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Editm·-in-C hief Stephen L Sickennan 850.872-4250 e-mail: sickus@doacs.starejl.us

Managing Editor Jack Petersen 850-872-4370 e-mail: drjack3@hotmail.com

Director of Advertising Dennis Moore 727-376-4568 e-mail: dmoore@pascomosquito.org

Circulation Editm· Kellie Etherson 352-334-2287 email: etllersonk@cityofgainesville.org

Ass ociate Editors Dave Dame, Gainesville, FL Tom Wilmot, Sanford, Ml LCDR Eric Hoffman, Jacksonville, FL

Regional Editors Massachusetts- Tunothy D Deschamps, Northborough Michigan- Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford New Jersey -William C Reinert, Northfield Utah - Glenn Collett, Salt Lake City

Editorial Review Board Doug Carlson, Indian River, FL Frank Van Essen, Naples, FL Wayne Kramer, Baton Rouge, LA L Philip Lounibos, Vero Beach, FL Wtlliam Meredith, Dover, DE Bill Reynolds, Sanford, FL John J Smith, Norwood, MA Robert Cummings, Garden Grove, CA

Flosida Mosquito C ontrol A ssociation FMCA President: Bill Reynolds, Sanford, FL e-mail: breynolds@myadapco.com

Kellie Etherson, FMCA Executive Director Gainesville Mosquito Control 405 NW 39th Avenue Gainesville, FL 32609 email: etllersonk@cityofgainesville.org

Ameli can Mosquito C ontt-ol A ssociation AMCA President: Gene Payne, Chesapeake, VA e-mail: gpayn~ityofchesapeake.net

Sarah B Gazi, AMCA Executive Director 15000 Conunerce Parkway, Suite C Mount Laurel, NJ 08054 voice: 856-439-9222; fax: 856-439-0525 e-mail: amca@mosquito.org

www ftoridamosquito org www mosquito org

california Mosquito an~ Vector Control Districts an~ Universit~ of california Combine Forces to Battle Malaria in Africa ............ .... ............... ..... 6 b~ Katb Garve~

what is an Epi~emioloeical Week an~ wh~ ~o we use them? . ................ 2.2. b~ Joree R Arias

The Latest Buzz: Mosquito Control Goes Hieh Tech .... . .... . ....... ...... 2.5 b~ walter Monteomer~

MIR or MLE: That is the Question .................................... 32. b~ Joree R Arias

From where I Sit: Notes from the AMCA Technical A~visor ................. 36 b~ Joe Conlon

Florida Mosquito Control Association • PO Box 358630 • Gainesville, FL 32635-8630

~ &..t.s: An official publication of the American Mosquito Control Association, published quarterly by the Florida Mosquito Control Association This magazine is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control All rights reserved Reproduction, in whole or part, for educational pwposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation The FMCA and the AMCA have not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication, nor have they verified any of the statements made in any of the advertisements or articles The FMCA and the AMCA do not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the FMCA or the AMCA

Subscriptions:~ &..t.s is sent free of charge to anyone within the continental Uuited States Subscriptions are available for the cost of first class postage to any foreign address at the following rates: Europe, UK and Australia US$20; Canada, US$6; Sooth America US$! 0 Make checks and purchase orders payable to the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Correspondence: Address all correspondence regarding~ &..t.s to the Editor-in-Chief, Stephen Sickerman, 3920 Frankford Avenue, Panama City, FL 32405 Readers are invited to submit articles related to mosquito and biting fty biol­ogy and control, or letters to the Managing Editor, Jack Petersen There is no charge if your article or letter is printed Photogr.~phers and artists are invited to submit color transparencies, high quality original artwork or artwork in electrouic format for possible use in the magazine or on the cover; $100 \vill be paid for each cover photo Businesses are invited to place advertisements through the Director of Advertising, Dennis Moore

printed by Boyd Brother s, Inc, 425 East 15th Street, PO Box 18, Panama City, FL 32402-0018

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Fall 2007 5

6

California Mosquito ana Vector Control Districts ana Universit~ of California Combine Forces to Battle Malaria in Africa b~ I<atb~ I<eatle~ Garve~

A single statistic tells the story: malaria kills a child in Africa every 30 seconds.

In response to that tragic statis­tic, President Bush created the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI} in June 2005 to combat malaria in Africa, committing a $1 .2 billion increase in United States funding over five years.

PMI, partnering with US govern­ment agencies, including the US

Fall 2007

Agency for International Devel­opment, Centers for Disease Control, Department of State and the White House, seeks the in­volvement of private foundations and corporations to help imple­ment malaria control programs in Africa. Many responded, in­cluding the American Red Cross, United Way and the Global Busi­ness Coalition. However, PMI did not tap one of the most potential­ly useful resources in the battle against malaria in Africa: the US

mosquito control community.

Enter the University of California Malaria Research and Control Group (MRCG}, based on the UC Davis campus.

