william p. walters and stanley k. golatski- hemispherical and conical shaped-charge liner collapse...

8/3/2019 William P. Walters and Stanley K. Golatski- Hemispherical and Conical Shaped-Charge Liner Collapse and Jet Format

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AD-A 179 735

TECHNICAL REPORT BRL-TR-2781

HEMISPHERICAL AND CONICALSHAPED-CHARGE LINER COLLAPSEAND JET FORMATION

DTICWILLIAM P. WALTERS -2LECTESTANLEY K. GOLASKI APR 3 0 198.7

FEBRUARY 1987

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.

US ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORYABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

sorvgtnai gontains ooio,plbto0 All DTIC roproduct--.-,,

I.ms bek1 andw

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Destroy th is report when it is no longer needed.Do not return it to th e or ig ina tor.

Additional copies of this report may be.obtainedfrom the National Technical Information Service,U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia22161.

"The findings in this report are not to be construed as an officialDepartment of the Army position, unless so designated by otherauthorized documents.

The use of trade names or manufacturers' names in this reportdoes no t const i tute indorsement of any commercial product.


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Unclassified A/'SIECURITYCLASSIFiCATIONOF THIS PAGE A. ~t

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE IM No.N0704-0188______________________________________________ Exp. Date: Jun 30,17986

Ia. REPORT SECURITYCLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVEMARKINGSUNCLASSIFIED _____________________

2a. SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONAUTHORITYV 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITYOF REPORT

2b. DECLASSIFICATIONIDOWNGRADING SCHEDULE

4. PERFORMINZ ORGANIZATIONREPORT

NUMBER(S)S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)BRL-TR-2 781

6a. NAME OF PERFORMINGORGANIZATION U6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a . NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION(if pice ble)

Ballistic Research Labora torv SLCBR-TB ______________________6&. DDRESS (City,State, and ZIPCode) 7b. ADDRESS(City,State, and ZIPCode)

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

Ba. NAME OF FUNDINGI/SPONSORING Bb. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENTINSTRUMENTIDENTIFICATION NUMBER

ORGANIZATION (if applicable)

8c. ADDRESS(City, State, and ZIPCode) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERSPROGRAM IPROJECT ITASK IWORKUNITELEMENTNO. NO. NO . IACO

11. TITLE(Include Security Classification)J

HEMISPHERICAL AND CONICAL SHAPED-CHAARGE LI" TER COLLAPSE AND JET FORMATION

a tePrsN5 AL AUTh p. , Golaski, Stanley XC.

13a- TYPE OF REPORT 113b. TIMECOVERED 114. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) IS5.PAGc COUNT'I zhnica1 Report IFROM TO _I

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

COLOR REPORT (10 COLOR FIGURES)17. COSATI CODES 1-A. BU T TERMS(Continue on reverse if necesnaryand Identify by block number)

SUGRU Shaped-Charge, Je t Formation, Stratified, Bimetallic LinersFIELRO P IHemisphericalLiners, Je t Collapse, Diffusion Bonding,

19 01Conical Liners, Tlubular Je t Formation;-MAT A' l o t~ u n ee If n eo i an en i y b oc oumber)

~Mayt ical studies B,..pe. h e i p h e r i c a l , point initiated, (2) hemi-spherical, surface initiated and (3) conical, point initiated warheads, using the HELP andEPIC hydrocodes predicted tubular o r layered jets. Each shaped-.charge geometry studiedrevealed a different flow pattern during the jet formation and collapse process. Theanalysis further suggested that the liner flow process could be verified experimentally bycollapsing stratified, bimetallic liners in actuali warheads.

Experimental verification was attempted by fabricating stratified bimetallic copper

and nickel hemispherical and conical liners. Copper and nickel were chosen fo r the s t ra t i -fied liner materials due to their identical densities and similarity under shock loadingconditions. The fabrication was successfully accomplished by using a diffusion bondingtechnique which with the appropriate temperature, time and pressure caused the alternatingcopper and nickel discs to adhere. The liners were then machined from this bonded stack oalternating layers of copper and nicl-el. -- v .4"I

20, DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITYOF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACTSECURITYCLASSIFICATION03 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED[2 SAME AS RPT. 0 DTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED

22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLEINDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE(include Area Code) j22c.OFF ICE SYMBOLWilliam P. Walters 0 3 OlI279-rn&? I RT1110rmI

DD FORM 1473,04 MAR 83 AP Redition may be used1until exhausted. SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONQOF.THISPAGE..All other editions are obsolete. Unclas s i f ed


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19\.,ASTRACT (Cont'd)

Point ini t iated, Octol loaded, hemispherical and conical shaped charge warheads werethen fired into water and typical ly, three to four large part icles were recovered per shotExamination of the recovered particles revealed agreement with the method of formationpredicted by the tw o hydrocodes. Namely, the recovered particles showed the presence oftw o materials in alternating layers. Also, free fl ight flash radiographs of the je tsrevealed coherent, well formed jets with je t parameters closely predicted by the a priorihydrocode calculat ions.

