3%& 9 * )2"*!is) '#(

4(#i&i!0 (03%*t& *22ss t# TK *%9it 03i&& 9+ t" 9i#23%t3(*% *%3s #' i!&i0!#3s

*!& %#2*% 2#))3!itis !#t *%t#0t"( '( *22ss? F#( t"is (*s#!$ i!&i0!#3s *!& %#2*%

2#))3!itis !& t# 9 *9% t# x(2is t" #4ti#!s t# st#4 *22ss *!& ('3s

S Wi6i4&i* !t(+ #! “C#))#!s”$ "tt4//!?5i6i4&i*?#(0/5i6i/C#))#!s M#( i!'#()*ti#! #! TK C#))#!s is **i%*9% *t "tt4//!*t3(*%@3sti2?#(0?*/i!&x?4"4

#4ti#!Z2#)Q2#!t!tt*s6Zi5i&ZIt)i&Z

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons

http://naturaljustice.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=94



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons






A!!x$ 4*0 1

*44(#4(i*ti#! #' *!+ &%#4)!t 9*s& #! t"i( TK 5"! !2ss*(+ t# 4(#t2t *0*i!st

its )is3s?1

IJ? DISCUSSION OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN OTHER WIPO BODIES

-? T" !#ti#! #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! is 3!&( &is23ssi#! i! s(*% '#(3)s *t WIPO?

A? COMMITTEE FOR DEJELOPMENT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

-? I! .-$ t" WIPO G!(*% Ass)9%+ *&#4t& (2#))!&*ti#!s 5it" * i5 t#

i!t0(*ti!0 * &%#4)!t &i)!si#! i! *%% #' t" #(0*!i*ti#!>s *2tiitis?11 A C#))itt

#! D%#4)!t *!& I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ 7CDIP8 5*s st*9%is"& t# &%#4 * 5#(6

4(#0(*) '#( t" i)4%)!t*ti#! #' t"s (2#))!&*ti#!s?

-? A)#!0 t" (2#))!&*ti#!s #' t" WIPO D%#4)!t A0!&*$ t5#

(2#))!&*ti#!s *( (%*t& t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? R2#))!&*ti#! 1 st*ts t"*t

WIPO>s !#()*ti 4(#2sss s"#3%& 2#!si&( “t" 4(s(*ti#! #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i!” *!&

“&4! t" *!*%+sis #' t" i)4%i2*ti#!s *!& 9!'its #' * (i2" *!& *22ssi9% 439%i2

&#)*i!?” R2#))!&*ti#! . *i)s t# 4(#)#t “!#()stti!0 *2tiitis (%*t& t# IP t"*t

s344#(t * (#93st 439%i2 &#)*i! i! WIPO>s M)9( St*ts$ i!2%3&i!0 t" 4#ssi9i%it+ #'

4(4*(i!0 03i&%i!s t"*t 2#3%& *ssist i!t(st& M)9( St*ts i! i&!ti'+i!0 s39@2t

)*tt(s t"*t "* '*%%! i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 5it"i! t"i( (s42ti @3(is&i2ti#!s?”

--? Wit" t" i!t!ti#! #' i)4%)!ti!0 t" *&#4t& (2#))!&*ti#!s i! *! ''2ti *!&

2#"(!t )*!!($ t" CDIP st*9%is"& * 4(#@2t #! “I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ *!& t" P39%i2

D#)*i!?” T" #9@2ti #' t"is 4(#@2t is t# 4(#i& * s(is #' s3(+s *!& st3&is t#&4! t" 2#!24t3*% 3!&(st*!&i!0 #' 5"*t 2#!stit3ts t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! &i''(!t

@3(is&i2ti#!s$ 5"*t t##%s "* *%(*&+ 9! )*& **i%*9% t# "%4 i&!ti'+ t" s39@2t

)*tt( t"*t "*s '*%%! i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!$ *!&$ t# t" xt!t (%*!t i!'#()*ti#! is

)*& **i%*9%$ 5"*t *( t" i)4%i2*ti#!s *!& 9!'its #' * (i2" *!& *22ssi9% 439%i2

&#)*i!? T" 4(#@2t is &ii&& i!t# '#3( 2#)4#!!ts t"*t *&&(ss t" iss3 '(#) t"

4(s42tis #' 718 2#4+(i0"t$ 7.8 t(*&)*(6s$ *!& 7,8 4*t!ts? 1.