MRCG is the brainchild of Greg Lanzaro, director of the statewide University of California Mosquito Research Program. "When Presi­dent Bush first announced a renewed US commitment to pro­vide assistance to African nations

in their struggle against malaria, I began thinking about what is needed and how the California vector biology community might contribute," he said. "The Univer­sity of Califomia is home to a large cadre of the world's leading ex­perts on the biology of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases."

In the summer of 2005, Lanzaro contacted faculty members en­gaged in mosquito research and discussed the idea of assembling a group to focus on malaria in Africa. "The response was over­whelmingly positive," he said, "and we were able to form a group of 21 scientists from five of the ten UC campuses - Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles and Riverside."

"But research satisfies only one part of the need," he said. "What is sorely needed for malaria con-

trol in Africa is the establishment of modern mosquito abatement programs aimed at reducing malaria through mosquito control. California enjoys one of the most extensive and advanced systems of mosquito abatement programs in the world . These programs are home to a wealth of exper­t ise in the establishment and maintenance of contemporary mosquito and vector control dis­tricts, including technical, admin­istrative and public education aspects."

In October of 2005, Lanzaro pre­sented the concept at a meeting of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California (MVCAC), which represents 61 districts in the state. A partnership between the University of Califor­nia and MVCAC, he said, would "greatly provide assistance in efforts to control malaria in sub-

Saharan Africa." MVCAC mem­bers enthusiastically supported the concept and the MVCAC Board of Directors endorsed it on October 27, 2005.

The University of Ca lifornia Malaria Research and Control Group was born.

"The UC mosquito research com­munity and MVCAC members have a long and effective history of collaboration in efforts aimed at the control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in the state," Lanzaro said. "The partner­ship between research and application has been very suc­cessful in California. We are now committed to focusing our efforts to the challenge of malaria in Africa and are seeking partners and sponsors to make these goals a reality."

Fall 2007 7

8

Christopher Voight executive di­rector of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California, Sacramento, strongly supports the mission.

"California's mosquito control pro­fessionals are ready to provide their considerable experience in controlling the spread of mosquito­borne diseases to the African peoples," Voight said. "Efficient and effective methods of mos­quito control honed over decades of use in California can be ex­ported to Africa with immediate effects. Success will come with the team approach incorporating integrated pest management (IPM). The results will be dramatic reductions in the transmission of malaria in Africa, just as IPM has

Fall 2007

so effectively limited the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses in California."

MVCAC has greatly limited or eliminated the transmission of once-common mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria, in California. Its 61 districts serve more than 33 million residents within a 69,580 square mile area. They wage a three-pronged attack: suNeillance, public edu­cation and mosquito control.

To seek congressional support, Lanzaro met March 8, 2006 in Washington DC with the staffs of Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.}; Sen. Sam Brownback (D-Kansas); Rep. Barbara Lee (9th District}; Rep. Diane Watson (33rd District};

and Rep. Mike Thompson (1st District}.

MRCG scientists and Mosquito Abatement District representa­tives met for a daylong, organi­zational session on May 16, 2006 in Davis, CA. They hammered out plans encompassing academic research, education and public service.

The participants agreed to battle malaria on three unique fronts: mosquito abatement, applied research to improve existing mosquito control strategies, and basic research aimed at devel­oping new and novel methods to control malaria vectors.

The 21-member research team

= - -- --

Fall 2007 9

of MRCG is comprised of: to participate in the MRCG. partnerships for malaria control and research.

UC Davis: Anthony Cornel, Bruce Six UC researchers, Cornel, James, Hammock, Sharon Lawler, Walter Lanzaro, Luckhart, Taylor and "We're hoping that what we do Leal, Shirley Luckhart, Sergey V. Van, already conduct field re- in Tanzania will be the template Nuzhdin, Wil liam Reisen and search in one or more countries for all of Africa," Lanzaro said. Thomas Scott in Africa, including Cameroon, "Malaria is the leading cause

Ghana, Kenya, Mali, South Africa of death in both children and UC Irvine: Timothy Bradley, and Tanzania. Their grants exis- adults in Tanzania. "More than l 0 Anthony James and Guiyun Van ted before the MRCG did. million cases of malaria occur in

Tanzania annually." UCLA: Charles Taylor Organizational plans are pro-

gressing steadily, Lanzaro said. The delegates met with malaria UC Riverside: Peter Atkinson, In October 2006, MRCG sent researchers at the lfakara Health Timothy Bradley, Ring T. Carde, a four-member delegation - Research and Development Brian A. Federici, Sarjeet S. Gill, entomologists Lanzaro and Comel Center (IHRDC) in lfakara, which Karine Le Roch, Alexander S. and MVCAC professionals Steve operates under a board of trust-Raikhel and William Walton Mulligan, manager of the Con- ees. Members include represen-

solidated Mosquito Abatement tatives from the Tanzanian Ministry UC Berkeley: Michael Levine District in Selma, and Major of Health, National Institute for

Dhillon, manager of the North- Medical Research, Commission In addition to the research team, west Mosquito and Vector Control of Science and Technology, mosquito abatement d istricts District in Corona -to the east Swiss Agency for Development throughout the state, coordinat- African nation of Tanzania to de- and Cooperation, Swiss Tropical ed through MVCAC, have agreed velop collaborations and build Institute, Hospital Clinic Barcelona,

10 Fall 2007 'U'i~<f '8eau

Adama Sacko, from the Malaria Research and Training Center in Bamako, Mali, (center) and UCLA researcher Charles Taylor (right) near Morigbedou, Mali. Photo by Mahamoudou Toure (Pele)

Fall 2007 11

Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences and the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory.

