1. Path-Goal Theory Sandi Williams

2. Theory Overview Path-Goal Leadership Theory: (Malik, 2012). Propositions (Gibson et al., 2012). Effective leader behavior Leader behavior is motivational Subordinate characteristics (Malik, 2012). Need for autonomy Need for achievement Locus of control Perceived ability

3. Theory Overview Role of the leader: (Clark, 2009). Clarify the path towards the goal Remove roadblocks Increase rewards along the way Behaviors of the leader: (Landrum & Daily, 2012). Directive Supportive Participative Achievement

4. Theory Overview Empirical Tool Path-Goal Leadership Questionnaire Usefulness (Northouse, 2013). Scores based on style of leadership (Northouse, 2013). 20 questions on a 7 point Likert scale (Saccomano & Pinto- Zipp, 2011). Crohbachs Alpha internal consistency (Saccomano & Pinto-Zipp, 2011). Directive 0.83 Supportive 0.84 Participative 0.80 Achievement oriented 0.87 Scale demonstrates internal consistency and content validity (Saccomano & Pinto-Zipp, 2011).

5. Theory Strengths Task structure is related to supportive leaders and subordinate satisfaction (Gibson et al., 2013). Improvement on other theories (Gibson et al., 2013). Attempts to explain why certain leadership styles work well (Gibson et al., 2013). Considered at major leadership theory (Malik, 2012). Attempts to integrate expectancy theory into leadership (Northouse, 2013). Very Practical (Northouse, 2013).

6. Theory Weaknesses Very complex (Northouse, 2013). Received only partial support from empirical research studies (Northouse, 2013). Fails to explain relationship between leadership behavior and worker motivation (Northouse, 2013). Treats leadership as a one way event; promotes dependency (Northouse, 2013).

7. Personal Perspective Versatile Leadership is needed (Landrum & Daily, 2012). Inspiring leadership(Saccomano & Pinto-Zipp, 2011).

8. Present Usefulness Acts as a road map(Northouse, 2013). Can be used at all levels (Northouse, 2013). Adaptable (Northouse, 2013).

9. Recommendation for Use Useful in nursing Clarify path towards goals (Clark, 2009) Remove barriers (Clark, 2009) Increase incentives (Clark, 2009) Assists in proper delegation (Saccomano & Pinto-Zipp, 2011)

10. Evidence-Based Research Landrum & Daily (2012) use Path-Goal Theory to implement a 3 step program for increasing corporate accountability Saccomano & Pinto-Zipp (2011) look at the various styles of leadership within the Path-Goal Theory in correlation with nurses confidence in delegation.

11. References Clark, C. C. (2009). Creative nursing leadership and management. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H., & Konopaske, R. (2012). Organizations: behavior, structure, processes. 14th ed. Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw Hill. Landrum, N. E. & Daily, C. M. (2012). Corporate accountability: A path-goal perspective. International Journal of Business Insights & Transformation, 450-462. Malik, S. H. (2012). A study of relationship between leader behaviors and subordinate job expectations: A path-goal approach. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences, 6(2), 357-371. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership theory and practice. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc. Saccomano, S. J. & Pinto-Zipp, G. (2011). Registered nurse leadership style and confidence in delegation. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(4), 522-533. doi: 0.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01189.