Winning the War

Chapter 4Section 4

MATCHING

1. Burgoyne 2. Cornwallis3. Howe4. John Jay5. Arnold

A. Defeated at Yorktown

B. Commander of all British forces

C. Negotiated Treaty of Paris

D. Defeated at SaratogaE. Led American forces

in Canada campaign

Yarr!! Piracy and the

RevolutionWith no real navy, the Congress enlists the aid of privateers to raid British shipping.

+ provides gold and captured goods for the cause

- graft and corruption, i.e. Benedict Arnold

John Paul Jones commands a small fleet of enterprising ships. (French and Spanish navies do most of the fighting.)

Privateers and Mariners in the Revolutionary War

  Continental

Navy Privateers

Total ships 64 1,697

Total guns on ships

1,242 14,872

Enemy ships captured

196 2,283

Ships captured by enemy

? 1,323

The 13 Colonies, having declared their Independence, had only 31 ships comprising the Continental Navy. To add to this, they issued Letters of Marque to privately owned, armed merchant ships and Commissions for privateers, which were outfitted as warships to prey on enemy merchant ships. Merchant seamen who manned these ships contributed to the very birth and founding of our Republic.

Comparison of Navy vs. Privateers in Revolutionary War

 

What did Marylanders do at sea?

The Brig Defense

A Marriage of Convenience

Democratic America & Aristocratic France

(Ben Franklin plays matchmaker)

Alliance between France and Americans, 1778

TIPPING POINT: Balance of Power is against GB

Howe must retreat to NY and w/d from Philly.

France menaces British lines of supply.

Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, 1783The brilliant young French general appears here with his African-American aide, a Virginia slave named James. Among other services to Lafayette, James spied on Cornwallis before the latter's surrender. (Art Gallery, Williams Center, Lafayette College )

Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, 1783

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Compare and Contrast the Fighting in the North, the South and the West during the RevolutionaryWar

NORTH SOUTH WEST

Map: Campaign of 1777

Campaign of 1777The crucial campaign of 1777 was fought on two fronts: along the upper Hudson and Mohawk River valleys, and in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The rebels won in the north; the British triumphed--at least nominally--in the south. The capture of Philadelphia, however, did the redcoats little good, and they abandoned the city the following year.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Second Southern Campaign, 1778-1781

The Second Southern Campaign, 1778-1781This map of the second attempt by Britain to crush the rebellion in the South shows the many battles waged in the Lower South before Cornwallis's encampment at Yorktown and his surrender there. This decisive southern campaign involved all the military resources of the combatants, including British, loyalist, French, and American ground forces and British and French naval fleets.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

• What did Marylanders do at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse?

• http://uncpress.unc.edu/pdfs/samplechapters/9780807832660_Babits_Long_Intro.pdf

See page 2 with map

• http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/nc/ncsites/greensbo/guilf2.htm

Control “F” Maryland

Map: The War in the South

The War in the South: British forces, led by Cornwallis, try to use Loyalist support in South to capture the South. Georgia falls in 1778-1779, South Carolina falls in 1780. Battles at King’s Mountain and Cowpens turn tide to Americans favor. Nathanael Greene commands Americans in a hit and run, guerrilla campaign.

Battle of Yorktown, Oct. 17, 1781

http://www.britishbattles.com/images/yorktown/map-l.jpg

Surrender of the British at Yorktown, October 19, 1781.French naval power combined with American military savvy to produce the decisive defeat of the British. French provide all of the naval power and half of the troops (Library of Congress)

Surrender of the British at Yorktown

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

War in the old Northwest

• Joseph Brant leads the Mohawks and others to help the British attack colonists on the frontier. Why?

• George Rogers Clark leads colonial forces to seize key forts, cutting British supplies and communications to the interior.

• Tribes allied with the British are forced to sign the Treaty of Ft. Stanwix, ceding lands to the new US.

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Map: The War in the West, 1776-1782

The War in the West, 1776-1782Carolina militiamen drove attacking Cherokees far back into the Appalachians in 1776. George Roger Clark's victory at Vincennes in 1779 gave the United States effective control of the Ohio valley. In retaliation for their raids on New York and Pennsylvania, John Sullivan inflicted widespread starvation on the Iroquois by burning their villages and winter food supplies in 1779. Peace negotiated with Treaty of St. Stanwix, Indians cede most of their lands.

Map: Cession of Tribal Lands, 1775-1790

Cession of Tribal Lands, 1775-1790The land claims of the United States meant little as long as Indian nations still controlled vast territories within the new country's formal boundaries. A series of treaties in the 1780s and 1790s opened some lands to white settlement.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Compare and Contrast the Fighting in the North, the South and the West during the RevolutionaryWar

NORTH WEST SOUTH

Peace at ParisTreaty of Paris of 1783:

• Recognized the independence of the United States

• Recognized Florida, Mississippi and Old North West (Ohio, etc.) as part of U.S.

• Negotiated by Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Whigs (Tories, Lord North, and George III out)

• Americans make a separate peace with England, frustrating French and Spanish imperial ambitions

EgalitarianismIdentify whether the new spirit of egalitarianism changed various social groups in the new United States, and if so, how. (use p. 116)

http://www.gilderlehrman.org/teachers/module_pop_resource.php?module_id=44&resource_id=1471

AFRICAN AMERICANS:

WOMEN:

NATIVE AMERICANS: