why x-rays? vuv? what can we hope to learn?attwood/srms/2007/lec03.pdf · vuv? 2 photon is...
TRANSCRIPT
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Probing Matter: Diffraction,Spectroscopy and Photoemission
Anders NilssonStanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
What can wehope to learn?
Why X-rays?VUV?
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Photon is• Adsorbed• Elastic
Scattered• Inelastic
Scattered
Incident photon interacts with electronsCore and Valence
Electron is• Emitted• Excitated• Dexcitated
Cross Sections
Stöhr, NEXAFS spectroscopy
Photon Interaction
Below 100 keVPhotoelectric and elastic crosssection dominates
Spectroscopy-Scattering
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EMITTED PARTICLE• Elastic Scattering X-Diffraction, Speckle• Inelastic Scattering X-ray Emission Spectroscopy• Electron Emission Photoelectron Spectroscopy
NO EMITTED PARTICLE• Photon Adsorbed X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Detected Particles
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Diffraction
• X-ray diffraction
• Photoelectron diffraction (PhD)
• Extended X-ray Absorption FineStructure (EXAFS)
Long range X-ray diffractionInterference of many scattered photons
Short range PhD and EXAFSLocal scattering of electrons to nearestneighbor
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Spectroscopy
hν
Valence electrons Chemical Bonding
Core electrons Non interacting
Ionization Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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Core Levels -Atom Specific Information
X-rays probes core levels
Element Sensitive Chemical Shifts
Hufner, Photoelectron SpectroscopyStöhr et.al
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Core Level Spectroscopy
Unoccupied states
Occupied states
Fermi level
Core level
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Photoelectron Spectroscopy
kinbEhE != "
Hufner, Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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Core Level Electron Spectroscopy
hv
Electrons interact strongly
Surface Sensitivity
5-20 Å
Dependent on electron kinetic energy
Mårtensson et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1731 (1988)
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Photoelectron Diffraction
N
N
Forward scattering zeroorder diffraction
Molecular orientations
For a full structuredetermination
Energy dependentdiffraction together withmultiple scatteringcalculations
Nilsson et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1015 (1991)
Tonner et. al. ALS web page
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X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Molecular orbital or scattering picture
Stöhr, NEXAFS spectroscopy
1±=!lDipole selection rule
1s 2p
Ma et.al. Phys. Rev. A44, 1848 (1991)
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Chemical Sensitivity
Core level shifts andMolecular orbital shifts
Stöhr et.al
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EXAFSExtended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
Interference ofoutgoingphotoelectron andscattered waves
[ ]! +"=i
l
iii
lkkrkAk )(2sin)()1()( #$
Nearestneighbordistance
Coordination shells
][
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Polarized X-raysOrientations and Directions
Probing Charge orientations and Spin directions
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Polarization Effectsin X-ray Absorption
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Core Hole Decay
fluoaug !+!=!
Core hole life time
Sum of all decaychannels
XES one electronpicture
AES two electroninteraction; complexCorrelation effects
Sandell et. al. Phys. Rev. B48, 11347 (1993)
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X-ray Emission and Photoemission
Hammer et. al Nature376, 238 (1995)
Nilsson et.al. J. El. Spec. 110-111, 15 (2000)
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Resonant Processes
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Methods
• X-ray Diffraction• Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)
Core level electron spectroscopyValence band photoemissionResonant photoemissionPhotoelectron Diffraction
• X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)Near Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (NEXAFS)Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD)
• X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES)Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS)
• Soft X-ray ScatteringSpeckle
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Chemical Analysis
• Chemical Identifications• Speciation• Quantitative analysis
Cr L XAS C1s, O1s and Pt4f XPS
CO adsorption
Cr(VI) on Iron oxides
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Geometric Structure
• Lattice parameters
• Bond length
• Molecular orientation
Diffraction pattern of of Li metal
Representation of Li structure at44 Gpa pressure
XAS spectra of glycine adsorbed on Cu(110)
Local orientation ofglycine on Cu(110)
Two dimensionalstructure of glycineadsorbed on Cu(110)
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Electronic Structure
• Electronic Structure
• Band structure
• Electronic properties in complex materials
• Magnetism
Angular resolved PES
Photoemission spectra of W Measured band structure of quasicrystals
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Chemical Bonding
• Electronic structure
• Chemical Bonding
• Molecular orbitals
• Local ProbingX-ray emission process
XES spectra of N2 on Ni(100) Hydrogen bonding in water
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Magnetism
• X-ray magnetic circulardichroism (XCMD)
• Element specific• Spin and orbital moments• Magnetic Information
XMCD principle
Pt-Ni MultilayerNi L edge XAS spectrum and XMCD effectof Pt-Ni multilayer sample
Energy (eV)
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
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Microscopy
• Spectroscopy with spatialresolution
• Spatial chemical speciation• Magnetic domains
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Future
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Femtosecond Chemistry
Theoretical simulations, Mats Nyberg,Stockholm University
Probe pulse at differentdelay time ΔtBoth N atoms
New Ru Catalyst
Active site at steps
Hansen et.al. Science 294, 1508 (2001)
Haber-Bosch
N2 + 3H2 2NH3