B? STANDING COMMITTEE ON COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS

-? T" *9#)!ti#!& P(#@2t #! I!t%%2t3*% P(#4(t+ *!& t" P39%i2 D#)*i!$ &*%i!0 5it"

D%#4)!t A0!&* R2#))!&*ti#!s 1 *!& .$ i!2%3&s t" 4(4*(*ti#! #' *

“S2#4i!0 St3&+ #! C#4+(i0"t *!& R%*t& Ri0"ts *!& t" P39%i2 D#)*i!” 7A2tiit+ 1?,8? 1,

C? STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE LAW OF PATENTS

-? T5# st3&is 4(4*(& '#( t" St*!&i!0 C#))itt #! t" L*5 #' P*t!ts$ !*)%+

“Ex2%3si#!s '(#) P*t!t*9% S39@2t M*tt( *!& Ex24ti#!s *!& Li)it*ti#!s t# t" Ri0"ts”

7SCP/1,/,8 *!& “Diss)i!*ti#! #' P*t!t I!'#()*ti#!” 7SCP 1,/8$ i!2%3& 3s'3%

1 “I)4%)!ti!0 * T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 C#))#!s”$ op cit !#t E((#( R'(!2 s#3(2 !#t '#3!& #' t" 2#(

&#23)!t$ 4? 111

S "tt4//555?5i4#?i!t/i4&%#4)!t/!/*0!&*/1.

S CDIP//, R? 11, Ibid ? T"is st3&+ "*s 9! 4(4*(& *!& is **i%*9% *t

"tt4//555?5i4#?i!t/i4&%#4)!t/!/*0!&*/4&'/s2#4i!0Qst3&+Q2(?4&' ?

http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/


http://www.wipo.int/ipdevelopment/en/agenda/pdf/scoping_study_cr.pdf


http://www.wipo.int/ipdevelopment/en/agenda/pdf/scoping_study_cr.pdf




A!!x$ 4*0 1

i!'#()*ti#! *9#3t t" (#% #' t" 4*t!t s+st) i! t" i&!ti'i2*ti#!$ *22ss *!& 3s #'

t2"!#%#0+ t"*t is i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?

D? STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS

? Wit"i! t" St*!&i!0 C#))itt #! t" L*5 #' T(*&)*(6s$ t"( "* 9! &is23ssi#!s

#! t" “4(i*tii!0” #' 23%t3(*% *ssts i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? I! 4(i!2i4%$ * %it(*(+ #( *(tisti2

5#(6 5"i2" "*s '*%%! i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i! )*+ 9 3s& '(%+$ i!2%3&i!0 '#( 2#))(2i*%

43(4#ss? H#5($ t"( )i0"t 9 439%i2 4#%i2+ (*s#!s 5"i2" 5#3%& @3sti'+ *!

!t(4(is !#t 9i!0 !tit%& t# *23i( t(*&)*(6 (i0"ts i! * 5#(6 t"*t is i! t" 439%i2

&#)*i!?1

J? THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTERGOJERNMENTAL COMMITTEE

ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND GENETIC RESOURCES$ TRADITIONAL

KNOWLEDGE AND FOLKLORE 7t" COMMITTEE8

1? T" iss3 #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! "*s 9! st(ss& *!& "i0"%i0"t& i! C#))itt

&is23ssi#!s? S#) 4*(ti2i4*!ts "* *(03& t"*t TK *!& TCEs *( i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!$

s#) &i& !#t *224t t" 2#!24t #' * “439%i2 &#)*i!”$ *!& #t"(s "* "*& 3sti#!s *!&

2#))!ts #! t" 2#!24t? T" '#%%#5i!0 is * s%2ti#! #' i!t(!ti#!s )*& &3(i!0

4(i#3s C#))itt sssi#!s?

