wind_generation rakesh

8/7/2019 wind_generation rakesh

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Wei-Jen Lee (S85-M85-SM97-F07) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from National

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., and the Ph.D. degree from the University of

Texas, Arlington, in 1978, 1980, and 1985, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. In

1985, he joined the University of Texas at Arlington, where he is currently a professor ofElectrical Engineering and director of the Energy Systems Research Center.

Prof. Lee has been involved in the revision of IEEE Std. 141, 339, 551, and 739. He is the

Secretary of the IEEE/IAS, Industrial & Commercial Power Systems Department (ICPSD),

the Committee Chairman of the Energy Systems Committee at ICPSD, and the associate

editor of IEEE/IAS. Currently, he is the project manager of the IEEE/NFPA collaborationon Arc Flash Phenomena Research Project.

Prof. Lee has been involved in research on renewable energy, power flow, transient and

dynamic stability, voltage stability, short circuits, relay coordination, power quality

analysis, demand response, utility deregulation, and on-line equipment protection,

monitoring and control systems. He has served as the primary investigator (PI) or Co-PI ofmore than 70 funded research projects He has published more than 160 journal papers

conference proceedings. He has provided on-site training courses for power engineers in

Panama, China, Taiwan, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Singapore. He has refereed

numerous technical papers for the IEEE, the IEE and other professional organizations.

Prof. Lee is a Fellow of IEEE and a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.


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Wind Generation: A ProminentWind Generation: A ProminentForm of Renewable EnergyForm of Renewable Energy

WeiWei--Jen Lee, Ph.D., PEJen Lee, Ph.D., PEDirector and ProfessorDirector and Professor

Energy Systems Research CenterEnergy Systems Research CenterThe University of Texas at ArlingtonThe University of Texas at Arlington

February 4, 2009February 4, 2009


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Humanitys Top TenHumanitys Top Ten

Problems for next 50 yearsProblems for next 50 years1. Energy

2. Water

3. Food

4. Environment

5. Poverty

6. Terrorism & War

7. Disease

8. Education

9. Democracy

10.Population

2003: 6.3 Billion people

2050: 9-10 Billion peopleSource: Nobel laureate, Richard Smalley


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IntroductionIntroduction

Though the oil price has dropped recently, the concernsThough the oil price has dropped recently, the concernson limited resources of fossil fuel and global warmingon limited resources of fossil fuel and global warmingremain the same. Renewable energy is a hot issue inremain the same. Renewable energy is a hot issue in

today competitive market.today competitive market. Solar, wind and hydrogen are among blistering subjectsSolar, wind and hydrogen are among blistering subjects

in the last few decades.in the last few decades. Wind powered generation is one of the most matureWind powered generation is one of the most mature

and cost effective resources among different renewableand cost effective resources among different renewableenergy technologies.energy technologies.

World wind energy capacity has expanded at an annualWorld wind energy capacity has expanded at an annualrate of 25% since the 1990s.rate of 25% since the 1990s.


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Wind MapWind Map


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US 1999 Installed Wind PowerUS 1999 Installed Wind Power

Capacity (MW)Capacity (MW)


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US 2008 Installed Wind PowerUS 2008 Installed Wind Power

Capacity (MW)Capacity (MW)

TOTAL INSTALLED U.S. WIND ENERGY CAPACITY: 13,885 MW as of October 15, 2008

Source: AWEA


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Top 10 Installed Wind PowerTop 10 Installed Wind Power

Capacities (2007)Capacities (2007)

1 2 3 4 5

State Existing Under Construction Rank (Existing)

Texas 5,316.65 1,997.10 1

California 2,483.83 290.00 2

Minnesota 1,299.75 46.40 3

Iowa 1,294.78 549.10 4

Washington 1,195.38 94.00 5

Colorado 1,066.75 0.00 6

Oregon 887.79 201.60 7Illinois 735.66 171.00 8

Oklahoma 689.00 0.00 9

New Mexico 495.98 0.00 10


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Largest Wind Farms in U.S.

