winter 2014 iron county historical society newsletter

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1 Iron County Historical Society Newsletter Winter 2014 Mailing Address P.O. Box 183 Ironton, MO 63650 E-Mail: [email protected] Iron County Historical Society Founded 1974 Museum Address Whistle Junction Train Depot Highway 21, Arcadia, MO Website: www.rootsweb.com/~moichs Telephone: (573) 546-3513 Next Meeting: 2 p.m., Sunday, January 19th First Presbyterian Church, Corner of Knob & Reynolds, Ironton ~ Program ~ Local World War II Air Crashes presented by Scott Killen ~Refreshments by ~ John Abney John Abney Welcome to the first newsletter of 2014! On behalf of the officers and board members of your Historical Society, we sincerely wish each of you a safe, happy, and healthy new year! I hope you will be able to join us at our quarterly meeting at 2 p.m. on the 19 th when Scott Killen presents his program on local World War II air crashes. Although the number of accidents occurring in the local area was small, some 14,903 Army Air Force personnel lost their lives in 52,651 stateside aircraft accidents during World War II. Scott has used a number of sources in developing his program and I’m sure you will find it interesting. I also want to thank our website administrator, Marcine Lohman, for the great job she did with the redesign of the Historical Society’s website. Take a look at the top half of page 8 of this newsletter for a preview. As always, we are looking for articles for upcoming newsletters. Articles can be about any person, place, or event. Articles with a link to Iron County or its history are given first priority. If you have an article that you would like to have published, please contact our Newsletter Editor, Carolyn Sheehy, or send her an email ([email protected]). President’s Message Museum Director’s Report Wilma Cofer New Accessions: 1. Framed photo of Pilot Knob in 1882 donated by Dr. Holmes; 2. Doctor bag w/instruments belonging to Dr. Napoleon A. Farr of Des Arc, including genealogy & photos donated by Lina Meinhardt; 3. Harold A. Krueger, Mining Engineer, Mineral Collection donated by Ozark Regional Library. Donations / Memorials Received: In November we had $58 in donations. December donations are not available. Visitors: We had 349 visitors in September from 21 states and the United Kingdom; 360 visitors in October from 19 states and Canada; and 142 visitors in November from 12 states and Canada. Membership Chairman’s Report Wilma Cofer We currently have 90 members and six exchange members. New member(s): Lonnie Shrum, 1 Boca Ciega Point Blvd., Apt. 105, Madeira Beach, FL 33708. E- Mail: [email protected] Big River RV Park (Patricia Claney, Owner), 4247 High- way 49, Annapolis, MO 63620.

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The quarterly newsletter of the Iron County (Missouri) Historical Society. This edition includes stories on Civil War soldier Azariah Martin, Part 1 of an article on the History of Social Welfare in Missouri with a focus on the Iron County Poor Farm, a preview of our updated website, and special From the Collection Column celebrating the upcoming 40th anniversary of the creation of the historical society.

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1

    Iron County Historical Society Newsletter

    Winter 2014

    Mailing Address P.O. Box 183 Ironton, MO 63650

    E-Mail: [email protected]

    Iron County Historical Society

    Founded 1974

    Museum Address Whistle Junction Train Depot Highway 21, Arcadia, MO

    Website: www.rootsweb.com/~moichs Telephone: (573) 546-3513

    Next Meeting: 2 p.m., Sunday, January 19th

    First Presbyterian Church, Corner of Knob & Reynolds, Ironton

    ~ Program ~

    Local World War II Air Crashes presented by Scott Killen

    ~Refreshments by ~

    John Abney

    John Abney

    Welcome to the first newsletter of 2014! On behalf of

    the officers and board members of your Historical

    Society, we sincerely wish each of you a safe, happy,

    and healthy new year!

    I hope you will be able to join us at our quarterly

    meeting at 2 p.m. on the 19th when Scott Killen presents

    his program on local World War II air crashes.

    Although the number of accidents occurring in the local

    area was small, some 14,903 Army Air Force personnel

    lost their lives in 52,651 stateside aircraft accidents

    during World War II. Scott has used a number of

    sources in developing his program and Im sure you will

    find it interesting.

    I also want to thank our website administrator, Marcine

    Lohman, for the great job she did with the redesign of

    the Historical Societys website. Take a look at the top

    half of page 8 of this newsletter for a preview.

    As always, we are looking for articles for upcoming

    newsletters. Articles can be about any person, place, or

    event. Articles with a link to Iron County or its history

    are given first priority. If you have an article that you

    would like to have published, please contact our

    Newsletter Editor, Carolyn Sheehy, or send her an email

    ([email protected]).