A? TK AND TCES ARE IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

.? T" D%0*ti#! #' t" R3ssi*! F&(*ti#! st*t& t"*t$ i! t" R3ssi*! F&(*ti#!$ 5#(6s #'

'#%6%#($ i! 4*(ti23%*( !#!)*t(i*% x4(ssi#!s #' '#%6%#($ 5( !#t 4(#t2t& 9+2#4+(i0"t$ i! *22#(&*!2 5it" !*ti#!*% %0is%*ti#!$ 5"i2" '3(t"( 4(#i&& t"*t 5#(6s t"*t

"*& !( !@#+& 4(#t2ti#! #! t" t((it#(+ #' t" R3ssi*! F&(*ti#! s"#3%& 9

&)& t# "* !t(& t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?1

,? T" D%0*ti#! #' t" E3(#4*! U!i#! *!& its M)9( St*ts st*t& t"*t “t" '*2t t"*t

'#%6%#( '#( t" )#st 4*(t is i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! &#s !#t "*)4( its &%#4)!tt# t"

2#!t(*(+$ it *%%#5s '#( !5 2(*ti#!s &(i& '(#) #( i!s4i(& 9+ it *t t" "*!&s #'

2#!t)4#(*(+ *(tists?” It '3(t"( st*t&$ “t"#s 5"# *&#2*t IP 4(#t2ti#! '#( t"i( #5!

x4(ssi#!s #' '#%6%#( 5#3%& 2(*t )#!#4#%is #' x4%#it*ti#! *!& 5#3%& !*t3(*%%+ t"!

9 '*2& 5it" )#!#4#%+ 2%*i)s '(#) #t"( (0i#!s? Ex2"*!0 #( i!t(*2ti#! 2#3%& t"3s 9

)*& )#( &i''i23%t$ i' !#t i)4#ssi9%? I!&&$ IP 4(#t2ti#! s"#3%& #!%+ 9 3s& 5"(

*44(#4(i*t *!& 9!'i2i*% t# s#2it+ i! t"*t it sti)3%*ts 2(*tiit+ *!& i!st)!t 5"i%

(s42ti!0 t" i!t(sts #' #t"(s *!& #' s#2it+ *t %*(0? I' x4(ssi#!s #' '#%6%#( 5(

'3%%+ 4(#t2t&$ t"is 2#3%& *%)#st "* t" ''2t #' 2*sti!0 it i! 2#!2(t? F#%6%#( )*+

t"3s !#t 9 *9% t# #% *!& )*+ (is6 its (+ xist!2 *s it 5#3%& %#s #! #' its )*i!

'*t3(s its &+!*)i2s? T"( is * 4#i!t 5"( * %i! )3st 9 &(*5! 9t5! t" 439%i2

&#)*i! *!& 4(#t2t& IP? :;< t" (*%) #' IP 4(#t2ti#! s"#3%& !#t 9 xt!&& t# * 4#i!t

5"( it 92#)s &i''3s *!& %0*% 2(t*i!t+ &i%3t&?” 1 It *%s# s*i& t"*t E3(#4*! '#%6%#(

1 S SCT/1/

1

D(*'t R4#(t #' t" s2#!& Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/./18$ 4*(*? .1 E3(#4*! C#))3!it+ 2#))!ts #! &#23)!t WIPO/GRTKF/IC//,$ s C#!s#%i&*t& A!*%+sis$ &#23)!t

WIPO/GRTKF/IC//,$ 4*(*? .-




A!!x$ 4*0 1-

5*s 2#!si&(& t# 9 4*(t #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 93t t"*t #t"( 2#3!t(is *!& 23%t3(s )i0"t

"* &i''(!t 2#!2(!s *!& i!t(4(t*ti#!s?1-

? T" D%0*ti#! #' C*!*&* !#t& t"*t t" 0!(*% #9@2ti #' t" 4(#4#s& *2tiitis 5*s

t# !s3( t"*t TK 5"i2" 5*s *%(*&+ i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!& 5*s i&!ti'i*9% *s s32"

5*s !#t 4*t!t*9%? T" D%0*ti#! st*t& t"*t 4(i#( *(t i! C*!*&* 5*s 2#!si&(& t# 9

*!+ &is2%#s3( t"*t 92*) **i%*9% t# t" 439%i2 *!+5"( i! t" 5#(%&? O(*%

&is2%#s3(s 5#3%& *%s# '#() 4*(t #' t" 4(i#( *(t$ 93t i! 4(*2ti2$ 5#3%& #!%+ 9 3s& 9+ t"

C*!*&i*! P*t!t O''i2 i' t" #(*% &is2%#s3(s 5( 2*4t3(& #! 4*4( #( i! )*2"i!