- - . - - - - - -


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pae

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . Vragraph 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. THEORETICAL HEMISPHERICAL LINER STIJDiS 23. EXPERIMENTAL HEMISPHERICAL LINER STUDIES 12

3.1 Fabr ica t ion . . . . . . . . . *a 0 123.2 Experimental t e s t s & . . . . 18

4. THEORETICAL CONICAL LINER STUDIES . . . . . 235. EXPERIMENTAL CONICAL LINER STUDIES . . . . . . . 23

5.1 Fabricat ion . . * . * * . . . * a * a 235.2 Experimental t e s t s .. . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . ............ 29LIST OF REFERENCES ............. . 35DISTRIBUTION LIST . T...... ..... 37

Accesion For

NTIS CRA&I A0CTIC TAB 0U..anrounced 1-JJutification ......... ..................

By ......... ................

DjLt.ibutlOr, I

Availability Codes

Ava~i a'id IorDis

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FIGURES

Page

FIGURE 1. Geometry of poin t - in i t ia ted charge . .... . ......... 32. HELP code simulation of je t formation from a hemispherical

liner charge fo r the point-initiated case at three times afterdetonation * & e 6 a * & a * . * * * * * . * * * * * * *& 43. Comparison of HELP and EPIC-2 computer code simulations of jetformation from a hemispherical l iner charge for the point-ini t iated case at t - 561&s af te r detonation . * . .*. . . . . * . 5

4. HELP code calculation of velocity vs time for five tracer particles

at original polar angle of 300 in the point-initiated hemisphericall iner .. . * . . . * . . * * # * . * a a * 6 * .& * . 6

5. Computer code (HELP and DEFEL) simulation of jet formation of ahemispherical l iner charge ........ . .......... 7

6. HELP code simulation of je t formation from a hemispherical linercharge for the point-initiated case at t - 76ps after detonation . 8

7. DEFEL code simulation of a thick-pole tapered-wall hemisphericalliner charge .9........... o o . . . . . . . . . 9

8. Geometry of surface-initiated-A (implosive) hemispherical linercharge *. .* .* . ..... ...... .... . .... I0

9. HELP code je t geometries showing layers of tracer particles atcomparable t imes after de tona t ion .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .

10 . Cylinders used to fabricate a s t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic disc .. .. 1311 . Final cylinder assembly fo r th e s t ra t i fed , bimetal l ic disc . . . . 1412. Setup for diffusion bonding of copper-niekel assemblies

(temperature 9820 C, time I to 3 hours, argon atmosphere) . . . . 1513 . Diffusion bonded, s t ra t i f ied , copper-nickel cylinder . . * * . . . 1614. Finish machined, stratified, copper-nickel hemispherical shaped-

charge l iner & * . . . . ..*. . . . . . .*. . . . . . ..*. 1715. Free-flight flash radiographs of the jet from a st ra t i f ied

copper-nickel hemispherical shaped-charge l iner . . . . 9 9 **

* 1916. Recovered je t particles from a stratified copper-nickel hemi-spherical shaped-charge l iner . . . . . .0. . . . . .a ..0. .*. 20

17. Cross sections of recovered jet particles from a st ra t i f iedcopper-nickel hemispherical shaped-charge l iner . . . . .0. . . . 21

18. Cross section of one half of a recovered je t par t ic le from as t ra t i f ied copper-nickel hemispherical shaped-charge l iner . . . . 22

19. HELP code simulation of a 42 0 conical- l iner charge, In i t i a ll iner geometry (top), je t and slug at 4 0ps (cep'ter and bottom) . . 24

20. HELP code simulation of a 420 conical- l iner charge, i n i t i a ll iner geometry (top), je t and slug at 60as (center and bottom) . . 25

21. Diffusion bonding set up for fabricating stratified copper-n icke l con ica l shaped-charge l i n e r s .#. a .. . . . . .. . 26

