why should we care about care? · pdf file · 2016-09-08why should we care about...
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Why should we care about care?
AnaMariaMunozBoudet,VictoriaLevin,BethZikronahRosenPovertyandSocialProtec=onandLaborGlobalPrac=ces;ECARegion
TheWorldBankGroup
THE ROLE OF INFORMAL CHILDCARE AND ELDERCARE IN AGING SOCIETIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
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Outline 1) Organiza=onofthecaresupply
2) Carethroughoutwomen’slifecycles
3) Care,laborforceaPachment,&income
4) PolicyOp=ons
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Note 1: Data for this report
-Genera=onsandGenderSurvey(GGS)
-TimeUseSurveys
-SurveyofHealth,Ageing,andRe=rementinEurope(SHARE)
-EuropeanSocialSurvey
-Exis=ngHHsurveys
-Authorsdevelopednewmixed-methodsdataset:supplyanddemandassessment
ECACountriesIndepen-dentData SHARE GGP ESS HETUS
Na;onalTUS RLMS
Albania X Armenia X Azerbaijan Belarus
BosniaandHerzegovina X
Bulgaria X X X Croa;a X CzechRepublic X X X Estonia X X X X X Georgia X Hungary X X X Kazakhstan Kosovo X X KyrgyzRepublic X Latvia X X Lithuania X X X FYRMacedonia X X Moldova X Montenegro Poland X X X X Romania X X RussianFedera;on X X XSerbia X X Slovakia X Slovenia X X X Tajikistan Turkey X Turkmenistan Ukraine X X Uzbekistan
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1. OrganizaMon of the care supply is linked to three factors 1. Household-levelcapacityandmarketfactors
◦ Householdsize,composi=on,andopportunitycostof=meforhouseholdmembers
2. Socialnorms◦ Filialobliga=on,ifyouhavecareda]ersomeoneonceyouwilldoit
again,acceptabilityofstateinvolvementincaregiving
3. Availableservicesandsupportstructures◦ Availability,accessibility,affordability,andqualityofchildcareand
eldercareop=ons
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…This oPen adds up to a preponderance of informal care
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Women bear more of the burden of informal care than men, regardless of whether they work for pay
Source:EstonianNa=onalTimeUseSurvey2010Note:Authors’calcula=ons
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00
Paidwork,Men Paidwork,WomenCare,Men Care,WomenHHProduc,Men HHProduc,Women
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00
Totalwork,Men Totalwork,WomenUnpaidwork,Men Unpaidwork,Women
Propor;onofEstonianworkingagepopula;on(aged20-64years)undertakingac;vi;esbygenderand;meofday
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2. Care throughout women’s lifecycles Womenarelikelytobeengagedincaregivingatdifferentstagesoftheirlife.Ø Oneormul=pledirec=onsatthesame=me
Ø Mothers Ø DaughtersØ Grandmothers
Ø Differentintensi=esintermsof=meandfrequency
Agingsocie=esincreasethedemandforupwardcareflowsbesidesthetradi=onaldownwardcare.
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Care throughout women’s lifecycles has expanded in aging socieMes
children
woman
parents
grandparents
grandchildren
Carerecipient CarerecipientCaregiver
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At all ages, women and men are providing some type of care to others
Source:SHAREwave4(AT,BE,CH,CZ,EE,ES,FR,HU,IT,NL,SI).N=2,787grandmotherswithatleastonegrandchildundertheageof16years.
6%
4%
19%
19%
2%
2%
10%
5%
11%
13%
16%
20%
5%
14%
29%
26%
36%
38%
11%
18%
12%
10%
8%
8%
3%
3%
48%
51%
31%
25%
33%
21%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Men70+
Women70+
Men60-69
Women60-69
Men50-59
Women50-59
Employed,providingchildcare,providingfurtherhelptoothers Employed,providingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers
Employed,notprovidingchildcare,providinghelptoothers Notemployed,providingchildcare,providingfurtherhelptoothers
Notemployed,providingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers Notemployed,notprovidingchildcare,providinghelptoothers
Notprovidingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers
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3. Care, labor force aXachment, & income throughout women’s lifecycles
Ø Aswithchildcare,intensiveeldercaredu=escanreducefemalelaborsupplyduringthemostproduc=veyears.