(*&*9% '#()? I! *&&iti#!$ t" D%0*ti#! )4"*si& t"*t t" &*t *!& s#3(2 #' t"

4(i#( *(t "*& t# 9 2%*(%+ st*9%is"& *!&$ i! s3))*(+$ i&!ti'i2*ti#! #' 4(i#( *(t 5*s

%*(0%+ &4!&!t #! t" **i%*9i%it+ *!& *22ssi9i%it+ #' (%*!t &#23)!ts? T"

D%0*ti#! #' C*!*&* *&&iti#!*%%+ st*t& t"*t TK '%% i! t5# )*i! 2*t0#(is$ !*)%+ 7i8

TK 5"i2" "*& 9! 2#&i'i&$ i??$ *44*(& i! 5(itt! '#()$ *!& 5*s i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

*!& 7ii8 TK 5"i2" 5*s !#t 2#&i'i& *!& 5"i2" '#()& 4*(t #' t" #(*% t(*&iti#!s #'

i!&i0!#3s 2#))3!itis?1

? T" D%0*ti#! #' P(3 st*t& t"*t sui generis 4(#t2ti#! s+st) s"#3%& 2#( ! t"#s%)!ts #' TK 5"i2" 5( *%(*&+ i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? 1

? T" R4(s!t*ti #' t" C!t( '#( I!t(!*ti#!*% E!i(#!)!t*% L*5 7CIEL8 st*t& t"*t

t" &(*'ti!0 #' * sui generis s+st) s"#3%& t*6 i!t# *22#3!t *!& x4%#( t" 3s #'

4(#t2ti#! s+st)s si)i%*( t# t(*& s2(2+ '#( *(*s #' TK !#t i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!&

)2"*!is)s '#( 2#)4!s*ti#! '#( 3it*9% 9!'its"*(i!0 (0*(&i!0 6!#5%&0

2#!si&(& *s 4(i#( *(t i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?11

-? T" D%0*ti#! #' N5 V*%*!& st*t& it 5*s 2(iti2*%%+ i)4#(t*!t '#( *!+ )!3 #' #4ti#!s

#( sui generis s+st)s #' 4(#t2ti#! t# i!2%3& s#) '#() #' 4(#t2ti#! '#( TK *!& TCEs

i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?111

B? THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC DOMAIN NOT ACCEPTED

? T" D%0*ti#! #' Ni0(i* st*t& t"*t t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i!&i2*t& s#)t"i!0 5"i2" "*&

#!2 9! 4(#t2t& 5"! t"is 4(#t2ti#! "*& %*4s& *!& t"*t TCEs "*& !( 9!

4(#t2t& 3!&( IP %*5s$ +t t"is s"#3%& !#t s300st t"*t 92*3s * 5#(6 is *22ssi9% it

5*s *%(*&+ i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!& **i%*9% '(%+?11.

? T" (4(s!t*ti #' t" T3%*%i4 T(i9s *%s# st*t& t"*t t" 2#!24t #' 439%i2 &#)*i! 5*s

!#t *224t& 9+ I!&i0!#3s 4#4%s? T" "ist#(+ #' t" 2#!24t #' t" 439%i2 &#)*i! *!&

its (%*ti#! t# t" &%#4)!t #' IP (i0"ts s"#5 t"*t t" t5# "* &%#4& "*!& i!

"*!&$ *s *! #3t2#) #' Wst(! i!t%%2t3*% )#)!ts &3(i!0 t" %*t E!%i0"t!)!t

*!& t" A0 #' R*s#!? O4! s"*(i!0 #' TCEs 9+ t" 2*(t*6(s #' t"s 0i'ts &i& !#t

)*! t"*t t"s TCEs "*& '*%%! i!t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? I' it 5*s )is3s& 9+ t" 0!(*%

439%i2 5"# 5( !#t 2*(t*6(s #' t"s TCEs$ t"! t"( 2#3%& 9 0(*t 4"+si2*% *!&

s4i(it3*% "*() t# t" i!&ii&3*% 2*(t*6(s #' t"is 6!#5%&0? T" (4(s!t*ti 3(0&

0#(!)!ts t# 'i!& 5*+s t# 4(#t2t TCEs *!& TK 2#!si&(& t# 9 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?