Following several days of dis­cussion at lfakara with the en­tomology group led by Gerry Ki lleen, the board agreed to pursue a collaborative effort be­tween IHRDC and the MRCG. The first tangible step: provide a research fellowsh ip to Kija N'ghabi, a PhD student at IHRDC, to conduct research at the University of California in the

summer of 2007. N'ghabi worked in the Vector Genetics Lab at UC Davis. Mulligan and Dhillon were also invited to participate in a stakeholders' meeting of the Integrated Urban Malaria Control Program in Dar es Salaam, Tan­zania's largest city, to exchange expertise and share ideas from the California mosquito control prospective. The two participa­ted in a tour of the Dar program prior to the meeting . Deo Mtasiwa, city medical officer of health of Dar es Salaam City

Council, chaired the meeting, which included 15 presentations.

Most presentations, from the Dar Urban Mosquito Control Program personnel, described the oper­ations program and discussed progress made and challenges faced by the program. The malaria program includes map­ping of larval habitat, monitoring of larval and adult population, larviciding, and householder surveys. CORPS or community­owned resource persons work in

Medical entomologist Dr Raymon Kone (seated, fourth from left) of Kan Kan, speaks to the village chief and elders about gathering mosquitoes in the village of Morigbedou. "To collect Anopheles one typically must go into peoples' homes, where they have slept, and collect the resting female mosquitoes after they have fed," said Chuck Taylor (in white shirt). "We collect them from the walls, ceilings and hanging objects. To go into peoples' homes like this requires their permission. In this part of Africa the permissions are generally decided collectively, by the chief after consultation with other elders. In this photo we are describing what it is we wish to do to the chief and elders." The chief is seated at far left. To Kone's left is Dr Mahamoudou Toure, and to his left are a number of elders. They did give their permission. Photo by Adama Sacko

Fall 2007 13

14

ABOVE: UC Davis medical entomologist and MRCG director Gregory Lanzaro (second from right) addresses a meeting at the lfakara Health Research and Development Center; at far right is Anthony Cornel. Photo by Steve Mulligan

BELOW: Left to right: Anthony Cornel; Tunu Kingodi, IFAKAR secretary; Gregory Lanzaro; and Major Dhillon, manager of the Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control District, Corona, CA, standing outside the IFAKAR headquarters in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Photo by Steve Mulligan

Fall 2007

one of three areas: surveillance and monitoring, control, and data management. In addition, Uli Fillinger and Marcia de Castro discussed ongoing international research projects involving the Dar program.

In their presentation, Dhillon and Mulligan emphasized the simi­larities and differences between Dar es Salaam and California mosquito control programs, including program history, devel­opment, structure, operations and funding sources. "This pre­sentation was very well received and generated much interest and discussion," Dhil lon and Mulligan said in a written report to MRCG.

"One difference from the typical control program in California is that in Dar es Salaam, no CORPS members who monitor the larval population are involved in the spray program, as the applica­tion treatments are made by a separate Control CORPS," the Dhillon-Mull igan report said. "All water sources are treated with only Bti, irrespective of any mosquito breeding. At present,

Bti is being donated by Valent Biosciences."

Every six months, a household survey group interviews approxi­mately 10,000 people and draws blood samples to detect malaria. "The mapping group prepares very precise maps of all breeding sources within the 15-ward zone (15 of 73 wards are currently cover­ed)," the report said. "These maps are so precise that when given to

new employees, they can locate every breeding source in their community, a virtual man-made GPS. The ultimate goal of the mapping is to prepare digitized maps. It is estimated that it takes one month of hard work to map 5 kilometers."

In the city of Dar es Salaam, 18 percent of malaria transmissions occur outside houses. Malaria incidence is lower in urban areas than in rural. The Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) in Tanzania varies from 200 to 1250, with an average of 400, "which translates to the fact that almost every­body has or has had malaria," the report said. EIR, a measure­ment of the intensity of malaria transmission, is the number of inoculations of malaria parasites received by one person in one year.

On December 14, 2006 Lanzaro, at the invitation of President and Mrs. Bush, participated in the White House Summit on Malaria, part of the President's Malaria Initiative, a five-year $1.2 billion

Fall 2007 15

16

ABOVE: Typical scene in a village in Cameroon. Photo by Tara Thiemann

BELOW: Gregory Lanzaro (left) leads an expedition collecting mosquitoes outside the village of Godola in Cameroon. The woman at far right joined the entourage to seek treatment for her child, who received anti­malaria treatment and survived. Photo by Anthony Cornel

Fall 2007

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18

ABOVE: UC Davis medical entomologist Tom Scott (left) talks with Steve Mulligan, manager of the Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District, Selma, CA, at the organizational meeting of the UC Malaria Research and Control Group. Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey

BELOW: Left to right: UC Davis medical entomologist Robert Washino; UC Davis medical entomologist William Reisen; Dave Brown, manager of the Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District; and Christopher Voight, executive director of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California. Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey

F all 2007

program to cut malaria's mortal­ity rate by 50 percent in the target countries. The PMI challenges the private sector to join the US gov­ernment in combating malaria.

