William S. Klug Concepts of GeneticsEight Edition

Chapter 1

Introduction to Genetics

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

1.1 From Mendel to DNAin Less Than a Century

1.1.1 Mendel’s Work on Transmission of Traits

1.1 From Mendel to DNAin Less Than a Century

1.1.2 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis

Place 01_03.jpg here– A colorized image of the human male

chromosome set. Arranged in this way, the set is called a karyotype.

1.1 From Mendel to DNAin Less Than a Century

1.1.3 Genetic Variation

1.1 From Mendel to DNAin Less Than a Century

1.1.4 The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein?

Place 01_07.jpg here– An electron micrograph showing T phage

infecting a cell of the bacterium E. coli.

1.2 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Recombinant DNA Era

1.2.1 The Structure of DNA and RNA

Place 01_08.jpg here– Summary of the structure of DNA,

illustrating the nature of the double helix (on the left) and the chemical components making up each strand (on the right).

1.2 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Recombinant DNA Era

1.2.2 Gene Expression:From DNA to Phenotype

1.2 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Recombinant DNA Era

1.2.3 Proteins and Biological Function

Place 01_10.jpg here– The three-dimensional conformation of a

protein. The amino acid sequence of the protein is depicted as a ribbon.

1.2 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Recombinant DNA Era

1.2.4 Linking Genotype to Phenotype:Sickle-Cell Anemia

Place 01_11.jpg here– The hemoglobin molecule, showing the two

alpha chains and the two beta chains. A mutation in the gene for the beta chain produces abnormal hemoglobin molecules and sickle cell anemia.

Place 01_12.jpg here– A single nucleotide change in the DNA

encoding the -globin gene (CTCCAC) leads to an altered mRNA codon (GAGGUG) and the insertion of a different amino acid (gluval), producing an altered version of the -globin protein, causing sickle cell anemia.

Place 01_13.jpg here– Normal red blood cells (round) and sickled

red blood cells. The sickled cells block capillaries and small blood vessels.

1.3 Genomics Grew Out of Recombinant DNA Technology

1.3.1 Making Recombinant DNA Molecules and Cloning DN

1.3 Genomics Grew Out of Recombinant DNA Technology

1.3.2 Sequencing Genomes:The Human Genome Project

Place 01_15.jpg here– A colorized electron micrograph of

Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium that was the first free-living organism to have its genome sequenced. This bacterium causes respiratory infections and bacterial meningitis in humans.

1.4 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Growing

1.4.1 Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply

Place 01_16.jpg here– Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep cloned from the

genetic material of an adult mammary cell, shown next to her first-born lamb, Bonnie.

1.4 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Growing

1.4.2 Who Owns Transgenic Organisms?

Place 01_17.jpg here– The first genetically altered organism to be

patented, mice from the onc strain, genetically engineered to be susceptible to many forms of cancer. These mice were designed for studying cancer development and the design of new anticancer drugs.

1.4 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Growing

1.4.3 Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine

Place 01_18.jpg here– Diagram of the human chromosome set,

showing the location of some genes whose mutant forms cause hereditary diseases. Conditions that can be diagnosed using DNA analysis are indicated by a red dot.

Place 01_19.jpg here– A DNA microarray. The glass plate in the

array contains thousands of fields to which DNA molecules are attached. Using this microarray, DNA from an individual can be tested to detect mutant copies of genes.

1.5 Genetic Studies Rely On the Use of Model Organisms

Place 01_20.jpg here– The first generation of model organisms in

genetic analysis included (a) the mouse, (b) corn plants, and (c) the fruit fly.

1.5 Genetic Studies Rely On the Use of Model Organisms

1.5.1 The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms

Place 01_21.jpg here– Microbes that have become model

organisms for genetic studies include (a) the yeast Saccharomyces, (b) the bacterium E. coli, and (c) the fungus Neurospora.

Place 01_22a.jpg here– The third generation of model organisms in

genetics includes (a) the roundworm C. elegans, (b) the plant Arabidopsis, and (c) the zebrafish.

Place 01_22b.jpg here– The third generation of model organisms in

genetics includes (a) the roundworm C. elegans, (b) the plant Arabidopsis, and (c) the zebrafish.

Place 01_22c.jpg here– The third generation of model organisms in

genetics includes (a) the roundworm C. elegans, (b) the plant Arabidopsis, and (c) the zebrafish.

1.5 Genetic Studies Rely On the Use of Model Organisms

1.5.2 Model Organisms and Human Diseases