1 2 3 4 5

Largest Wind Farms in U.S. (all U.S. wind farms >= 200 MW) as of end of August 10, 2007

Project Name State Capacity Year Online Owner

Horse Hollow TX 736 2005/2006 FPL Energy

Sweetwater TX 5052003, 2005,2007

Babcock & Brown,Catamount

Buffalo Gap TX 353 2005, 2007 AES

Maple Ridge NY 322 2005/2006 PPM Energy/Horizon

Stateline OR/WA 300 2001/2002 FPL Energy

King Mountain TX 281 2001, 2003 FPL EnergyWild Horse WA 229 2006 Puget Sound Energy

New Mexico Wind Energy

Center NM 204 2003 FPL Energy

Big Horn WA 200 2006 PPM Energy


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US 2030 Estimated Installed WindUS 2030 Estimated Installed Wind

Power CapacityPower Capacity


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Wind Energy in TexasWind Energy in Texas

Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard mandatingTexas Renewable Portfolio Standard mandating2,000 MW of electricity generation from renewable2,000 MW of electricity generation from renewableresources by 2009 (Senate Bill 7, 1999).resources by 2009 (Senate Bill 7, 1999).

If fully explored, wind power could provide enoughIf fully explored, wind power could provide enough

power for the whole statepower for the whole state..


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In July 2006, Texas exceeded California and becameIn July 2006, Texas exceeded California and becameNumber One in the US in terms of wind generationNumber One in the US in terms of wind generationinstallation.installation.

To promote renewable energy, ERCOT has identifiedTo promote renewable energy, ERCOT has identified25 preliminary areas of interest for Competitive25 preliminary areas of interest for CompetitiveRenewable Energy Zone (CREZ) and proposedRenewable Energy Zone (CREZ) and proposedinfrastructure improvement plans to support powerinfrastructure improvement plans to support powerdelivery from those areas to the load centers.delivery from those areas to the load centers.

This development will have significant impact on theThis development will have significant impact on thereduction of the green house gas (GHS) emissions.reduction of the green house gas (GHS) emissions.Presently, the total installed wind generation in TexasPresently, the total installed wind generation in Texasexceeds 6,000MW with more than 20,000MW in theexceeds 6,000MW with more than 20,000MW in theinterconnection queue.interconnection queue.


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CREZ MAPCREZ MAP


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Wind turbine basiccomponentsWind turbine basiccomponents


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Generator ModelGenerator Model

Squirrel-cage

Induction Generator

Doubly-fed

Induction Generator

Synchronous

GeneratorDirect drivesynchronous

generator

Rotor

Voltage

source

converter

Gear

box

Doubly-fed

induction

generator

Rotor Voltage

source

converter

Gear

box

Squirrel cage

induction

generator

Rotor

Capacitor bank


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Wind Generation TechnologiesWind Generation Technologies

Wind Generation Unit SizeWind Generation Unit Size


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Wind Power EconomicsWind Power Economics


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Can youCan you

see the man?see the man?

Source: Dr. James Liao, WFEC


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BB

EE

LL

EE

IIVV

EE

II

TT

OO

RR

NN

OO

TT

!!

Source: Dr. James Liao, WFEC


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The power in the wind is proportional to

The cube of wind speed

(proportional to installation height)

Size of the rotor (swept area)

The air density

(affected by temperature and altitude)Note : The standard air density is 1.2256

kg/m3

Power in the WindPower in the Wind

322

1

2

1AvvAvvPwind VV !!

v

A

V


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Usable Wind PowerUsable Wind Power

Wind turbine is designed to produce maximum outputWind turbine is designed to produce maximum outputat a certain wind speed, normally around 33 mph [15at a certain wind speed, normally around 33 mph [15m/s].m/s].

Betzs law : 59% maximum limitation of the energy canBetzs law : 59% maximum limitation of the energy can

be extracted from the wind.be extracted from the wind. Real operation : Turbine mechanics, blade design, typeReal operation : Turbine mechanics, blade design, type

of rotor, friction loss, etc. affect the performance of theof rotor, friction loss, etc. affect the performance of thegeneration output.generation output.

32

1AvC

vPCvP

p

windpturbine

V!

!