22. Finish machined, stratified, copper-nickel, conical shaped-charge l iner . . . . . . a . . . a a 0 . 0 a a . 0 . . . .0 27

23. Free-flight flash radiographs of the jet from a stratifiedcopper-nickel con ica l shaped-charge liner # 0 ..0. . . . . &. 28

24. Jet part icle from a s t ra t i f ied copper-nickel conical shaped-charge liner . . .. . .... . . ... . . . . . . . . . 30

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FIGURES CONTINUEDPage

FIGURE 25. Cross section of je t part icle from a s t ra t i f ied copper-nickelconical shaped-charge l iner .. . .. . . .a * & & a & & * * * 31

26. Central region of je t part icle from a s t ra t i f ied copper-nickel

conical shaped-charge l iner .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. * . 0 *. 32

27 . Recovered slug from a s t ra t i f ied copper-nickel conical shaped-charge l iner ....... . ..... 33

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1. INTRODUCTION

Analytical studies regarding th e l iner collapse and je t formation ofhemispherical warheads were published in 1985 by Chou, Walters, Ciccarel l i ,

and WeaverI, hereafter designated as CWCW. This analysis revealed th e so-called "tubular- layer" formation process fo r poin t - in i t i a ted , hemisphericallylined shaped-charge warheads. The "tubular-layer" formation process s ta testhat each l iner element stretches across its thickness into a tubular jet,similar to an extrusion process. The HELP and th e EPIC-2 computer codes bothpredicted th i s formation process and were in general agreement regarding th ef ina l je t properties as well as th e je t formation process.

Also, hemispherical l iners driven by an implosive detonat ion, i.e., asur face- in i t i a ted hemispherical shaped-charge revealed a different col lapseand je t formation process. The collapse and formation of conical shaped-

1charge warheads was also studied analyt ical ly in th e CWCW

report .

The a pr ior i computer code predict ions suggested a method to verify the"tubular layer' formation theory. As in th e hydrocode calculations, as t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic hemispherical l iner was fabr icated. The a l te rna t inglayers of mater ia l , namely copper and nickel , were joined by a diffusion bond.Copper and nickel were chosen because of the i r similar i ty under shock loading

condi t ions , identical densi t ies and ease of diffusion bonding. 3 ' 4 A cylinderof al ternat ing discs of copper and nickel was first fabricated by di ffus ionbonding and then conical and hemispherical l iners were machined from th ecylinder forming th e s t ra t i f ied , bimetallic l iners .

Both the conical and hemispherical l iners were loaded with 75/25 Octol,poin t - in i t i a ted , and f i red into a ir to obtain f ree- f l igh t f lash radiographs.Both th e conical and hemispherical warheads were also fired into water andtypical ly, two or three in tac t je t par t ic les were recovered. For the conical

warhead, th e slug was also recovered. The recovered part icles, and th e slug,were cross sectioned and analyzed to reveal th e flow pattern of the copper andth e nickel. The cross sectioned je t par t ic les tend to substant iate th ehydrocode analyses.

Previous studies regarding the collapse and je t formation process of

conical l iners were conducted by Perez, e t a l. 2 In the i r experiments, aconical l iner consisting of a copper region near the apex of the cone, a brassregion along th e middle of th e slant height of th e cone, and a copper regionnear th e base of th e cone was tested. This conical l iner is, in effect , athree layer, s t ra t i f ied , bimetallic l iner. The main conclusion from Perez, et

a l. 2 , in reference to the slug recovered from this l iner, is stated asfollows: "The slug is originated from a superimposition process of its ownelements. Except fo r th e first l iner elements, the collapse occurs off th e

axis and on th e previously imploded l iner material."'2 This implies a"layering" of je t mater ia l akin to a "tubular formation" process. However,th e slug recovered by Perez, e t al . and th e slug recovered in this study dono t reveal identical flow patterns.


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The remainder of th i s report wil l describe th e method of fabricat ion ofs t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic l iners , and present th e experimental t e s t resu l t s . Thetests consis t of f ree- f l igh t f lash radiographs and l iner par t ic les recoveredby f ir ing into water.

2. THEORETICAL HEMISPHERICAL LINER STUDIES

The collapse and je t formation process fo r shaped-charges with

hemispherical l iners were studied in th e CWCW report . Both th e HELP and th e

EPIC-2* computer codes predicted a "tubular- layered" collapse of th ehemispherical l iner elements fo r a point- ini t iated shaped-charge with ahemispherical l iner. Detai ls of this study are given by CWCW and only a fe whighl ights wil l be repeated here.