Ø Thereisasubstan=albodyofevidence,fromavarietyofcontexts,thatintensive,=me-demandingcarehassignificantnega=veeffectonthelikelihoodofstayinginthelaborforce
Ø Greateravailabilityofformalcareop=onscanbeexpectedtoaffectfemalelaborforcepar=cipa=onintheintensiveandextensivemargins.
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Mothers: It starts with childcare responsibiliMes There is a well-documented decrease in labor supply for women with young children, and in some countries, this reduced labor supply of mothers persists for an extended period of Mme.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0-3years 4-6years 7-9years 10-12years
Bulgaria Georgia Germany France Hungary Italy Netherlands
Romania Norway Austria Belgium Lithuania Poland Czech
Norway
Georgia
Czech
Source: Authors' calculations based on GGS Wave 1 data.Note: Sample includes female respondents with at least one child in the household. The employment rate is the share of those who report that they are employed or self-employed.
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Working women tend to use childcare services more than those not working. Mothers in EU-13 countries are more likely to stay out of the labor force due to childcare availability and quality and more likely to be in part-Mme employment due to availability and cost compared to EU-15
Source: Eurostat 2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
FYRMaced
onia
Slovakia
CzechRe
public
Hungary
Estonia
Poland
Latvia
Croa=a
Romania
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Sloven
ia
Nethe
rland
s
Germ
any
Malta
UnitedKingdo
m
Ireland
Austria
Italy
Luxembo
urg
Belgium
Spain
France
Greece
Swed
en
Norway
Denm
ark
Iceland
Finland
Cyprus
Portugal
ECA non-ECA
%ofw
omen
aged25-49who
usechildcare
servicesweeklyforthe
iryoun
gestchild
Shareemployedfull-=me Sharedemployedpart-=me
Employmentprofileofworkingmothersusingchildcareservices
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Daughters of elderly parents: Women tend to provide care to elderly parents at the ages at which they would have the highest lifeMme income
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
24andless 25-35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
%ofw
omen
inth
eagegrou
pprovidingan
ycareto
someo
neelse
Russia
Bulgaria
Georgia
Romania
Source:GenderandGenera=onsSurvey.FirstRound
Careprovidedtoparentsand/orparents-in-lawamongwomenwhoreportprovidinghelpinthepreviousyear.Femalerespondents,byage
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UMlizaMon rates of formal eldercare services are correlated with labor force parMcipaMon rates of the populaMon that is most likely to be providing informal caregiving—women aged 40–64
RESIDENCEINCAREINSTITUTIONS RECEIPTOFHOME-BASEDCARE
Source: Mul=linksforcareprevalence(mostrecentwaveused);Eurostatforlaborforcepar=cipa=onrates
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
SlovakRepublic
SloveniaSpain
Sweden
UnitedKingdom
y=1,1541x+60,32R²=0,06138
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Labo
rforcepar;cipa;
onoffem
alesaged40
to64
%livingincareins;tu;ons(ofpersonsaged65+)
Austria
Belgium
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
SloveniaSpain
Sweden
UnitedKingdom
y=0,9514x+57,894R²=0,15743
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Labo
rforcepar;cipa;
onoffem
alesaged40
to64
%receivinghome-basedcare(ofpersonsaged65+)
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Caught in the middle: The sandwich generaMon
Ø Increasedlongevity+delayedonsetoffer=lityàwomenareexpectedtoprovidecaresimultaneouslytomul=plegenera=ons
children
woman
parents
grandparents
grandchildren
Carerecipient CarerecipientCaregiver
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Grandmothers: They provide frequent care in some countries, and in others, they just help
Source:Buber-Ennser(2014)basedonSHAREwave4(AT,BE,CH,CZ,DE,DK,EE,ES,FR,HU,IT,NL,PO,PT,SE,SI)andwave2(GR,IE).N=27,708grandparentswithatleastonegrandchildundertheageof16years,andN=16,360thatprovideanycare.