M*!+ s#!0s #( st#(is$ '#( x*)4%$ 5( "%& 9+ i!&ii&3*%s #( '*)i%is? T"s s#!0s

*!& st#(is 5( 4('#()& i! 439%i2$ *!& )i0"t 9 6!#5! 9+ *%% ))9(s #' *

1- D(*'t R4#(t #' t" s2#!& Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/./18$ 4*(*? 1

1 D(*'t R4#(t #' t" s2#!& Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/./18$ 4*(*? 1,1? S *%s# WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/INF/

1 D(*'t R4#(t #' t" s2#!& Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/./18$ 4*(*? 1.,

11

D(*'t R4#(t #' t" s2#!& Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/./18$ 4*(*? 1111 D(*'t R4#(t #' t" sixt" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC//18$ 4*(*? 1

11. D(*'t R4#(t #' t" 'i't" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC//18$ 4*(*? ,-




A!!x$ 4*0 1

2#))3!it+? H#5($ t" (i0"t t# si!0 t"s s#!0s #( t%% t"s st#(is '%% #!%+ t# t"

i!&ii&3*%s #( '*)i%is 5"# *( 2*(t*6(s #' t" C(*t#(>s 0i'ts? TCEs 5( !#t i! t"

“439%i2 &#)*i!” 92*3s i!&i0!#3s 4#4%s "*& '*i%& t# t*6 t" st4s !2ss*(+ t#

4(#t2t t" 6!#5%&0 i! t" Wst(! IP s+st)$ 93t '(#) * '*i%3( #' 0#(!)!ts *!&

2iti!s t# (2#0!i *!& (s42t t" 23st#)*(+ %*5 (03%*ti!0 its 3s? T" '*(s (*is&

*9#3t t" 4#ssi9% (4(23ssi#!s t# 23%t3(*% i!!#*ti#! 5( x4(ss& i! t()s #'

t"#(is 3!&( t" Wst(! IP (0i)$ *!& &i& !#t ('%2t t" )#ti*ti#!s #' )*!+ #' t"

5#(%&>s i!&i0!#3s 4#4%s? T"( 5*s #'t! !# 2#)4*(*ti i&* '#( t" “439%i2 &#)*i!”

i! t(*&iti#!*% 23%t3(s?11,

? T" (4(s!t*ti #' t" S**)i C#3!2i% *(03& t"*t 2#))(2i*% *!& #t"( i!t(sts 5(

2#!ti!3#3s%+ x4%#iti!0 I!&i0!#3s 4(xisti!0$ 3!&(%+i!0$ 23%t3(*% "(it*0 t"*t 5(

2%*i)& t# 9 i! t" “439%i2 &#)*i!” *!& t"*t t"is t() &i& !#t )*! *!+t"i!0 t#

I!&i0!#3s 4#4%s? H *%s# s*i& t"*t I!&i0!#3s 4#4%s (*(%+ 4%*2& *!+t"i!0 i! t"

439%i2 &#)*i! *!& t"*t it 5*s *! IP s+st) 2#!st(32t? H *%s# #9@2t& t# s300sti#!s

t"*t 4(#t2ti#! #' TCEs i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 2#!stit3t& * t"(*t t# I!&i0!#3s *(tists *!&

t"i( 2(*tiit+$ 93t #(%##6& t" 23st#)*(+ %*5s #! 3s #' TCEs? 11

1? T" (4(s!t*ti #' T34*@ A)*(3 st*t& t"*t 43tti!0 TK *!& TCEs i!t# t" 439%i2

&#)*i! 5#3%& i#%*t t" 2#!'i&!ti*% 2"*(*2t( #' )*!+ i!t*!0i9%$ s*2(& *!& s2(t

%)!ts 5"i2" 9%#!0 t# t" %ii!0 "(it*0 *!& *22!t3*t t" &t(i#(*ti#! #' 23%t3(*%

*%3s *!& i%%i2it *44(#4(i*ti#! #' t"i( 23%t3(*% *%3s 9+ 2#(4#(*ti#!s?11

C? [UESTIONS AND COMMENTS ON THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC DOMAIN