    Presidents Message Museum Directors Report

    Wilma Cofer

    New Accessions:

    1. Framed photo of Pilot Knob in 1882 donated by Dr.

    Holmes; 2. Doctor bag w/instruments belonging to Dr.

    Napoleon A. Farr of Des Arc, including genealogy &

    photos donated by Lina Meinhardt; 3. Harold A.

    Krueger, Mining Engineer, Mineral Collection donated

    by Ozark Regional Library.

    Donations / Memorials Received:

    In November we had $58 in donations. December

    donations are not available.

    Visitors:

    We had 349 visitors in September from 21 states and

    the United Kingdom; 360 visitors in October from 19

    states and Canada; and 142 visitors in November from

    12 states and Canada.

    Membership Chairmans Report

    Wilma Cofer

    We currently have 90 members and six exchange members.

    New member(s): Lonnie Shrum, 1 Boca Ciega Point Blvd., Apt. 105, Madeira Beach, FL 33708. E- Mail: [email protected]

    Big River RV Park (Patricia Claney, Owner), 4247 High-way 49, Annapolis, MO 63620.

  • 2

    by

    John Abney

    This year marks the 150th

    anniversary of Prices Raid into

    Missouri and the Battle of Pilot Knob. To honor and

    remember those who participated, our newsletter is

    continuing to tell some of their stories. If you have a story

    from someone who was there, please consider sharing it.

    Azariah Martin

    Shortly after 1 p.m. on the afternoon of 26 September

    1864, Azariah Martin and the men on duty at the picket

    post in Russellville at the junction of the roads to

    Arcadia, Ironton, and Fredericktown were sitting and

    eating lunch.1 Martin was a member of Company H, 47

    th

    Regiment of the Missouri Infantry and had only been

    mustered in to the company three weeks before on 5

    September 1864.2 Shortly after starting their lunch, the

    men heard the sound of gunfire and looking in that

    direction saw a column of cavalry advancing toward

    them, some 200 yards to the east.3 Sergeant Atchison, in

    charge of the picket detail, thought they were Union

    troops, but Martin knew better and said, They are

    rebels! Ive seen so many rebels I know em when I see

    em.4 Martin was correct and well he should have

    known as he was once a Confederate soldier himself.5

    This is his story.

    Azariah Martin was born on 17 November 1839 in

    Madison County, Kentucky to Mastin Martin and

    Lucinda (Hill) Martin.6 The family moved to

    1 Azariah Martin, Azariah Martins Narrative of the Price

    Raid, 5 May 1903, Box 4, Folder 6, Cyrus A. Peterson, Battle

    of Pilot Knob Research Collection, 1862-1914, Missouri

    Historical Society Archives, St. Louis, Missouri, 1. 2 Compiled service records of volunteer Union soldiers who

    served in organizations from the State of Missouri, NARA

    M405, roll 682, carded records of Azariah Martin, Pvt., Co.

    H., 47th

    Missouri Infantry. Digital image, (www.fold3.com:

    accessed 1 April 2013). 3 Azariah Martin Narrative, 1.

    4 Ibid.

    5 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who

    Served in Organizations from the State of Missouri, NARA

    M322, roll 164, carded records of Azariah Martin, Sgt., Co.

    F., 12th

    Missouri Infantry. Digital image, (www.fold3.com:

    accessed 15 April 2013). 6 Azariah Martin 1839 - 1921, Past and Present: A History

    of Iron County, Missouri 1857-1994, Vol I, (Ironton, Missouri:

    Iron County Historical Society, 2004), 296; and Missouri

    Farmington, Missouri in 1845 and in 1847 to a farm near

    Stouts Creek in Iron County.7

    On 2 August 1862, 22 year old Azariah was at Camp

    Brewer in Oregon County, Missouri where he enlisted in

    Company F of the 12th Regiment of the Missouri

    Infantry (CSA).8 He enlisted for a period of three years

    and between the time of his enlistment and his capture

    by Union forces, Martin rose from the rank of corporal

    to sergeant.9 Martin and his company would first be

    posted to Camp McBride on the Little Black River in

    Randolph County, Arkansas.10

    They arrived there on 18

    August, but were forced to retreat to Pocahontas,

    Arkansas after being attacked by Union troops on

    August 31st.11

    Over the next few months, the 12th would continue its

    stay in Arkansas; first marching to Yellville, then Van

    Buren and eventually Prairie Grove where they would

    again engage the Union Army on 7 December 1862.12

    At the end of the year, the 12th was in Little Rock and,

    by the following June, the 12th had moved to Jacksonport

    before receiving orders to proceed on to Helena.13

    Evidence would suggest that Martin became ill on the

    march from Jacksonport to Helena and was left at a

    Confederate hospital at Cotton Plant, in Woodruff

    County, about half-way between Jacksonport and

    Helena. Martins compiled service record states that he

    was left sick at Cotton Plant Hospital on 10 July

    Department of Health, death certificate 12007 (1921), Azariah

    Martin. Digital image. Missouri State Archives.