Es;matedcountrycoefficientsforgrandmothers’careprovision(anyandregulargrandchildcare)
***
*
***
********
******
***
*********
** ** *
***
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
***D
enmark(DK)
***Swed
en(SE)
***France(FR)
***Eston
ia(E
E)
CzechR.(C
Z)
Germ
any(DE)
Switzerland
(CH)
Sloven
ia(SI)
Poland
(PO)
Hungary(HU)
Ireland
(IE)
Nethe
rland
s(NL)
Belgium(B
E)
Spain(ES)
Portugal(P
T)
Lithuania(LT)
Georgia(GE)
Austria
(AT)
Greece(G
R)
***R
ussia
(RU)
***B
ulgaria
(BU)
Italy(IT)
***R
omania(R
O)
Anycare
Regularcare
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Grandmother-provided childcare can enable mothers’ employment…
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Unpaidhelp
Nohelp Unpaidhelp
Nohelp Unpaidhelp
Nohelp Unpaidhelp
Nohelp
EFTA,EU15 EU13 EasternParternship
W.Balkans
Inac=veinLF
Unemployed
Employed
Source:Authors’calcula=onsbasedonGGSdata(mostrecentwaveforBulgaria,RussianFedera=on,Georgia,Romania,Lithuania,Poland,CzechRepublic,Germany,France,theNetherlands,Norway,Austria,andBelgium)andfieldworkdata(2014dataforArmenia,BosniaandHerzegovina,Kosovo,FYRMacedonia,Serbia,andUkraine).
Laborstatusformotherswithandwithoutinformalcare
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… but this can negaMvely impact the labor supply of grandmothers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79
Men - Women
%employed
Withgrandchildrenunder16 Withoutgrandchildrenunder16
Source:Author’scalcula=onbasedonBuber-Ennser2014
Employmentrateofolderindividualswith/withoutgrandchildren
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Care, labor force aXachment and income Ø “Sandwiched”womenhavebeenfoundtoexperiencehigherlevelsofwork-relatedstress,absenteeismaswellasagreatermismatchbetweenactualandpreferredworkinghours
Ø Higher-educatedpre-re=rement-age(50-65)womenareatthehighestriskofperformingthedoublecaredu=es.
Ø Sandwichedindividualsarelesslikelytobeinthelaborforce,whichimpliesthatsandwichresponsibili=esareassociatedwithearlyre=rementofhighly-skilledwomen
Ø Beingafemalecaregiverisassociatedwithasignificantlyhigherpovertyrisk
Ø Caregivingcanbeassociatedwithahigherpovertyrisklaterinlifeduetoloweraccumulatedpensionwealth
Ø Perversecyclewherebywomenfromlower-incomehouseholdsaremorelikelytobecomeinformalcaregivers,whichinturnresultsinevenlowerhouseholdincomes.
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4. Policy opMons Theidealpolicymixwillvarybycountry,butsomeareastoconsiderinclude:
§ Providingaccessible,affordable,qualityformalcareservices
§ Acknowledgingandimprovinginformalcare§ Crea=ngleavepoliciesthatsupportthefamilyascareproviders(paid,unpaid)
§ Promo=ngflexibleworkarrangements§ Consideringallowancesandtaxincen=vesforcaregiversand/orrecipients§ Improvingpensioncreditsforcaregiverssystems(coverage,targe=ng,andgenerosity)
§ Promo=onofpar=cipa=oninthelabormarketoftheyoungoldascaregiversoftheoldestold
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Thank you