Lanzaro said it's tragic that many Americans are unaware of the severity of malaria in Africa.

To draw awareness to malaria in the UC Davis community, Lanzaro coordinated the first-ever UC Davis Malaria Awareness Day on April 25, 2007, which also is International Malaria Awareness Day. Five MRCG members ­Lanzaro, Cornel, Luckhart, Washino and Mulligan - spoke to the gathering.

In his introductory remarks, Chancellor Larry Vanderhoef described malaria as "a public health problem in more than 100 countries, or 40 percent of the global population."

"It is particularly devastating in Africa," Vanderhoef said. "Ninety­percent of the g lobal deaths occur in Africa. Most susceptible are children under five and pregnant women."

Vanderhoef praised UC Davis' involvement in the war against malaria and for "leading the way."

The United States has increased its commitment to assist in the war against malaria in Africa.

"The goal of defeating malaria is a challenging goaL yet it can be done. Irs not going to require a miracle, it just requires a smart sustained, focused effort. And that's what we're here to talk about.

Experts have identified tour key steps for combating malaria in

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, Tbe Latest Buzz: Mosquito Control Goes Higb Tecb ~ b~ walter Montgowrer~

Controlling mosquitoes in Massachusetts is a serious job. With the increasing appearance of mosquito-borne diseases, such as Eastern Equine Encephalitis and West Nile virus, effective mosquito control has become essential to protect the quality of life for citizens of Massachusetts. The potential for an outbreak is real and if one does occur it may spread rapidly. That is why it is vi­tally important to know, in the b link of an eye, what locations have been t reated, with what chemicals, and on which dates, to prevent unwelcome conditions from spreading throughout the state.

In Massachusetts, the Northeast Massachusetts Mosquito Control and Wetlands Management

EMPLOYEE INFO

Employee 1"'-J a=--=ckc..:.....=.ca=r-=-d ____ .. _,]

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Figure 1: This is the sign-in screen for employees to initial­ize their data acquisition tasks.

District is the group responsible for controlling mosquitoes in Essex County. Our personnel recognize an important challenge which affects our success. We need a simple, yet accurate method for capturing mosquito control data. Our team had previous experience using handheld personal d ig ital assistants (PDAs), but this wasn't sufficient to support the ever increasing complexity of the mosquito control program. A proven approach was required that would reliably acquire data in the formats needed and be flexible enough to adapt to the way we work, instead of forcing us to adapt to the technology.

WORKING THE HOT SPOTS

As warmer months approach, fie ld personnel from our District spend their time eva luating wetlands, catch basins, and other mosquito habitats. They survey areas by foot or take an aerial view of larger tracts of land that are known to be popular homes for pesky insects. It's a large job. In any g iven city or town, there can be hundreds of catch basins to inspect, treat, and report. Ensuring accountability is their highest priority, because their efforts become highly vis ible when an outbreak occurs.

When it comes to treatment there are several methods that have specific reporting requirements to meet state reporting regulations. Some of these include:

Larvicidlng: a chemical method used to control the mosquito in its most vulnerable stage, when confined and localized, to pre­vent the insects from becoming adults. Many of the products designed to ki ll or prevent emer­gence are formulated with bio­logical materials such as bacteria and insect growth regulators.

Catch Basin Management: tar­geted catch basins and storm drain larviciding to prevent adult emergence. Th is is especially important for controlling mosqui­toes suspected of vectoring West Nile virus.

ACCOUNTABILITY IS CRITICAL, FAST ANSWERS REQUIRED

When performing treatment

CATCH BASIN

LARVICDE

Aerial Larvidde

BACKUP

RESTORE

EXIT

Racord Edit Option D l; ~

Figure 2: Large, easy co read menu items make selecting tasks on a PDA simple.

Fall 2007 25

26

services, precise time stamping and location data need to be recorded throughout the day by field personnel as they are applying chemicals. At the end of any given period, a county, city, or town that the District serves may call to request a treatment summary report. We want to know how much chemical was applied, what chemicals were used, when it was performed, and specific locations. To meet the data management chal­lenge, field personnel traditionally recorded this information by paper and pencil.

The paperwork was massive, requiring notebook upon note­book of data to be entered into a computer. The District's employees would assume the large task of entering the data. The trouble with manual data entry is that it is time consuming and takes prec ious time to complete a season's worth of operations. In the event that a county or town requests a summary of treatment services, it would take days to prepare the report.