Cp is called Power Coefficient


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Power Curve (Theoretical)Power Curve (Theoretical)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 550

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Pow er & Pow er coeffic ient curve for NM 72 IEC I

Power[kW]

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 550

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Wind speed [mph]

Cp

Cut-i

Power

Rated

Cut-out

PowerCoeffi ient


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Power Curve (Actual)Power Curve (Actual)

Direct transformationDirect transformation(Turbine power curve)(Turbine power curve)

cannot provide good forecastcannot provide good forecastaccuracy due toaccuracy due to Wind speed varies at differentWind speed varies at different

heights.heights.

Flow of wind is notFlow of wind is not

horizontally uniform.horizontally uniform. Wind speed varies at differentWind speed varies at different

locations.locations.


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Wind Speed EstimationWind Speed Estimation

The roughness of the surface will affect the wind speedThe roughness of the surface will affect the wind speedat different heights.at different heights.

General speaking, we can use the following equation toGeneral speaking, we can use the following equation to

estimate the wind speed at the height of wind turbine:estimate the wind speed at the height of wind turbine:

wherewhereV(z): Wind Speed at Height zV(z): Wind Speed at Height z

V(V(zzrr): Actual Wind Speed at Height): Actual Wind Speed at Height zzrr

zz00: The Roughness of the Surface: The Roughness of the Surface

!

00

ln/lnz

z

z

zzVzV

rr

Source: J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan, and A.L.Rogers, Wind energy explained,

John Wiley & Sons, 2002


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Roughness Length of LandscapeRoughness Length of Landscape

Landscape Type Roughness length (mm)

Very smooth, ice or mud 0.01

Calm open sea 0.20

Blown sea 0.50

Snow surface 3.00Lawn grass 8.00

Rough pasture 10.00

Fallow field 30.00

Crops 50.00

Few trees 100.00

Many trees, hedges, few buildings 250.00

Forest and woodlands 500.00

Suburbs 1500.00

Centers of cities with tall buildings 3000.00


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AvailabilityAvailability

a measure of the time aa measure of the time agenerating unit is capable of providing service.generating unit is capable of providing service.(operation hours/clock hours)(operation hours/clock hours)

Capacity factorCapacity factor

the ratio of the total energythe ratio of the total energygenerated for a specified period to the maximumgenerated for a specified period to the maximumtotal energy that could have been generated iftotal energy that could have been generated if

operated at maximum capacity for the sameoperated at maximum capacity for the sameperiod (It is required at least 28% to beperiod (It is required at least 28% to beeconomics)economics)

Wind Turbine CharacteristicsWind Turbine Characteristics


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Wind Power ProsWind Power Pros

PlentifulPlentiful

Clean energy, no thermal dischargeClean energy, no thermal discharge

Technology is wellTechnology is well--developed, fast erectiondeveloped, fast erection

Cost competitive, as low as 3 to 5 cents/kWhCost competitive, as low as 3 to 5 cents/kWh Support economy, create jobsSupport economy, create jobs

Federal and state tax credit (Incentive for the investors)Federal and state tax credit (Incentive for the investors)


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Wind Power ConsWind Power Cons

Variation in power productionVariation in power production

Require infrastructure upgrade for power deliveryRequire infrastructure upgrade for power delivery

Produce relatively small power outputsProduce relatively small power outputs

Reactive compensation for induction generatorReactive compensation for induction generator Capital investmentCapital investment


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Wind Powers Natural CharacteristicsWind Powers Natural Characteristics

and Related Researchesand Related Researches

RemoteRemote: Wind resources is often distant from load sites.: Wind resources is often distant from load sites. VariableVariable: Plant output varies with variations of the wind.: Plant output varies with variations of the wind. NewNew: Operators are more comfortable with established: Operators are more comfortable with established

power technologies.power technologies.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800Power (KWatt)

0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3


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Non Coincident PeakNon Coincident Peak

Wind Generation in TexasWind Generation in Texas

Source: ERCOT


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Unit Commitment SchedulingUnit Commitment Scheduling

Market clearing price for energy and total windMarket clearing price for energy and total windgeneration on February 22, 2005generation on February 22, 2005

0

200

400

600

0 5 10 15 20

-100

0

100

200

Price (All zones) ($)

Price (All zones)Wind Generation

Hour

WindGe

neration(MW)


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Price DipsPrice Dips

Market clearing price for energy (MCPE) and total windMarket clearing price for energy (MCPE) and total windgeneration on April 27, 2007.generation on April 27, 2007.