The basic charge geometry is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 i l lus t ra tes th el iner collapse as simulated by th e HELP code. The original l iner was modeledas a s t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic l iner of two mater ia ls with iden t ica l materialpropert ies . This was accomplished by using massless t racer part icles todifferentiate between th e two mater ia ls . Figure 3 delineates th e comparison

between th e Eulerian code HELP and th e LaGrangian code EPIC-2. The twocodes ar e in excel lent quali tat ive agreement with respect to th e jet formationprocess. This agreement is for tunate since EPIC-2 or DEFEL runs faster and isless expensive than th e HELP code. The "tubular- layered" je t formationprocess fo r a poin t - in i t i a ted , uniform wall thickness, hemispherical l iner is

i l lus t ra ted in Figures 2 and 3. Again, th e detai ls ar e given in CWCW.1

Figure 4 depicts th e usage of th e massless t racer par t ic les . In th i scase, th e veloci t ies of five in te r ior points through th e l iner wall aremonitored and plot ted as a function of time. Figure 5 i l l u s t r a t e s th eappl icat ion of th e massless t racer par t ic le technique to the tracking of eachregion of th e l iner fo r th e s t r a t i f i ed , bimetal l ic , hemispherical l iner.

Figure 6 shows th e complete formation of th i s l iner.

Figure 7 shows a s imi l ia r code calculat ion fo r a tapered hemisphericall iner with th e pole thickness equal to twice th e equator ia l or rim thickness.For a point- ini t iated charge, a "tubular- layered" je t formation still occurs.However, fo r a sur face- in i t i a ted hemispherical l iner th e je t collapse andformation process is quite different . Figure 8 presents th e initial surface-in i t i a ted charge geometry. Figure 9 reveals th e differences in je t collapseand formation between th e two modes of in i t ia t ion .

The analyses presented above suggested a way in which hemisphericalshaped-charge l iners collapsed, with th e collapse and formation depending onth e mode of in i t ia t ion . Thus, an attempt was made to experimentally verify

th e resu l t s of th e CWCW reportI, as outlined above.

Or DEFEL, the Dyna East modified version of EPIC-2.

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-- 6.35mm

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3. EXPERIMENTAL HEMISFHERICAL LINER STUDIES

3.1 Fabrication. The experimental study involved fabricating astratified, bimetallic liner. It was decidea that the two materials to beused in the liner would be copper and nickel due to their identical densityand similar behavior under shock loading conditions. It remained to devise a

way to attach the two materials.One possible approach would be to form a ser ies of cyl inders or rods, a ll

bu t th e smallest of which were hollow. The sol id rod, say of copper, would beplaced ins ide a hollow rod, say of nickel . This assembly would then be placedins ide a larger hollow rod of copper, and so on, unt i l th e to p view of th ecyl inder consisted of concentric circles of al ternat ing layers of mater ia l .Figure 10 shows th e various cyl inders and Figure 11 shows th e f inal assemblyincluding th e to p view. The cylinders would be assembled using a press fitand then allowed to adhere to each other by diffusion bonding. Next s l ice(disc) would be sawed off and th e disc would be hydroformed or pressed to thef ina l geometry. This method of fabricat ion, although interest ing, would seemto be di ff icu l t to implement. For th i s reason, it was no t pursued fur ther.

Instead, th e actual l iners were fabricated from circular discs of copperand nickel 3.2 mm (0.12j") thick. Alternate layers of these copper and nickeldiscs, 54 mm (2.125") in diameter were stacked up to form a cyl inder 35 mm(1.375") high. The copper and nickel discs were polished and etched topresent smooth clean surfaces. The cyl inder of al ternat ing discs of copperand nickel was then inserted in a loading f ixture as shown in Figure 12 . Theloading f ixture held th e discs together under pressure. It was shown by5Barnes and Mazey that a smooth, void f ree bond could be formed a t a copper-nickel interface if a minimum s t ress of 10.34 MPa (1500 psi) was appl iedduring th e diffusion bonding. Mica was used to separate th e f ixture from th ediscs to prevent bonding th e ent ire assembly together. The assembly was then

placed in a controlled argon atmosphere furnace a t 9820 C (18000 F) fo r I to

3 hours to allow a diffusion bond to form between the copper-nickel discs.(A metal lurgical examination of a t e s t stack of copper-nickel discs, bondedusing th e above fixture, showed vir tual ly no voids a t th e interfacesindicat ing that th e f ixture exerted suff ic ien t force to apply th e requiredstress .)