    (http:www.sos.mo.gov : accessed 25 September 2013). 7 Azariah Martin 1839 1921, 296.

    8 Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers.

    9 Ibid.

    10 Ibid., Unit description.

    11 Ibid.

    12 Ibid.

    13 Ibid.

    They Were There

    Azariah Martin (1839 1921)

    Picture courtesy of

    Sandra Belmar Forrester

  • 3

    1863.14

    At some point thereafter he was taken prisoner

    and would return to Iron County after his parole, but

    before 21 September 1863.15

    Parole was a formal system

    used by both sides, whereby a prisoner would be freed

    upon giving their word not to take up arms again until

    they were exchanged for another prisoner of equal rank.

    By late summer of 1864, speculation was continuing to

    grow throughout southern Missouri about an imminent

    invasion of Confederate forces from the south. In Iron

    County, Martin enlisted in Company D of the 68th

    Enrolled Missouri Militia on 15 August 1864.16

    Barely

    a week later, 23 August 1864, he transferred from the

    68th and enlisted in Company H of the 47

    th Missouri

    Infantry.17

    The fact that Martin served on both sides

    during the Civil War is interesting, but not unique.

    Altogether, some three million men took up arms in the

    American Civil War. Of these, at least 7,000 switched

    allegiances at some point during the war.18

    Based on

    his later words, it appears that Martins allegiance to the

    union was genuine. This contrasts with other men

    facing mandatory service who, as noted by Civil War

    researcher and author Gary Scheel, chose to enlist in the

    47th Missouri, in order to keep from being sent to

    Missouri regiments still fighting in Georgia or

    Tennessee or other places in the South. Some of the

    men who enlisted in this regiment had sympathies with

    the South and joined regiments like the 47th Missouri to

    keep from fighting against the Confederacy. Not

    knowing that they would be fighting for their lives in a

    few short days.19

    14

    Ibid. 15

    Missouri. Missouri's Union Provost Marshal Papers: 1861 1866. Database. Missouri State Archives (http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/provost/: accessed 26

    September 2013), abstract, loyalty oath and issuance of bond

    on 21 September 1863; citing reel number 1368. Note that the

    physical description listed in the Martins loyalty oath matches the physical description in his subsequent enlistment in the

    47th

    Missouri Infantry on 23 August 1864 (see Compiled

    service records of volunteer Union soldiers). 16

    Record of Service Card, Civil War, 1861-1865. Database and images. Missouri State Archives. The Soldiers' Records:

    War of 1812 - World War I.

    (http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/soldiers/#soldsearch :

    accessed 26 September 2013). 17

    Compiled service records of volunteer Union soldiers. 18

    Galvanized Yankees. Wikipedia, on-line encyclopedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanized_Yankees : accessed

    26 September 2013). 19

    Gary Scheel. 47th

    Missouri Infantry Regiment

    Of course, going back to the beginning of the article,

    we know that Martin was directly involved with what

    would become the Battle of Pilot Knob. Martin wrote

    about his memories of the battle and the subsequent

    retreat of Union forces to Leasburg in a letter to H.C.

    Wilkinson in 1903 (see footnote #1 for the complete

    source citation). A copy of this narrative is also in the

    Historical Societys collection in its research room.

    According to Company Hs and Martins Compiled

    Service Records, by early December 1864, members of

    Company H including Martin were in Spring Hill,

    Tennessee between Columbia and Nashville. The

    company would remain in Tennessee serving at Pulaski

    (January 1865) and at Lynnvile (February 1865).

    Martin was mustered out of service on 29 March 1865

    at Benton Barracks (located in present day St. Louis).