NORTHEAST DISTRICT TRIES PDAs

Over the past few years, we tried to use PDAs to faci litate auto­mated data capture and manage the process more ef­fectively. PDAs are more con­venient than paper and provide an easy way to transfer the data back to the home office. They reduce the inaccuracies associated with manual data entry, reduce labor costs, and save an incredible amount of time when it comes to reporting. However, it is not that simple to change from manual data entry to automated methods. PDAs do not come fully equipped

Fall 2007

-I

,_,10 10

with the right software to capture data, and are not designed for such specific applications as recording field personnel activity for mosqutto control. An interface must be created that is simple to use, as field personnel have

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Figure 4: This screen shows the data captured for a larvicide treatment.

varying degrees of computer experience. In the case of the Northeast District, our first PDA experience ran into serious challenges with the application we were using. It was a standard application purchased off-the­shelf, with some minor customi­zation. But the standard product was not as flexible as we need­ed, and usability was a major challenge in the field. As a result, we returned to manual data collection and put a hold on the devices.

HANDHELDS GET ANOTHER TRY

Fast forward to 2006, and we were ready to use PDAs again. Jack Card, Operations Manager, and Robyn Januszewski, Staff Biologist recognized the enormous benefit of having the data captured electronically. Our District want­ed to generate reports with different criteria and provide custom reports to their member communities on demand. This time we knew more about what we wanted from ou,r system. Requirements included:

• Customized data capture application to ensure the right data is recorded and not lost

• Simple user interface for field personnel

• Interface with the GIS/GPS system to record actual locations for each treatment.

Accord ing to Jack Card, "We were leery to get back into using PDAs." "The last time a­round didn't work out. We are a mobile organization and we wanted a solution that would keep our people p roductive and proactive. We didn't want them to keep leaving the field

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Ft. Worth Office (817) 233-8000

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to report their progress at the office. We wanted to cut down on the amount of data entry we had to do on a daily basis and provide a better service to our cities and towns in the form of accurate, timely reports, and more productivity."

In searching for a solution, Card found an engineering consulting firm that specialized in interfacing GIS/GPS applications called True North Mapping (www.tnmapping. com). True North Mapping had previous experience in setting up GIS systems for mapping data from aerial larvicide and adulticide applications. After a few meetings and a proof of concept demonstration, True North was hired to create a custom solution for mosquito control data collection using Dell® PDAs.

The NIAID-sponsored Malaria Research and Reference Re­agent Resource Center (MR4, www.mr4.org) is pleased to announce the availability of the new manual "Methods In Anopheles Research."

This 238-page compilation of laboratory methods and advice combines information previously presented on the web site and now with expanded and revised content. It is free for downloading, in part or whole, from the MR4 web site under the menu se­lection "Anopheles info," then "Training & Methods." The manual is designed to provide complete lists of materials and protocols for several common techniques used in the MR4 vector activities and elsewhere.

Fall 2007

ADDnnDNALTREA~ENT

I END II LARVICIDE I RKord Edit" Optioo D ~ !!~~ q

Figure 5: Treatments are carefully recorded to capture materials, location, and amount of chemical being used in each location.

VISUAL CE SELECTED AS THE APPLICATION PLATFORM

Suzanne Luinis, founder and president of True North Mapping explains, "They were doing a lot of paperwork and wanted a way to upload the recorded data of their activities into an Access database. After researching several PDA applications, we chose Visual CE, an application developed by SYWARE (www. syware.com). Visual CE was sophisticated enough to handle the customization we needed for our client, making it a user friendly application."

Visual CE is designed to bui ld mobile database applications for handheld devices including Windows® Mobile, Pocket PC, or Windows® CE, and can handle complex data acquisition inter-

It contains anopheline-specific information but does not con­tain molecular techniques of a generic nature. Subjects in­clude dissect ion techniques, Insecticide-resistance assays, species identification by PCR and general anopheline culture.

The MR4 welcomes appropriate voluntary contributions and revisions to the manual. If you would like to add sections on techniques in which you have expertise, please contact Mark Benedict at the address below.

Mark Q Benedict, PhD CDC/NCID/DPD, Entomology

4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-42 Chamblee, GA 30341 USA

770-488-4987 MBenedict@cdc.gov

faces like mosquito control. Mobile applications eliminate paperwork, improve data accuracy, and centralize the collection of data. The Visual CE development environment offers drag and drop controls to create custom electronic forms, like work orders. All data is collected and synchronized with a desktop PC or corporate server, and works seamlessly with the Microsoft Access database being used at District headquarters.

Visual CE was also able to inter­face with a GPS system to capture all location points. The GPS sys­tem is activated with the PDA using a Bluetooth receiver the size of a small keychain. The GPS logs periodic coordinates and up­loads that information to the PDA of the field personnel. This dra­matically improves the quality of the data collected, and supports the level of accountability need­ed to support their customer's reporting requirements.

"We are thrilled with the solution Suzanne's team provided for our group," states Card . "True North Mapping had a different approach attogether. The equip­ment was different and they provided an excellent presen­tation that helped us see the simplicity of the application. Our field personnel are able to quickly learn how to enter data without any extensive training or computer programming exper­ience . And Suzanne's team provides outstanding technical support, which is a must in our industry."

MOVING FORWARD: PROTECTING THE DATA

As the project evolved, new requirements have emerged.