A hemispherical l iner was machined from this first stack of bonded discs.During th e f ina l stages of machining, two interfaces began to debond. Thetime interval fo r bonding this first hemispherical l ine r was given as 1 to 3hours because it was necessary to rebond this l ine r a second and third time.A special loading f ixture was devised fo r th i s purpose. Subsequent stacks ofdiscs, prior to assembly into the loading f ixture, were placed in a 150 to nhydraulic press and squeezed together with suff icient force to exceed th eyield stress of th e copper. This caused suff ic ien t metal flow to int imatelymate th e surfaces together. The net resu l t of this high s t ress treatment wa sthat bonding could be accomplished with a single one hour treatment, nofur ther debonding occurred during f ina l machining and th e surface f in ishrequirement was no t as str ingent . Overall efficiency and economy of l inermanufacture was increased signif icant ly.

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Figure 13 . Diffusion bonded, stratified, copper-nickel cylinder.

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Figure 14. Finish machined, stratified, copper-nickel hemispherical shaped-charge line


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Another technique, in lieu of diffusion bonding, would be to explosivelyweld the layers together to form the f ina l assembly. This technique was notconsidered in this study.

The f ina l assembly, held together by a diffusive bond is shown in Figure13. The final liner is shown in Figure 14 and consists of nine layers withnickel at the pole and equator. The liner had an outside diameter of 54 mm(2.125") and a unifcrm wall thickness of 1.6 mm (0.063").

3.2 Experimental tests. The stratified, bimetallic, hemispherical linerwas loaded with 75/25 Octol and housed in a thin aluminum cylinder 76.2 mm(3.0") high. The free-fl ight flash radiographs are shown in Figure 15 forflash times of 35.5 and 128.8jis. The shaped-charge formed a fairly goodjet . The particles are not uniform in size and do not appear to be asductile or as well aligned as a single material hemispherical shaped-chargewith a copper or nickel liner. Also, the je t breakup appears to be early.Nonetheless, the copper-nickel stratified interfaces did not precludeJetting. The penetration into RHA (Rolled Homogeneous Armor) was 29 mm(1.125") a t a 1.47 m (58.0") standoff-dis tance.

Two water recovery t es t s were conducted. In the first, th e l iner wasfired with a reduced head height (i.e., th e to ta l charge height was 38.1 mm(1.5")) into a water column with a 457 mm (18.0") standoff-dis tance. A fewpar t ic les were recovered.

The second par t ic le recovery t es t used the f u l l head height charge andwas f i red into a water column a t a standoff-dis tance of 254 mm (10.0"). Thistechnique resul ted in more recovered par t ic les of better quality ( i .e . ,longer) than in th e reduced head height t es t and will be used in futuret es t s . The recovered par t ic les from this t es t were cross sectioned.

Figure 16 shows th e top and side views of th e two largest part iclesrecovered in this t es t . Both copper and nickel ar e present. Figure 17 showsa cross section of these part icles. Both copper and nickel ar e again presentand in al ternat ing layers . A cross section of the le f t part icle in Figure17, in a direct ion orthogonal to the first cut, is shown in Figure 18 .Again, al ternate layers of copper and nickel are present. Note that nineal ternat ing layers of mater ia l ar e vis ib le which corresponds to the nineoriginal layers of material visible in Figure 14. This layered pattern ofje t material verifies, at least in part, the "tubular-layer" je t collapse andformation theory discussed ear l ie r.

The collapse and formation theory fo r point- ini t iated, hemispherical,shaped-charge warheads is no t completely verif ied since only a few part icleswere recovered. The recovered part icles probably were located near thp rearof the je t since the part icles near the f ront of the je t were probably eroded

away while penetrating th e water column a t hypervelocity. Thus, we have noguarantee that a ll je t par t ic les would reveal th e same tubular, layered flowpattern. Obviously, a better technique to recover shaped-charge jetpar t ic les would be advantageous.

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4. THEORETICAL CONICAL LINER STUDIES

The same numerical technique, i.e., a HELP code calculat ion, was used toinvest igate th e flow pat tern of a conical, s t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic l iner.This study was deemed appropria te because hemispherical and conical shaped-charge l iners undergo different col lapse and je t formation processes.

The i n i t i a l conical l i n e r is shown in Figure 19. The l iner had anoutside diameter of 101.6 mm (4 .0") , an apex angle of 420, and an uniformwall thickness of 3. 3 mm (0.13"). The explosive cyl inder had a diameter of108 mm (4.25") and th e head height was 42.46 mm (1.67"). The explosive fillwas 75/25 Octol and was poin t - in i t i a ted . Figures 19 and 20 i l lus t ra te th ecollapse and formation of the conical l ine r a t 40 and 60ps, respect ively.Note tha t th e conical l iner undergoes a j e t t ing or flow sp l i t t ing process.