    After the war, Martin was able to buy the family farm

    near Stouts Creek in 1866 and, in 1867, married

    Amanda Hill.20

    While the couple would have no

    children together, they adopted the infant son (James)

    of close friends John and Ruth Miller after Ruth died in

    childbirth in 1878.21

    James Martin would grow to

    adulthood and become a doctor.22

    Azariah continued

    working as a farmer and supplemented his income as a

    charcoal burner for the nearby mines.23

    Amanda died on

    28 March 1899 and Azariah was remarried to Catherine

    Allgier on 15 May 1901.24

    Azariah died on 10 May

    1921 and Catherine died on 28 February 1950.25

    Azariah and his first wife, Amanda, are buried in the

    Masonic Cemetery outside of Ironton and his second

    wife, Catherine, is buried in the Pilot Knob Cemetery.26

    (http://47thmissouriinfantry.com/index.htm : accessed 26

    September 2013). 20

    Azariah Martin 1839 1921, 296. 21

    Dr. James Martin 1878 - 1956, Past and Present: A History of Iron County, Missouri 1857-1994, Vol I, (Ironton,

    Missouri: Iron County Historical Society, 2004), 296, 297. 22

    Ibid., 297. 23

    Azariah Martin 1839 1921, 296. 24

    Sandra Belmar Forrester. Ancestry of Sandra Belmar Forrester, subscription database, www.ancestry.com : accessed 24 September 2013), family group sheet data for

    Azariah Martin. 25

    Ibid. 26

    Ibid.

  • 4

    A Special 40th

    Anniversary Thank You

    This July marks the 40th anniversary of the founding of

    your Iron County Historical Society. Instead of focusing

    on a particular item or group of items from our

    collection, I wanted to mark the upcoming anniversary

    by remembering the contributions past and present that

    have made the past 40 years possible. Two columns of

    number 11 Times New Roman font typescript is not

    enough space to record the Societys 40 year history and

    if I miss some of the accomplishments along the way, I

    hope you will forgive me.

    First and foremost, I have to thank all of the Societys

    members over the years. Without their support, financial

    and otherwise our Society wouldnt be here today. The

    membership has always been there when needed and it is

    my sincere hope that it always will be.

    Going back to the beginning and quoting from Past &

    Present: A History of Iron County, Missouri 1857

    1994, Vol. I, The Iron County Historical Society was

    organized June 26, 1974 under the sponsorship of the

    Womans Study Club for the purpose of preserving the

    history and heritage of Iron County. It should be noted

    that the Womans Study Club has continued that

    tradition of support by providing refreshments each year

    at our annual meeting in April. Isabelle Edgar was

    elected as the Societys first president and long-time Iron

    County teacher and historian, Dorothy Reese was elected

    as vice-president.

    From celebrating our nations 200th birthday in 1976 to

    the sesquicentennial celebration of Iron Countys

    creation in 2007, to the sesquicentennial celebration of

    the Battle of Pilot Knob this fall, the historical society

    has been and will continue to be there. Along the way

    were many noteworthy projects. Our members helped

    document the countys historical buildings in what

    would become a 13 volume set of books created with the

    Center of Ozark Studies from what was then Southwest

    Missouri State University in 1979. Members helped in

    getting the courthouse, jail, gazebo, and Immanuel

    Lutheran Church in Pilot Knob on the National Register

    of Historic Buildings. They assisted in the effort to

    research, obtain, and install the set of granite markers,

    placed throughout the Arcadia Valley, denoting actions

    in the two-day battle that would become known as the

    Battle of Pilot Knob. Members have helped in the

    creation and publication of some 19 books and

    pamphlets including the definitive book on the

    countys history, Past and Present: A History of Iron

    County 1857 1994, Vol. I and the Societys latest

    publication, A Celebration Worth Remembering

    Cookbook which goes beyond the reprinting of the

    original Centennial Cookbook by including many

    photographs and materials related to the 1957

    celebration.

    Then, theres the Societys museum. If space would

    allow it, I would gladly list the name of everyone that

    has contributed something to our collection from the

    time the museum was created in the old Fletcher-Barger

    building in 1984. Of course it doesnt so I will have to

    focus on the major groups of accessions. In no

    particular order these include the Fredonia and Lucille

    Ringo collection that includes Victorian furniture,

    clothing, china and the set of pictures gathered for the

    1957 Centennial Celebration, framed by the Iron County

    Security Bank, that grace the walls of the museum today.

    Next, the outstanding collection of Missouri Pacific

    Railroad and military memorabilia presented to the

    Society by Charles Ottman and his family. Theres also

    the Lester Keathley collection of rocks and minerals that

    she spent many years collecting before donating them to

    the Society. Finally, theres the many items donated to

    the Society by Clarence Keathley who was described in

    the dedication of Past and Present as the leading force

    in gathering the countys history. This list only

    scratches the surface and to anyone who has ever

    donated an item, a book, a photograph, or a family

    history I thank you.