.? T" D%0*ti#! #' N#(5*+ "i0"%i0"t& t"*t it 5*s s42i*%%+ i)4#(t*!t t# 'i!& t" (i0"t

9*%*!2 9t5! 4(#t2t*9% TK *!& 6!#5%&0 5"i2" "*& 92#) 4*(t #' t" 439%i2

&#)*i!? T"( 5*s !#t * 2#"(!t *44(#*2" t# 5"*t t" !#ti#! #' 439%i2 &#)*i! *2t3*%%+

)*!t?11 It 9%i& t"*t t" 6!#5%&0 *t %*st s"#3%& 9 2#!si&(& *s * 4*(t #' t"

439%i2 &#)*i! 5"! it "*& 92#) 5i&%+ 6!#5! #3tsi& t" 2#))3!it+ t"*t "*&0!(*t& it *!& 2#!s3!t%+ 5*s *si%+ *22ssi9% 9+ t" 439%i2 '(#) #t"( s#3(2s

t"*! t" 2#))3!it+ t"*t "*& 0!(*t& it #( (4(s!t*tis '#( t"*t 2#))3!it+? T"

&2isi 2(it(i#! '#( 5"! TK "*& 92#) * 4*(t #' 439%i2 &#)*i! 5#3%& t"! 9 t"

%% #' &iss)i!*ti#! *!& t" 6!#5%&0 #3tsi& t" 0(#34 t"*t "*& &%#4& it? H#5

t" 6!#5%&0 "*& 9! &iss)i!*t& s"#3%& 9 i((%*!t i! t"*t *ssss)!t$ it s"#3%&

9 * )( #9@2ti *ssss)!t? T" i&* t# &(*5 t" %i! 9t5! 4(#t2t& TK *!&

6!#5%&0 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 9*s& #! t" xt!t t" 6!#5%&0 5*s &iss)i!*t& t#

t" 439%i2 &i& !#t i)4%+ t"*t TK 5#3%& %#s its 4(#t2ti#! )(%+ #! t" 0(#3!& t"*t

s#)#! #3tsi& t" 2#))3!it+ "*& *22ss& t" 6!#5%&0 #( t" 6!#5%&0 5*s

*22ssi9% #3tsi& t" 2#))3!it+ 7inter alia t"(#30" &*t*9*ss8?11-

,? T" D%0*ti#! #' S5&! *s6& 718 W"*t is t" (%*ti#!s"i4 9t5! t" '#(s!

4(#t2ti#! #' TK *!& 6!#5%&0 *%(*&+ i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i! W"( is t" (%*!t 4#i!t

#' *22ss t# TK$ 5"i2" is !#t 'ix& %#2*%%+ i! !*t3($ t# 9 &t()i!& 7.8 H#5 &#

M)9( St*ts '#(s 4(#t2ti#! #' TK 2#!t*i!& i! &*t*9*ss11

11, D(*'t R4#(t #' t" 'i't" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC//18$ 4*(*?

11 D(*'t R4#(t #' t" 'i't" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC//18$ 4*(*? ,

11 D(*'t R4#(t #' t" 'i't" Sssi#! 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC//18$ 4*(*?

11 T" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 Ris& O9@2tis *!& P(i!2i4%s 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/8$ 4*0 . #'

A!!x11-

T" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 Ris& O9@2tis *!& P(i!2i4%s 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/8$ 4*0 ,- #'

A!!x11 T" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 Ris& O9@2tis *!& P(i!2i4%s 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/8$ 4*0 . #'

A!!x




A!!x$ 4*0 1

? T" D%0*ti#! #' *4*! (*is& t" '#%%#5i!0 3sti#! H#5 5#3%& t" 6!#5%&0 5"i2"

9%#!0& t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i! 9 t(*t& *!& "#5 5#3%& t" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! t"is 2#!txt

9 &'i!&11

JI? TK AND TCE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LEGISLATION REFERRING TO THE PUBLIC

DOMAIN

? T" P(3i*! L*5 N .-11 )a2 Introducing a Protection .egime for the #ollective

&no2ledge of Indigenous Peoples Derived from Biological .esources *&#4ts * 4#siti#!