Further analyt ical detai ls are given in th e CWCW1 report . Experimentalstudies with s t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic , conical l iners were conducted in anattempt to verify these ana ly t i ca l resu l t s .

5. EXPERIMENTAL CONICAL LINER STUDIES5.1 Fabrication. The s t ra t i f ied , bimetallic, conical l iners were

fabricated by diffusion bonding stacks of wide angle (120), 5 am (0.197")th ick, al ternately layered copper-nickel cones. The diffusion bondingprocedure and conditions were th e same as was used fo r th e f inalhemispherical l ine rs . The t e s t setup and f ina l l iner dimensions ar edepicted in Figure 21 . The l iner had an outside diameter of 50 mm (1.97"), a

uniform wall thickness of 1.27 mm (0.05") and an apex angle of 600. Figure22 shows th e f ina l machined l iner with 9 layers of mater ia ls .

5. 2 Experimental t es t s . The s t ra t i f ied , bimetal l ic , conical l ine r wa sloaded with Compositica B and poin t - in i t i a ted with a one l iner diameter head

height. The explosive fill was confined in a thin aluminum body. The free-f l igh t flash radiograph is shown in Figure 23.

The "r h times were 81.3, 126.2 and 170.Os. The je t is of good quali tyand ex.-.' " evidence of interference between th e two materials. The je tpar t i c l ) - i .gu la r in shape and not well aligned. The penetra t ion intoRHA was - (1.75") a t a 1.52 m (60.0") standoff-distance.

The water recovery t e s t entai led f i r ing th e s t r a t i f i ed , bimetal l ic ,conical shaped-charge into a water column at a 609.6 mm (24.0") standoff-distance. The slug was recovered in good condition. The apex end of th eslug apparently h it th e side of th e gun tube used to hold th e water columnand was sl ight ly deformed. In addi t ion to th e slug, several small je tpart icles were recovered.

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Figure 22. Finish machined, stratified, copper-nickel, conical shaped-charge liner.

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The largest of the recovered je t particles are shown in Figure 24. Notethat both metals are present. The cross section of this particle is present-ed in Figure 25. The tubular construction is clearly shown. The centralregion of Figure 25 was enlarged and is shown in Figure 26. Finally, th erecovered slug and a cross section of the slug is shown in Figure 27 .

The flow patterns observed for the stratified, bimetallic, conical linermay or may no t agree with th e analyt ical results reported ear l ie r, dependingon th e posi t ion of th e recovered part icles in th e je t . At any rate , th erecovered slug and conical l iner je t part icles reveal a flow pat tern tha t hasno t been observed before. Eight of th e nine original mater ia l layers ar eapparent.

6. SUMMARY AN D CONCLUSIONS

The "tubular-layered" liner collapse and je t formation theory fo r point-init iated hemispherical liners has been verified, at l .as t in part. (Completeverification of the collapse and formation is not possible since only a fewje t particles were recovered). Also, flow patterns for a stratified, bime-ta l l ic , conical liner were obtained for the slug and a few je t particles.For both liner geometries, the experiments tended to support the a prioritheoretical calculations. (See the CWCW report-).

29


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LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Chou, P. C., Walters, W. P., Ciccarel l i , R. D., and Weaver, C. W., "JetFormation Mechanics of Hemispherical Warheads," BRL Contractor Report,BRL-CR-545, October, 1985.

2. Perez, E., Fauguignon, C. and Chanteret, P., "Fundamental Studies of

Shaped Charge Mechanisms", Proceedings on th e Third Internat ionalSymposium on Bal l i s t ics , Karlsruhe, Germany, March 1977.

3. Brandes, I. A., ed i to r, Smithells Metals Reference Book, Sixth Edit ion,Diffusion Bonding, pgs. 33-10 to 33-13, Butterworths, 1983.

4. Metals Handbook, 9th Edit ion, Vol. 6, Welding, Brazing, Soldering, pgs.672-691, American Society fo r Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983.

5. Barnes, R. S. and Mazey, D. J ., "The Effect of Pressure Upon VoidFormation in Diffusion Couples", Acts Metallurgica, Vol. 6, Jan. 1958.

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william p. walters and stanley k. golatski- hemispherical and conical shaped-charge liner collapse...

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