Wind Energy and Scientific Conservation: Assessment of Risks to Migratory Birds

Andrew Farnsworth, Conservation Science Program Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Director Conservation Science Program

Birds as Indicatorsof Environmental Health

• Abundant and widespread• Integral component of

most ecosystems• Sensitive to environmental

change and degradation• Indicators of human quality

of life• Respond quickly to

recovery efforts

• Keeping common birds common

• Helping species at risk• Voluntary partnerships

www.PartnersInFlight.org/

Partners in Flight

• Proactive -- conserve birds before they become endangered or threatened

• Non-adverserial partnerships

Species Conservation Assessment: six measures of vulnerability (1-5)

• Population Size (PS)• Breeding Distribution (BD)• Non-breeding Distribution (ND)• Threats Breeding (TB)• Threats Non-breeding (TN)• Population Trend (PT)

PIF species assessment database: http://www.rmbo.org/pif/pifdb.html

Distribution of Vulnerability

-13%Cerulean Warbler (Appalachians S28)

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

19661969197219751978198119841987199019931996199920022005Year

Index

CIHierarchicalCI

JanFeb

Mar

Apr

May

JunJul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Breeding:FecunditySurvival

Migration:SurvivalFitness

Migration

Winter:SurvivalFitness

Full Life-cycle Stewardship

Migratory Connections

Mortality on Migration

“conventional wisdom”BUT, few data from sites/turbines and used inconsistent methodologies

WindCommunication Towers

Pesticides

Vehicles

High Tension Lines

Other

CatsBuildings/Windows

Causes of Bird Fatalities

550010001000

800700700

2500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

No. of 10,000 Birds

(Erickson et al. 2002)

???<1

Wind Energy and Bird Conservation

Wind Energy and Bird Conservation

95m

• Airspace as bird habitat• Rotor-swept area = 4 acres

Unknowns: re birds• 3D distribution

• Temporal occurrence

• Can birds Avoid turbines?

Off Shore Wind Development

Middelgrunden, DenmarkRoseate Tern

3 km

Wind Energy and Bird ConservationExisting and proposed wind farms in US and MX (2008)

• 26,000+ turbines• 1.5% of potential

“Build-out” to reach potential would require 1.7 million turbines

Wind Power and Birds at the Isthmus of Tehauntepec

MW Production# Turbines

2,500MW of development by 2012

La Venta II

Major Migration Routes River of Raptors

What we know:• Areas with most favorable winds are also often

associated with migratory pathways • Birds and bats do collide with turbines causing

mortality, especially during migration• Population level effects are unknown because of a lack

of standardized research• No mandatory environmental impact guidelines• Need coordinated research to assess risk and

establish guidelines for siting and operation of turbines based on science

Wind Energy and Bird Conservation

“Assessing Risks to Migratory Wildlife from Wind Energy Development

• Major Research Priorities– Standardize methodology for studying behavior

and mortality during pre- and post- construction.

– Use current data to focus research on critically important migration and movement corridors. (“Red zones”)

– Predictive risk assessment – how are distributions of birds and within the rotor-swept area affected by species biology, weather, topography, and time?

– Coordinate data access, analysis, and archiving

American Wind Wildlife Institute

• “Imagine if a similar effort had taken place at the turn of the 20th century with the auto industry and air quality. We’d probably be in a completely different place when it comes to global climate change and energy dependence.” – Kraig Butrum, AWWI

• Wind energy is fundamentally a good idea• We do not know what the research will reveal• The hope: incorporate safeguards at front

end of design and construction• Cornell Lab will play lead role with acoustics

and risk-assessment modeling

Wind Energy and Bird Conservation

Must Compare with Alternatives – “birds/kw”

Acid deposition

Mountaintop removal

Mercury

Combining multiple technologies, integrating expertise, and fostering the next generation of scientists & leaders

Integrated Basic and Applied Research for Conserving Migrants

eBird

RadarAcoustics

Tags & tracking