One need, in particular, is a way to protect the data captured in the field . PDA batteries can be a challenge and when they unexpectedly lose power, all the data collected that day can be lost. The True North Mapping team is now implementing a backup system to protect the data. This system will offer instant synchronization with the home office system using wireless protocols. This will ensure that field data captured is sent to the database immediately, pre­venting loss of information .

PDA'S CATCHING ON QUICKLY

With the success of our use of PDAs, other mosquito control teams in other states are catch­ing on quickly. Who wouldn't want the benefits that the North­east District has realized?

Those benefits include:

• Accurate data capture

• Save time and labor costs for data entry

• GPS position recording

• Instant synchronization with host database

• Clear picture of how much chemical was used during treat­ments, where they were used, and what type of treatments were performed

• Easy to integrate with data­bases, GIS systems, and office applications

• Produce custom reports in­stantly, on demand

As handheld applications are being successfully deployed in the field of mosquito control organizations, more regions and states are looking to adopt these mobile devices for their field personnel. Available solutions have increased in sophistication and now greatly improve the level and type of reporting possible. This is becoming even more important as new chemical treatments are introduced. These systems can help track how effective these treatments are in various environments, and help improve the overall effectiveness of mosquito control treatments regionally.

Now that is something the citizens of every state will appreciate.

Walter Montgomery Superintendent

Northeast Massachusetts Mosquito and Wetlands

Management District 261 Northern Plum Island Newburyport, MA 01950

978-463-6630 nemmc comcast.net

Fall 2007 29

30

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• State reports on mosquito

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• Research projects in

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• Updates on new techniques

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control

• Much much more!!

December 3-5, 2007 For more information check our website at www.nmca.org

The 53rd Annual NMCA Meeting will be held at the Radisson Hotel at Plymouth Harbor in Plymouth, MA from December 3-5, 2007. Room cost for NMCA wi ll be $98 per night (single rate - plus 5.7% Mass tax and 4% local tax) - please specify the "Northeastern Mosquito Control Association Annual Meeting" when you book your room. This special rate is only effective unti l Nov. 19, 2007 please book soon!! For reservations call (508) 747-4900

The Radisson Hotel is within walking distance to the Mayflower II, Plymouth National Wax Museum, Plymouth Rock and other area attractions, and only minutes from car to Plimouth Plantation.

NORTHEASTERN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION, INC. mosquito control for health and comfort

PO Box 438 Barrington, Rl 02806

info@nmca.org

www.nmca.org

Fall 2007

Why do we do so much more than just sell vector control products and equipment?

Because our success depends on your success.

Fall 2007 31

32

Recently there have been con­ference presentations during which the terms MIR and MLE were used interchangeably, leading to some confusion. What exactly are they? What do they mean? What is the d ifference between the two? And when should we use them?

WHAT ARE THEY?

MIR stands for Minimum Infection Rate which is the minimum num­ber of infected mosquitoes (per thousand) that are estimated to be in a given population sample.

MLE stands for Maximum Likeli­hood Estimation which is the most likely number of infected mosquitoes (per thousand) that are estimated to be in a g iven population sample.

WHAT DO THEY MEAN?

MIR means that there are at least a certain number of positive

mosquitoes in the population sample. It assumes that only one mosquito is infected in each positive pool, and when you calculate the number of positive mosquitoes per thousand, this is the minimum number of positive mosquitoes in the sample. This calculation is done in the follow­ing manner:

# Positive pools MIR = x 1,000

Total # mosquitoes tested

Conversely, MLE considers the number of positive mosquitoes that may be found in any given positive pool. When the number of positive mosquitoes per thou­sand is calculated, this number represents an estimation of the most likely number of positive mosquitoes in the population sample. The calculation of this number requires a much more complex formula (Gu et al., 2003), and fortunately there are several computer programs to make these calculations.

First is an Excel add-in called PooledlnfRate that is provided at no charge by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This add-in can be downloaded from the Web at http://www.cdc. gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/soft ware.htm (Biggerstaff, 2006). An alternative is the MLE-IR program, which is executable on PCs and is freely available upon request to the authors (Gu et al., 2003).

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO?

The difference between the two is that the MIR assumes there is only one positive mosquito in each pool while the MLE allows for the possibility that there may be more than one positive mos­quito per pool. If the infection rates are low in a population, say in the order of five positive mosquitoes per thousand, the MIR and MLE values will be sim­ilar. However, as the infection rate increases so will the disparity between the MIR and MLE, with

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the MLE always of a larger value MLE, as such a calculation over than the MIR. a long period of time is not truly

representative of viral activity in WHEN SHOULD WE USE THEM? the mosquito population, which

ftuctuates throughout the season. The best measure to use is the MLE. It will give you a better idea of the actual infection rate in the mosquito population, and as mentioned before, if the infection rate is low, there will be little if any difference between the two. The programs used to calculate MLE are able to accommodate pools of varying size, and they calculate confidence intervals that are essential for valid com­parison of infection rates of different samples.