    A special thank you also goes out to all who have ever

    served the Iron County Historical Society as an officer,

    board member, museum director or assistant director,

    project manager, newsletter editor, website coordinator,

    program director or a volunteer. With your continued

    support, I sincerely believe that we will be here to

    From the Collection

    By John Abney

  • 5

    protect and share Iron Countys rich history well into the

    future!

    Social Welfare in Missouri and the Iron County

    Poor Farm (Part 1 of 3)

    By John M. Abney27

    The apostle Paul in his second epistle to the

    Thessalonians warned against idleness when he

    said, If a man will not work, he shall not eat.28 Further, Paul advised Timothy that family members

    should take responsibility for their families, so that the church can help those widows that are truly in

    need.29 Thus, even in biblical times, attempts were made to differentiate between the deserving and

    undeserving poor. So it was then, so has it been

    throughout our history. This three-part article looks

    at the evolution of poor law in Missouri and then

    examines how those laws were applied in Iron

    County with a specific emphasis on the countys poor farm which operated from 1889 until 1946.

    Despite its early French roots, Missouris first territorial law dealing with the poor was based on

    two hundred year old English law that had been the

    dominant influence throughout the American

    colonies.30

    The 1807 statute specifically dealt with

    the care of dependent children.

    Each district in the territory was given the power

    to organize an orphans court consisting of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas. Every

    orphan or minor who did not have an estate

    sufficient for maintenance could be bound [out as]

    an apprentice by his guardian until he was twenty-

    one years of age if a boy and sixteen if a girl. The

    apprentice was to be taught some type of

    vocation, reading, writing, and, if a boy, common

    arithmetic. At the expiration of the term the

    apprentice was to be given ten dollars and a new

    suit of clothes. 31

    The English Poor Law of 1601, known as the

    Elizabethan Poor Law, would stand with only small

    revisions for almost 250 years and made parents,

    27

    [email protected], 3792Highway F, Annapolis, MO

    63620 28

    2 Thessalonians 3:10 (New International Version). 29

    Timothy 5:16 (New International Version). 30

    Fern Boan, A History of Poor Relief Legislation and

    Administration in Missouri (Chicago: The University of

    Chicago Press, 1941), 19. 31

    Ibid.

    legally liable for the support of their children and

    grandchildren. Likewise, children were made

    responsible for the care of their needy parents and

    grandparents. More important, vagrants refusing

    to work could be committed to a house of

    correction, could be whipped, branded, or put in

    pillories and stoned, or even be put to death.32

    Despite what today would be considered its harsh

    provisions, the 1601 Poor Law was a step forward.

    Among other things it established that:

    1. The state had a responsibility towards the

    social welfare of its citizens;

    2. There was a class of citizens that were legally

    entitled to state assistance;

    3. Relief would be broken into two categories,

    administered at the lowest local level of

    government, either direct payment to the poor

    (outdoor relief) or institutional care (indoor

    relief).33

    Colonial American poor laws followed the English

    example by leaving their administration to the

    smallest unit of government.34

    In New England,

    this was at the town level, while in the other

    colonies this was initially at the parish and later at

    the county level.35

    In general terms, Colonial

    American poor law, as did its English predecessor,

    divided the poor into three groups: children; the

    able-bodied; and the infirm or helpless.36

    As with

    the Missouri example, apprenticeship was the

    primary vehicle used with dependent children.

    Besides placing children in families and thereby

    providing for their discipline, The practice relieved the town fathers of the burden of caring for needy

    youngsters, thus keeping public outlays and the

    poor rate down.37 Childhood apprenticeship laws would remain on the books in Missouri, with little

    change, until their repeal in 1917.38

    The able-

    bodied poor in Colonial America received little aid.

    Voluntary idleness was considered a vice, and the able-bodied unemployed were bound out as

    indentured servants, whipped and run out of town,

    32

    Walter I. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (New York: The Free

    Press, 1974) 11. 33

    Ibid. 34

    Ibid., 18. 35

    Ibid., 18, 39. 36

    Ibid. 11. 37

    Ibid., 24. 38

    Boan, 20.

