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itrificationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vitrification(from Latinvitreum, "glass" via

Frenchvitrifier) is the transformation of a

substance intoa glass.[1]Usually, it is

achieved by rapidly cooling a liquid through

the glass transition. Certain chemicalreactions also result in glasses. An important

application is the vitrification of an antifreeze-

like liquid in cryopreservation.

Vitrification is characteristic for amorphous

materials or disordered systems and occurs

when bonding between elementary particles

(atoms, molecules, forming blocks) becomes

higher than a certain threshold value.[2]

Thermal fluctuations break the bonds;

therefore, thelower the temperature, the

higher the degree of connectivity. Because of

that amorphous materials have a

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A vitrification experiment.characteristic threshold temperature termed

glass transition temperature (Tg): below Tgamorphous materials are glassy whereas

above Tgthey are molten.

In a wider sense, the embedding of material in a glassy matrix is also called vitrification. An

important application is the vitrification of radioactive wasteto obtain a stable compound that is

suitable for ultimate disposal.

Contents [hide]

1 Examples

2 Applications

3 See also

4 References

Examples [edit]

When sucroseis cooled slowly it results in crystal sugar(or rock candy), but when cooled rapidly it

can form syrupy cotton candy(candyfloss). In the process of vitrification the solid waste is exposed

to heat and is converted into a sort of glass-like substance.

Vitrification can also occur when starting with a liquid such as water, usually through very rapidcooling or the introduction of agents that suppress the formation of icecrystals. This is in contrast

to ordinary freezingwhich results in ice crystal formation. Additives used in cryobiologyor

produced naturally by organisms living in polar regionsare called cryoprotectants.

Arcticfrogsand some other ectothermsnaturally produce glycerolor glucosein their liversto

reduce ice formation. When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts

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of glucose are released at low temperature and a special form of insulinallows for this extra

glucose to enter the cells. When the frog rewarms during spring, the extra glucose must be rapidly

eliminated, but stored. Arctic insectsalso use sugars as cryoprotectants. Arctic fish use antifreeze

proteins, sometimes appended with sugars, as cryoprotectants.

Applications [edit]

Ordinary soda-limeglass, used in windows and drinking containers, is created by the addition of

sodium carbonateand lime (calcium oxide) to silicon dioxide. Without these additives silicon dioxide

will require very high temperature to obtain a melt and subsequently (with slow cooling) a glass.

Vitrification is a proven technique in the disposal and long-term storage of nuclear wasteor other

hazardous wastes[3]in a method called geomelting. Waste is mixed with glass-forming chemicals in

a melter to form molten glass that then solidifies in canisters, immobilizing the waste. The final

waste form resembles obsidianand is a non-leaching, durable material that effectively traps the

waste inside. The waste can be stored for relatively long periods in this form without concern for air

or groundwatercontamination. Bulk vitrification uses electrodesto melt soil and wastes where they

lay buried. The hardened waste may then be disinterred with less danger of widespread

contamination. According to the Pacific Northwest National Labs, "Vitrification locks dangerous

materials into a stable glass form that will last for thousands of years." [4]

Ethylene glycolis used as automotive antifreezeand propylene glycolhas been used to reduce icecrystals in ice cream, making it smoother.

Vitrification in cryopreservationis used as a common method to preserve, for example, human egg

cells (oocytes) (in oocyte cryopreservation) and embryos (in embryo cryopreservation). For years,

glycerolhas been used in cryobiologyas a cryoprotectant for blood cells and bull sperm, allowing

storage at liquid nitrogentemperatures. However, glycerol cannot be used to protect whole organs
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from damage. Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other

cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible

the bulk cryogenicstorage (or "banking") of transplantablehuman and xenobioticorgans. A

substantial step in that direction has already occurred. Twenty-First Century Medicinehas vitrified

a rabbitkidneyto -135C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney

was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain

the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.[5]

Currently, vitrification techniques have only been applied to brains (neurovitrification) by Alcorand

to the upper body by the Cryonics Institute, but research is in progress by both organizations to

apply vitrification to the whole body.

See also [edit]

Cryogenics

Crystalization

Supercooling

Vitrified fort

References [edit]

1. ^A.K. Varshneya. Fundamentals of inorganic glasses. Sheffield: Society of Glass Technology,2006.

2. ^M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee. Connectivity and glass transition in disordered oxide systems J. Non-

Cryst. Solids, 356, 2534-2540 (2010).

3. ^M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee. Glassy wasteforms for nuclear waste immobilisation. Metallurgical and

Materials Transactions A, 42 (4), 837-851 (2011).

4. ^"Waste Form Release Calculations for the 2005 Integrated Disposal Facility Performance
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Assessment" (PDF). PNNL-15198. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. July 2005. Retrieved

2006-11-08.

5. ^Fahy GM, Wowk B, Pagotan R, Chang A, Phan J, Thomson B, Phan L (2009). "Physical and

biological aspects of renal vitrification" . ORGANOGENESIS5(3): 167175.

doi:10.4161/org.5.3.9974 . PMC2781097 . PMID20046680 .

Steven Ashle, Divide and Vitrify,June 2002, Scientific American

Stefan Lovgren, Corpses Frozen for Future Rebirth by Arizona Company,March 2005,National Geographic

Categories: Glass Cryobiology
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