The infection rate calculations should be used on a weekly basis, and are best presented graphically as a line. A cu ­

Estimation of the mosquito infec­tion rate can provide important epidemiological data, but it is a surveillance tool that requires thoughtful planning of specific surveillance goals and careful consideration of the proper inter­pretation of any data that may result (Shroyer, 2001 ).

This article is based on a news item first published in the July 2006 issue of "The Skeeter" Newsletter of the Virginia Mosquito Control Association. Vol. 66, No.2: 4.

REFERENCES

mulative infection rate for the Biggerstaff, B. 2006. http:Uwww. entire season should never be cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ calculated, neither as a MIR or software.htm May 1, 2006

Gu, W., Lampman, R. & Novak, R. J. 2003. Problems in estimating mosquito infection rates using minimum infection rate. J. Med. Ent. 40(5): 595-596.

Shroyer, D. A. 2001 . The Collection and Processing of Mosquitoes for Arbovirus Assay: Some Funda­mental Considerations. Wing Beats, Vol. 12, No. 2: 4,5,18,25.

Fall 2007 33

34 Fall 2007

36

FROM WHERE I SIT . . .

In 1928 Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis wrote, "The great­est dangers to liberty lurk in in­sidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but with­out understanding." Wise counsel, indeed, if only anti-pesticide activists would take heed. If the primary subject of many of my e-mails, telephone consults, and requests for assistance by mos­quito abatement districts these days is any indicator, there appears to be a noticeable up­surge in attempts by activists to call the practices of our profession into question. All in support of the proliferation of "natural" mosquito control remedies such as garlic, rosemary oil, etc. For the past 7 years I've gamely attempted to rebut inaccuracies surrounding these products making their way to media sources that have been brought to my attention. I'll have to admit, though, that refuting the more egregious bilge is becoming increasingly tedious as a few of the more radicalized of the activist groups begin to eschew even the minimal trappings of rational thought. But it has to be done and done often. It's most assuredly frustrating dealing with the defiantly ig­norant, but our responsibility to advocate sound science in the service of our constituencies should drive us to confront the inaccuracies published about our products and methodologies, lest the mythologies become ingrained as fact in the public's consciousness.

Fall 2007

Much of the more biased non­sense I've heard is the result of the public having minimal know­ledge of the regulatory process and how it protects human health and the environment, coupled to a belief in the benign nature of "natural" products. Here's where the local public health and mosquito district education programs can make a difference. To be sure, the regulation of pesticides is an extremely complex process and

cannot be adequately de ­scribed or explained in this short article. Indeed, the longer I participate in the Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC) at EPA, the more I appreciate some of the com­plex compromises necessitated through the interactions of various constituencies having widely divergent agendas. The open process by which the PPDC produces input and presents it to the EPA on these regulatory issues underscores the transparency

sought in the Agency fulfilling its FIFRA and FQPA responsibilities. This process is largely unknown to the public, but it contributes in a very real way to the level of safety built into the label.

The fact is, there are a great number of safeguards built into the products we use and the ways we use them. That is as it should be and we should not be shy about touting it. Furthermore, we should continually state that it is in no one's best interest to gratuitously poison the en­vironment in which we and our families live and we won't do it. We have nothing to lose and everything to gain by confronting activist claims with science.

Interestingly, activists remained blithely unconcerned about potential human exposures to demonstrably toxic "natural" products - many of which they actively promote as mosquito control alternatives. For example, garlic oil, touted as an effective barrier treatment, contains allicin, a chemical with an LD

50 of 60, which is about 7 times as toxic as naled. When informed of this, activists with whom I've interacted seem intuitively to understand that poisoning by garlic is unlikely due to lack of historical data confirming such in addition to the minute amount which is ingested (exposure). This provides an excellent opportunity to make Paracelsus' point of "the dose makes the poison." In other words, the amount of a substance to which a person is

exposed is as important (or more so) as the intrinsic toxic ity of the chemical itself in establishing risk. For example, coumadin (warfarin) in therapeutic doses can prevent excessive blood clotting in individuals prone to emboli. If the therapeutic dose is exceeded it can lead to fatal internal bleeding. Don't be surprised if the point remains lost upon the true believer, though, because it conflicts with his or her confirmation bias.

The same goes for the extraordi­nary array of known nat ural carcinogens found in everyday vegetables, spices and essential oils. Nitrosamines in beets, celery, and lettuce; aflatoxin in peanuts, corn, and milk; sterigmatocystin in salami. ham, and wheat; hydrazines in mushrooms; allyl isothiocyanate in mustard, broc­coli, and cabbage; safrole in pepper; tannins in coffee, tea, and wines; psoralens in celery and parsley; ethyl carbamate in b read, yogurt, beer, and wine; formaldehyde in fruits; benzene in eggs; methylene chloride in fats; coumarin in candy; d iacetyl in coffee and butter; and flavonoids in fruits and vegetables - all are known carc inogens.