  • 6

    or put in jail. Later, toward the latter seventeenth

    and early eighteenth century many were placed in

    workhouses as they began to appear.39 More charity was shown towards the infirm or helpless

    population. Included in this group were the

    mentally ill. Unless they posed a danger to

    themselves or others, people falling into this group

    without their own immediate family to support them

    were boarded, at public expense, in the homes of relatives or others, or housed in public institutions

    as they began to appear.40 This charity was only directed towards the resident needy of the town,

    parish, or county depending on the administrative

    jurisdiction and, Nonresident insane indigents were warned away or, on occasion returned home.41

    Missouris first territorial law dealing with the adult poor was enacted in 1815 and identifies the, lame, blind, sick, and other inhabitants of the district not

    able to maintain themselves as being eligible for

    relief.42 Two years later, a special provision was added allowing for the maintenance of the poor

    insane.43

    The able-bodied poor were not subject to

    the poor law, but to the Vagrancy Act:

    This act defined a vagrant as an able-bodied

    person who did not have anything to maintain

    himself, a beggar, or a person who left his wife

    and children without means, so that the county

    was forced to take care of them. Those that

    earned a living at gaming tables were also

    included. Any such person, unless he could give

    $25.00 security, might be arrested and committed

    to jail until the County Court met. If the person

    was a minor, he could be bound out and if an adult

    he could be sold to the highest bidder for a term

    not exceeding three months. If no one would bid

    on him, he was to have lashes on his bare back,

    not exceeding twenty-five.44

    Missouris territorial laws regarding the poor did not make family members responsible for the

    support of poor family members.45

    Indeed, family

    responsibility for poor relatives would not be

    39

    Trattner, 23. 40

    Ibid., 24. 41

    Ibid., 24 25. 42

    Boan, 21. 43

    Ibid., 24 44

    Ibid. 45

    Ibid., 23.

    mentioned in Missouri law until 1866.46

    As relief

    was granted at the local level, establishing the

    residency of a poor person applying for relief was

    one of the questions that had to be answered.

    Territorial law required a person applying for relief

    in a county to have been a resident of that county

    for the prior nine months.47

    This requirement

    would be increased to 12 months in 1835.48

    When Missouri became a state in 1821, only two

    changes in existing law were made in regard to the

    poor. The first replaced the Court of Common

    Pleas as the administrative unit dealing with the

    poor with a tribunal for executing county business (e.g., the county court).

    49 In the second change the

    court was directed to use its discretion and grant relief to all citizens who might require its

    intercession.50

    While Missouri poor law, both as a territory and as

    a state, placed the responsibility for the poor at the

    county level, the state did not set minimum

    standards and did not provide any funds for the

    support of the poor. The county budget is the only limitation.51 Similarly, with only two notable exceptions, the federal government avoided any

    responsibility for the poor whatsoever until the 20th

    century. The first exception was the enactment of

    legislation for the payment of pensions to soldiers,

    their widows and their children. While not

    specifically targeted to the poor, these pensions

    were sometimes a major source of income for a

    family. The first pension legislation enacted in the

    United States was dated 26 August 1776, while the

    first actual payments of pensions to Revolutionary

    War soldiers werent made until 1789.52 The second notable exception came in the waning days

    of the American Civil War when there was growing

    concern over the fate of millions of ex-slaves. To meet the problem, in March 1865, Congress

    established in the U. S. War Department the Bureau

    46

    Ibid., 28. 47

    Ibid., 23. 48

    Ibid., 26. 49

    Ibid. 24. 50

    Ibid. 24 25. 51

    Ibid. 41. 52

    John Cerny, Lloyd DeWitt Bockstruck, and David

    Thackery, Research in Military Records, in Loretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra Hargreaves Luebing editors, The Source: A

    Guidebook of American Genealogy (Salt Lake City: Ancestry,

    1997) 298.

  • 7

    of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, the

    nations first federal welfare agency. 53 Generally referred to as the Freedmens Bureau, it served as an employment agency, a relief agency, a health

    agency, an educational agency, a legal agency, and

    a settlement agency for the population it served

    until it was disbanded in 1872.54

    While on their own to fund support of their poor,

    Missouri counties continued to see new legislation

    expanding this support. Counties, in 1825, were

    made responsible for the legal expenses of any poor

    citizen, indicted for [a] felony, who is without counsel, unable to employ one and requests that one

    be appointed.55 The first law granting a county (St. Louis) the permission to accept a donation of

    land for the purpose of erecting an almshouse (poor

    farm) was enacted in 1827.56

    In 1835, counties were

    given permission to pay the funeral expenses for the

    poor dying within their borders.57

    Additionally, and

    though not specifically mentioned in law, medical

    care for the poor was also included in the

    administration of the poor laws by most Missouri

    counties.58

    The legislation that would lead to the creation of

    Missouris system of almshouses was enacted in 1843 when the county courts of all the counties in the state were authorized to purchase land not

    exceeding 160 acres and to erect houses which were

    to be used for the care of poor persons.59 In 1866, that law was modified to allow the counties to

    purchase or lease up to 320 acres.60

    Until the establishment of almshouses the most

    frequent way of relieving the poor was known as

    letting out, boarding out, or farming out system.

