windows 2000 and solaris: threads and smp management submitted by: rahul bhuman
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Windows 2000 and Solaris: Threads and SMP Management Submitted by: Rahul Bhuman. Solaris Processes. Process is an abstraction that contains the environment for a user program Each process has a context and various items of state information that define the execution environment of the process - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Windows 2000 and Solaris: Threads and SMP Management
Submitted by: Rahul Bhuman
Solaris Processes
•Process is an abstraction that contains the environment for a user program
•Each process has a context and various items of state information that define the execution environment of the process
•A process’s context is further divided into a hardware and software context.
•Process contain one or more threads
•Kernel maintains a system wide process table, where by each process is uniquely identified by a positive integer called the process identification number.
Kernel process table
Proces
s
Scheduling class and priority
Process lineage (parents, children)
Signals, handlers, disposition
Process state
Process ID (PID)Process group IDParent process ID
Open files
Credentials (UID, GID)
Hardware context (registers, stack)
Address space
Session information (control terminal, job control state)
CPU(s)
Memory
I/O
The basic process environment, minus the thread abstractions below.
Windows 2000 Process
At the highest level of abstraction, windows 2000 process comprises the following:
•A private virtual address space
•An executable program
•A list of open handles to various system resources that are accessible to all threads in the process.
•A security context called an access token.
•A unique identifier called a process ID
•At least one thread of execution.
Structure of Executive Block
Kennel Process Block
Process Environment Block
Solaris Threads
• User-Level Threads (ULTs)
• Implemented through a threads library in the address space of a process
• Invisible to the OS
• Lightweight processes (LWPs)• A mapping between ULTs and kernel threads• Each LWP supports one or more ULTs and maps to one kernel
thread• Scheduled by the kernel independently• May execute in parallel on multiprocessors
• Kernel threads• Fundamental entities that can be scheduled and dispatched to
run on one of the system processors
Unbound user threads are scheduled within the threads library, where the selected user thread is linked to an available LWP.
Pr oc ess
Pr oc ess
Software context: open file, credential, address space, process group, session control,…
Software context: open file, credential, address space, process group, session control,…
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th re ad U se r
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CPU
Solaris Multithreaded process model
Windows 2000 Threads
A thread is the entity within a process that Windows 2000 schedules for execution.
Thread Includes:•The contents of a set of CPU registers representing the state of the processor
•Two stacks
•A private storage area called thread-local storage (TLS)
•A unique identifier called a thread ID
•Threads sometimes have their own security context
Structure of ETHREAD block
Kernel Thread Block Thread Environment Block (TEB)
Solaris Thread States
Windows 2000 Thread States
Solaris Thread Scheduling
59
0
+60
-60
+60
interrupt
System
ints10
1Real Time
interactive
Time Share
User Range priority
User Range priority
User Range priority
0
169
-60
Class Priority Range Global Priority Range Scheduling Class
0 - 59 000 – 059 Time Share and Interactive
0 – 39 060 – 099 System
0 – 9 100 – 109 Interrupt Threads if the Real time class is not loaded
0 – 59 100 – 159 Real Time
0 – 9 160 – 169 Interrupt threads if the RT class is loaded
Windows 2000 Thread Scheduling
Windows 2000 Symmetric Multiprocessing
Windows 2000 Symmetric Multiprocessing
Windows 2000 is a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) operating system. There is no master processor.
Windows 2000 incorporates several features that are crucial to its success as a multiprocessor operating system:
•The ability to run operating system code on any available processor and on multiple processors at the same time •Multiple threads of execution within a single process, each of which can execute simultaneously on different processors •Fine-grained synchronization within the kernel as well as within device drivers and server processes, which allows more components to run concurrently on multiple processors
Solaris Symmetric Multiprocessing
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
A system interconnect, either bus or cross – bar design. Cache – coherent protocol for data transfers to/from memory, processors, and I/O. Very high, sustainable bandwidth with uniform access times (latency)
1 is CPU (s)2 is Memory3 is I/O
A Single Multiprocessor system.Shared memory, symmetric system with uniform memory and I/O access. Single kernel image shared by all processes – single address space view.
•Solaris supports shared memory architecture, which implements a single kernel shared by all the processors and single uniform memory address space.
•Symmetric Multiprocessor describes a system in which a peer-to-peer relationship exists among all the processors (CPUs) on the system
•All processors are equal
Solaris Symmetric Multiprocessing
References
•Solaris Internals – Core Kernel ArchitectureJim Mauro and Richard McDougall
•Inside Microsoft Windows 2000: Third EditionDavid A. Solomon and Mark E.Russinovich
•Operating Systems: Internals and Design PrinciplesWilliam Stallings