Are there any groups advocat­ing a ban on the food items containing these toxins? I think not. To paraphrase Dr. Bruce Ames, there are more natural carcinogens by weight in a single cup of coffee than po­tentially carcinogenic synthetic pesticide residues in the average American diet in a year. This doesn't mean that coffee is dangerous, but rather that worst­case risk assessments do not represent the true risks involved. This is also certainly not meant

to negate the perceived risk from the application of synthetic pesticides, but rather to place the exposure dynamic in its true perspective.

The use of comparative risk assessments by EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs remains under attack by those in favor of what amounts to the Pre­cautionary Principle, that even if there is no scientific evidence of actual dangers of a product or activity, merely conjectural concerns should be a reason to prohibit them. This is not the same as mother's admonition "better safe than sorry," for proscription against effective mosquito control p ractices be

cause of imputed lack of suffi­cient 70 year chronic toxicity data in the face of impending disease transmission is not "safe". Indeed, the requirement for proof of absolute absence of importune effects from pesticides over the long term represents an unreachable standard. One could easily make the same case with regard to antib iotics that have demonstrably saved hundreds of m illions of lives at the cost of a few dozen fatal anaphylactic reactions.

A Precautionary Principle writ large would effectively preclude the development andJor use of all chemical substances and products, whether produced by industrial means or d iscovered in our rain forests. Mistakes are surely made, but all human endeavors would be eliminated if subject to a zero-defects criterion.

I'm aware that all of this is pretty dry reading. Believe me, I deal with it on a daily basis. However, risk management is the science upon which our profession bases its human health and environ­mental bona fides. It would be in the best interest of us all to become familiar, at some level, with its particulars in order to bring perspective to discussions with those whose agenda is inimical to ours. To this end, I intend on providing a primer on how EPA manages risk to humans and the environment in the upcoming issue of Wing Beats. In the mean­time, it is incumbent upon a ll of us in mosquito control to confront fraudulent c laims made about the products we use and how we use them in as forthright and professional a manner as we can muster. To fail in this is to risk a society where ignorant hysteria drowns out scientific truth and where public health policies are driven by bullheaded nonsense, loudly shouted.

~ Joseph M Conlon

AMCA Technical Advisor l 500 Millbrook Court

Orange Park, FL 32003 904-215-3008

amcata Cilbellsouth,net .. -.... -~--~

Fall 2007 37

38

MOSQUITO CONTROL TEAM LEADERS: 2 posit ions ava ilab le $15.91 - 26.25 I hour $33,080 - 54,582 I year

GENERAL STATEMENT OF JOB

Performs specialized work involving the super­v ision of mosquito contro l f ie ld opera t ions. Works under the d irection of the Manager and is expected to exerc ise consid erable independent judgment to accomplish work with a min imum of supervis ion. Work a lso includes performing the functions and duties o f a Mosquito Contro l Technician.

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Assists in coordinating field evaluations o f pestic ides and appl icat ion equipment . Supervises field surveillance, larviciding and adultic id ing operations and evaluates the effectiveness of these operations. Conducts f ie ld inspections to detect the p resence of mosquitoes; sets and retrieves mosquito traps. Ensures a ll spray equip ment is cali­b rated accord ing to label specificat ions. Conducts qua li t y assurance eva luations and oversees the safety program. Assigns complaint investigations to the appropriate personnel. Eva luates work performance and abilities of subord inates. Applies natura l predators known to be effective against immature mosquitoes. Mainta ins records and completes reports. Maintains daily records o f areas sprayed, to included locat ion, time, volume of chemicals used and miles traveled. Establishes and maintains effective working re lationships w ith other employees and the genera l public. Maintains Sentinel Chicken Flocks and performs other duties of Mosquito-Borne Virus surveillance. Provides information to the public on the production and e lim ination of mosquitoes. Responds to c it izens' requests in a cou rteous and t imely manner. Conducts Out-Reach and Public Education programs as assigned by Manager. Participates in continuing educa­tion on Public Health Pest Control and federaL state and county laws and regulations govern­ing pestic ides. Keeps abreast of advance­ments in the mosquito control fie ld through self-study and professional tra ining courses.

Fall 2007

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

High school d ip loma or GED and three (3) years of experience in a ll phases o f mosquito control to include three (1) year o f supervisory experience. Mosqu ito contro l supervisory experience preferred. Must be able to co lib ra te spray equipment for proper application rate. Knowledge of the geographic layout of Seminole County is a p lus.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

Must possess a va lid Pub lic Hea lth Pest Contro l cert if ica t ion issued by the State o f Flo rida Department o f Agriculture and Consumer Services or obtain w ith in 90 days of appointment. Must possess and maintain a val id Florida Driver's License. Must be able to work evenings, weekends, holidays o r rotating sh ifts.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

Know ledge o f the techn ica l aspects of mosquito control opera tions

WORKING CONDITIONS

Working extended outdoors in h igh tem­pera tures and humid it y.

HOW TO APPLY

Send resume by e -ma il o r mai l. Posit ion open unti l f i lled.

SEMINOLE COUNTY MOSQUITO CONTROL

177 Bush Loop

Sa nford, FL 32773

EdwardS. Horvath Mosquito Control Program Manager

407-665-5568

ehorvath@seminolecountyfl.gov

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