    By this method one or more poor persons were

    boarded in private homes. The method of

    selecting the homes differed in the various

    counties but in general the persons offering the

    cheapest rates were given the contracts. In some

    cases, the poor were actually sold at public sale by

    53

    Trattner, 77. 54

    Ibid., 77 78. 55

    Boan, 35. 56

    Ibid., 28. 57

    Ibid., 26. 58

    Ibid., 31. 59

    Ibid., 29. 60

    Ibid., 30.

    the sheriff to the lowest bidder. Although most

    counties boarded them with the lowest bidder,

    they made the contract private and avoided

    subjecting the poor to the embarrassment of being

    sold in public.61

    From the latter half of the 19th

    century to well into

    the 20th

    century, Local indoor relief or institutional care for the poor was provided by the majority of

    the counties through the institution known as

    almshouses, sometimes referred to as a poor

    asylum, poor house, poor farm, county farm, county

    home, county infirmary, or county hospital.62 Indeed, records indicate that at one time or another

    106 of Missouris 114 counties maintained an almshouse within its borders.

    63

    The history of the Iron County Poor Farm begins on

    26 January 1888 when the Iron County Court

    purchased 127.41 acres of land at a cost of $750

    from Sarah Jane Levin, her husband William Levin,

    and Minnie Tong.64

    The land is located off of what

    is now Iron County Road 95 to the northeast of that

    roads junction with Missouri Highway 72, about two miles east of Ironton. The County Court

    opened the bidding process for the buildings to be

    erected on the land and Louis Millers bid of $1,300 was deemed to be the best and lowest bid.

    65 With

    construction completed before the end of 1888, the

    County Court published a notice in the 13

    December 1888 edition of the Iron County Register

    regarding the lease of the Iron County Farm and the

    acceptance of bids.

    61

    Ibid., 43 44. 62

    Ibid., 59. 63

    Ibid., 59. 64

    Clarence R. Keathley, The Almshouse as a System of Public

    Welfare with Special Reference to Iron County (file 71-6, n.d.,

    Iron County Historical Society) 5. 65

    Iron County, Missouri, County Court Records, Book 6, (10

    March 1888): 50, County Commissioners Courtroom, Ironton.

    To Be Continued

    Notice

    regarding

    lease of

    Iron

    County

    Poor Farm

    Iron County

    Register, 13

    December

    1888

  • 8

    New Year - New Iron County Historical Society Website

    Our most heartfelt thanks go out to Iron County Historical Society member and Website Administrator,

    Marcine Lohman, for all of her hard work in the creation of our newly revamped website! The new

    website is much simpler to navigate, has many internal links to explore, and has external links to the

    Societys Facebook and You Tube pages. It also has a link to allow secure on-line donations to the

    Society. To Marcine, thanks again for a job well done!!! Our website is at: www.rootsweb.com/~moichs

    Excerpt from the new homepage of Iron County Historical Society website

    Upcoming Elections Will You Serve?

    Yes, its only January, but our upcoming annual elections arent that far away and will take place at our

    Annual Meeting in April. We are looking for anyone interested in serving as either an officer or as a

    board member. Our current officers have been in their positions for a number of terms and would gladly

    step aside to allow anyone with new ideas to take their place. If you are interested in serving, please

    contact any officer or board member. Our current officers and board members include:

    President: J. Abney Board Member (term expires 2014): C. Sheehy

    Vice President: T. Stamel Board Member (term expires 2015): B. Stamel

    Recording Secretary: W. Cofer Board Member (term expires 2015): S. Killen

    Treasurer: D. Thomlison Board Member (term expires 2016): D. Thomlison

    Board Member (term expires 2014): D. Cox Board Member (term expires 2016): J. Abney

  • 9

    IRON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS

    P. O. Box 183, Ironton, MO 63650

    (order from above address)

    Title / Author Publication Details / Cost

    A Celebration Worth Remembering Cookbook (Reprint of Centennial

    Cookbook with additional materials and photographs)

    Soft cover, coil bound.

    192 pgs. $15.00 plus $4.00 S&H

    CENTENNIAL: Ironton, Missouri, May 30 June 2, 1957

    Reprint, soft cover, comb bound.