(0*(&i!0 TK i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? A(ti2% 1, st*ts t"*t 2#%%2ti 6!#5%&0 is i! t"

439%i2 &#)*i! 5"! it "*s 9! )*& *22ssi9% t# 4(s#!s #t"( t"*! t" i!&i0!#3s

4#4%s 9+ )*ss 2#))3!i2*ti#! )&i* s32" *s 439%i2*ti#!s$ #( 5"! t" 4(#4(tis$

3ss #( 2"*(*2t(isti2s #' * 9i#%#0i2*% (s#3(2 "* 92#) xt!si%+ 6!#5! #3tsi&

t" 2#!'i!s #' t" i!&i0!#3s 4#4%s *!& 2#))3!itis?1.

? A(ti2% #' L*5 #' t" K+(0+ R439%i2 #! t" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 st*ts

t"*t “:i<! #(&( t# 4(!t i%%0*% 4*t!ti!0 #' s39@2t)*tt(s 2(*t& #! t" 9*s #'

T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 t" T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 &*t*9*s s"*%% 9 )*i!t*i!&$ 5"i2"s"*%% 9 3s& &3(i!0 x*)i!*ti#! #' s39@2t)*tt(s t# 9 4*t!t&? T" &*t*9*s s"*%%

9 )*i!t*i!& 9+ t" A3t"#(i& St*t B#&+ 9*s& #! t" &*t* #! (0ist(& T(*&iti#!*%

K!#5%&0 *!& i!'#()*ti#! (0*(&i!0 T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 5"i2" "*s !t(& i!t#

439%i2 &#)*i!?”1.1

-? T" 439%i2 &#)*i! i! (%*ti#! t# TK "*s 9! st #3t i! t" &(*'t Model )a2 for the

Protection of "raditional -cological &no2ledge, Innovations and Practices '#( P*2i'i2

Is%*!& 2#3!t(is? A(ti2% , &'i!s its *44%i2*ti#! *s i!2%3&i!0 “t(*&iti#!*% 2#%#0i2*%

6!#5%&0 i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!?” I! &t()i!i!0 t" xt!t t# 5"i2" t" A2t s"#3%& 9

*44%i& t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!$ it st*ts t"*t t"is “5i%% &4!& 34#! *! *ssss)!t #' t"

'#%%#5i!0 '*2t#(s 7*8 5"t"( t"( 5*s *! i!t!ti#! 9+ t" #5!( t# s"*( t"

6!#5%&0$ *!& i' s# t" 43(4#s '#( s"*(i!0 798 5"t"( 4()issi#! 5*s 0i! t#439%i2i #( &iss)i!*t t" 6!#5%&0 728 5"t"( t" #5!( 6!5 t"*t t" 6!#5%&0

)i0"t 9 3s& '#( 2#))(2i*% !&s 7&8 5"t"( t" #5!( 3!&(st##& t"*t s"*(i!0 t"

6!#5%&0 5it" #3tsi&(s 5#3%& (s3%t i! * %#ss #' 2#!t(#% #( its s39s3!t 3s 78 t"

xt!t t# 5"i2" 3!*3t"#(i& 3s #' t" 6!#5%&0 )*+ 3!&()i! t" s4i(it3*% *!&

23%t3(*% i!t0(it+ #' t" #5!(s?”1..

? A(ti2% #' L*5 N#? ,./AN #' .. D2)9( 1 #! t" P(#t2ti#! #' Lit(*(+ *!&

A(tisti2 P(#4(t+ #' B3(6i!* F*s# st*ts t"*t “:<x4(ssi#!s #' t(*&iti#!*% 23%t3(*% "(it*0

9+ 6!#5! i!&ii&3*% *3t"#(s s"*%% 9%#!0 t# t"i( *3t"#(s i'$ i! *22#(&*!2 5it" t" t() #'

2#4+(i0"t 4(#t2ti#!$ t" x4(ssi#!s *( !#t +t i! t" 439%i2 &#)*i!? A!+ 4(s#!

