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Page 1: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 2: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Wind Engineering for Façade Pressures in High Rise Towers

Bhami M Ilyas

Regional Business Manager

CPP, Inc.

Page 3: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Codes and Standards?

Page 4: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

The two ‘fathers’ of wind engineering : Professor Alan Davenport (l) and Professor Jack Cermak (r)

Page 5: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Wind tunnel testing of New York World Trade Center Towers at CSU

in Fort Collins by Professor Jack Cermak in early 1960s

Page 6: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Alan Davenport Wind Loading Chain

Page 7: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

The Bigger Picture

Page 8: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Typical components in Wind engineering

Façade Pressures

Structural Loads

Pedestrian Comfort

Page 9: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Typical anemometer

Page 10: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

GRADIENT WIND

GRADIENT WIND

Zg = HEIGHT OF GRADIENT WIND

Ug= GRADIENT WIND SPEED

Zo= AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS

Z= Metres

1< Zo < 5m

SUBURBAN OPEN COUNTRY FLAT TERRAIN

GRADIENT WIND

GRADIENT WIND

URBAN

0.1< Zo < O.5m

0.01< Zo < O.05m

0.001< Zo <

O.005m

Classical boundary layer profiles

400 m

300 m

200 m

100 m

LESS GUSTY

MORE GUSTY

MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY

Page 11: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel

Page 12: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 13: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

CP =Pressure at Surface Tap

Reference Pressure

PTAP

For Bluff Bodies:

(CP)Full-Scale = (CP)Model

PREF = ½ V2

Pressure Coefficients – the basis of wind tunnel testing

Page 14: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Along-wind Cross-wind Torsion

Types of wind-induced response

Page 15: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Wind

Drag Factors

0.6

0.3

1.5

1.2

2.0

1.5

2.2

Drag coefficients

Page 16: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Shaping Options

Softened corners

Tapering and setbacks

Varying cross-section shape

Spoilers

Porosity or openings

Page 17: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Along-wind Cross-wind

(Drag) (Lift)

Two types of dynamic response visible

Page 18: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Along-wind Response

Page 19: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Cylinder Vibration

Page 20: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Fluid flow

Page 21: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Interference effects

Page 22: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Add a Twist….

Page 23: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Vortex shedding

D = 1

D = 3

D = 5

CFD simulation of vortex shedding with three different cross-wind dimensions.

Note that this simulation also describes a constant cross-wind dimension but three different wind speeds (U = 5, 3, 1 from top to bottom)

Page 24: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

The effect of shape on response

Page 25: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

The Wind Tunnel Procedure

Page 26: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 27: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

3D Pressure Data PresentationFabrication and Testing

Test Model Design

3D Data Presentation

Presentation Model Design(engineers design how the data is used/zoned/presented)

Page 28: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 29: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 30: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 31: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 32: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 33: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 34: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 35: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 36: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 37: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Troubles?

Page 38: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 39: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 40: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 41: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Wind tunnel results of pedestrian wind conditions

Page 42: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Lawson Comfort Ratings

Page 43: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

• WINDLAB VIEWER

https://pedwinds.cppwindlab.com/reports/h2wi8r2wgmka442o/#/
Page 44: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model
Page 45: Wind Engineering MORE GUSTY MORE GUSTY LESS GUSTY Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel C P = Pressure at Surface Tap Reference Pressure P TAP For Bluff Bodies: (C P) Full-Scale = (C P) Model

Thank you

[email protected]@cppwind.com

mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]

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