    58 pgs. $6.00 plus $2.50 S & H

    Dorothy Reese: Ironton/Arcadia Valleys Cheerleader, Historical, Civic Leader, And Teacher: A Tribute, by Randall Cox

    Soft cover, comb bound. 19 pgs.

    $2.00 plus $1.50 S & H

    Early History of Arcadia Valley, by C. S. Russell, edited by Robert Pollock Soft cover, comb bound. 33 pgs.

    $5.00 plus $2.50 S & H

    History of the 33rd

    Regiment Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry in the Civil

    War

    Excerpts, 21 pgs. $3.00 plus $1.00

    S & H

    In the Arcadia Valley

    Reprint from Iron County Register

    Supp ;/1800s. 50 pgs $10.00 plus

    $2.50 S & H

    Iron County Family, Business, and Organization Stories: A Supplement to

    Past and Present

    Soft cover, comb bound, photos,

    195 pgs. $20.00 plus $3.50 S & H

    Iron County, Missouri, Year By Year, by Clarence R. Keathley Soft cover, comb bound, maps,

    photos, Ca 1984. 16 pgs. $3.00

    plus $1.50 S & H

    John Albert Undertaking Business, 1878 1921

    Manuscript, indexed, comb bound.

    76 pgs. $6.00 plus $2.50 S & H

    My Perfect Life, by Robert Pollock Indexed. 147 pgs. $10.00 plus

    $3.50 S & H

    Past and Present A History of Iron County 1857 1994 Topical/biographical history of Iron County, Missouri

    Hard Bound, indexed. 434 pgs.

    $49.95 plus $4.50 media rate or

    $10 1st class priority S & H

    Perpetual Diary of Capt. P. Ake Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, Ironton, MO

    (A Civil War Diary covering the year 1865)

    7 pgs. $2.00 plus $1.00 S & H

    Readin, Ritin and Rithmetic, A History of Schools in Iron County, MO., 1840 1981, by Clarence R. Keathley

    Soft cover, photos, etc. Ca. 1981.

    136 pgs. $8.00 each or 2/$10.00

    plus $3.50 S & H

    Russell Cemetery Association Soft cover, comb bound. 33 pgs.

    $5.00 plus $2.00 S & H

    United States Post Offices in Iron County, Missouri, Then and Now,

    by Clarence R. Keathley

    Soft cover, photos, maps, Ca. 1984.

    17 pgs. $3.00 plus $1.50 S & H

    W. J. Hinchey Diaries, Portrait of a community during the Civil War, edited

    by John and Elizabeth Holloman

    Soft cover, comb bound. 73 pgs.

    $10.00 plus $2.50 S & H

    White Funeral Home Register, Caledonia, Missouri, 1907 1934

    Manuscript, comb bound, indexed.

    34 pgs. $6.00 plus $2.50 S & H

    Witnesses to History - Stories from Park View Cemetery, by John Abney Comb bound. 101 pgs. $10.00 plus

    $3.00 S & H

    OTHER HISTORICAL SOCIETY ITEMS FOR SALE

    (Same address as above)

    Educational Civil War Playing Cards $10.00 per deck plus S/ H if mailed

    Explore Missouri Playing Cards $5.00 per deck plus S /H if mailed

    150th

    Anniversary Battle of Pilot Knob Coffee Cup $6.00 per cup plus S /H if mailed

  • 10

    Iron County Historical Society

    Membership Application

    Date________________ New_____ Renewal____

    Name______________________ Spouse____________________

    Address________________________ County_______________

    City____________________ State_____ Zip Code____________

    Phone__________________ Email____________________

    Signature____________________ Received by_______________

    Please complete form and return with membership dues of $10.00 to: Iron County Historical

    Society, P.O. Box 183, Ironton, MO 63650. For information please call (573) 546-3513

    Answers to last issues Who, What, Where: Who: James Lindsay; What: Mill stones; Where: Robinson Mill near Annapolis, MO.

    What Is It??? Who Is It ??? Where Is It???

    Time to test your Iron County trivia knowledge. If you would like to submit an answer telling us what each picture

    depicts, please do so and send your answers (with a postmark no later than January 31st) to:

    Iron County Historical Society Trivia P. O. Box 183, Ironton, MO 63650

    We will randomly draw a winner from all entries that have correctly identified the pictures.

    Your prize will be a copy of: A Celebration Worth Remembering Cookbook (Reprint of Centennial Cookbook with

    additional materials and photographs)

    Here are the pictures that we have chosen this quarter Good Luck to each of you!

    Who is this?

    What is this item?

    Where was this

    church

    located?