2%*i)i!0 t# 9 t" *3t"#( #' *! x4(ssi#! #' t(*&iti#!*% 23%t3(*% "(it*0 )3st %0*%%+4(# t"*t " is t" *3t"#(? T" (#+*%tis t# 9 4*i& 9+ t" 3s(s 34#! x4%#it*ti#! #'

x4(ssi#!s #' t(*&iti#!*% 23%t3(*% "(it*0 5"#s *3t"#(s *( 6!#5! s"*%% 9 s"*(&

11 T" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 Ris& O9@2tis *!& P(i!2i4%s 7WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1-/8$ 4*0 ,- #'

A!!x1.

E!0%is" *!& S4*!is" (si#!s #' t" P(3i*! L*5 N .-11 “L*5 I!t(#&32i!0 * P(#t2ti#! R0i) '#( t" C#%%2ti

K!#5%&0 #' I!&i0!#3s P#4%s D(i& '(#) Bi#%#0i2*% Rs#3(2s” *( **i%*9% *t

"tt4//555?5i4#?i!t/2%*/!/&t*i%s?@s4i&Z,.?1.1

E!0%is" (si#! #' t" L*5 #' t" K+(0+ R439%i2 #! t" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% K!#5%&0 is **i%*9% *t

"tt4//555?5i4#?i!t/5i4#%x/!/&t*i%s?@s4i&Z-1?1.. See M#&% L*5 '#( t" P(#t2ti#! #' T(*&iti#!*% E2#%#0i2*% K!#5%&0$ I!!#*ti#!s *!& P(*2ti2s$ **i%*9% *t

"tt4//555?0(*i!?#(0/9(%Q'i%s/9(%)#&%%*54*2i'i2!?4&' ?

http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/details.jsp?id=3420

http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5571


http://www.grain.org/brl_files/brl-modellaw-pacific-en.pdf

http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/details.jsp?id=3420


http://www.grain.org/brl_files/brl-modellaw-pacific-en.pdf




A!!x$ 4*0 .

9t5! t" (i0"ts "#%&(s *!& t" 2#%%2ti )*!*0)!t #(0*!i*ti#! i! *22#(&*!2

5it" t" #(0*!i*ti#!>s &ist(i93ti#! (3%s?”1.,

? C"*4t( XIJ #' t" C#%#)9i*! L*5 N#? ., #' *!3*(+ .$ 1.$ #! C#4+(i0"t ('(s t# t"

439%i2 &#)*i!? A(ti2% 1- st*ts t"*t “:t<" '#%%#5i!0 s"*%% 9%#!0 t# t" 439%i2 &#)*i!

7i8 5#(6s 5"#s t() #' 4(#t2ti#! "*s x4i(& 7ii8 5#(6s #' '#%6%#( *!& t(*&iti#!*% 5#(6s

9+ 3!6!#5! *3t"#(s 7iii8 5#(6s 5"#s *3t"#(s "* (!#3!2& t"i( (i0"ts *!& 7i8

'#(i0! 5#(6s t"*t &# !#t !@#+ 4(#t2ti#! i! t" R439%i2?” A(ti2% 1 st*ts t"*t

“:i<!&i0!#3s *(t i! *%% its )*!i'st*ti#!s$ i!2%3&i!0 &*!2s$ s#!0s$ 2(*'ts$ &(*5i!0s *!&

s23%4t3(s$ s"*%% 9%#!0 t# t" 23%t3(*% "(it*0?”1.

:E!& #' A!!x *!& #' &#23)!t<

1., E!0%is" *!& F(!2" (si#!s #' L*5 N#? ,./AN #' .. D2)9( 1 #! t" P(#t2ti#! #' Lit(*(+ *!& A(tisti2

P(#4(t+ #' B3(6i!* F*s# *( **i%*9% *t "tt4//555?5i4#?i!t/5i4#%x/!/&t*i%s?@s4i&Z.?1.

E!0%is" F(!2" *!& S4*!is" (si#!s #' t" C#%#)9i*! L*5 N#? ., #' *!3*(+ .$ 1.$ #! C#4+(i0"t *( **i%*9% *t

"tt4//555?5i4#?i!t/5i4#%x/!/&t*i%s?@s4i&Z-.






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