MCPE-April 27, 2007

-$1,200.00

-$1,000.00

-$800.00-$600.00

-$400.00

-$200.00

$0.00

$200.00

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96

MCPE for Every 15 Minutes (0:15 - 24:00)

US$

/MWH

MCPE


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Variability Increases Operating CostsVariability Increases Operating Costs

Committing unneeded generationCommitting unneeded generation Scheduling unneeded generationScheduling unneeded generation Allocating extra loadAllocating extra load--following capabilityfollowing capability

Violation of system performance criteriaViolation of system performance criteria(For example, spinning reserve)(For example, spinning reserve)

Requirement of reactive power supplyRequirement of reactive power supplyfor inductionfor induction--type generatortype generator

These will increase the Ancillary ServiceThese will increase the Ancillary ServiceCostsCosts


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Voltage FluctuationVoltage Fluctuation

BusesBuses % Real Power deliver by wind Generator% Real Power deliver by wind Generator

100%100% 75%75% 50%50% 25%25%

IG operate at 0.85 leading PF, Fix Qc=70.5 MVARIG operate at 0.85 leading PF, Fix Qc=70.5 MVAR

(Unity PF at 100% of real power)(Unity PF at 100% of real power)

XX000XX000 1.02191.0219 1.04071.0407 1.05441.0544 1.06511.0651

XX004XX004 0.99440.9944 1.03911.0391 1.07421.0742 1.10431.1043

XX121XX121 1.01771.0177 1.03111.0311 1.04071.0407 1.04801.0480

XX122XX122 1.02781.0278 1.03971.0397 1.04811.0481 1.05431.0543

XX001XX001 1.02281.0228 1.03611.0361 1.04571.0457 1.05291.0529

Case with Qc=90 MVAR, 0.98 pf laggingCase with Qc=90 MVAR, 0.98 pf lagging

XX000XX000 1.04441.0444 1.06201.0620 1.07511.0751 1.08531.0853

XX004XX004 1.04561.0456 1.08831.0883 1.12231.1223 1.15161.1516

XX121XX121 1.03351.0335 1.04601.0460 1.05521.0552 1.06211.0621

XX122XX122 1.04251.0425 1.05361.0536 1.06151.0615 1.06741.0674

XX001XX001 1.03921.0392 1.05181.0518 1.06091.0609 1.06771.0677


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Voltage RideVoltage Ride--Through CapabilityThrough Capability

Possible threat when fixed capacitor is installed at thePossible threat when fixed capacitor is installed at theterminal of induction generator for power factorterminal of induction generator for power factorcorrection. (0.95 leading power factor at rated output)correction. (0.95 leading power factor at rated output)


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10 minute ahead forecasting

Harvest Wind CapacityHarvest Wind Capacity

Wind Generation is Uncertain,Wind Generation is Uncertain, Forecast error distribution can beForecast error distribution can be

used for wind generation dependable capacity analysisused for wind generation dependable capacity analysis

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Hour

PowerOutput[MW]

Actual W ind Generation

E stimated W ind G eneration


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Forecasted Dependable Wind CapacityForecasted Dependable Wind Capacity

for Unit Commitment Schedulingfor Unit Commitment Scheduling

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

1 3 5 7 911

13

15

17

19

21

23

Hou

nd

ow

[

]

Forecast 90% confi ence 95% confi ence 99% confi ence


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Combining Wind GenerationCombining Wind Generation

and EnergyS

torageand EnergyS

torage5/28/2006

0

0.5

1

1.5

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141

Tim e (10 m inutes)

Pow er

Pow er w / Storage

Pow er w /o Storage


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Combining Wind GenerationCombining Wind Generation

and EnergyS

torageand EnergyS

torage1/29/2007

0

0.5

1

1.5

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Tim e ( hours )

Pow er

Pow er w / Storage

Pow er w /o Storage


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