why do states cooperate with each other? political, economic, military cooperation
TRANSCRIPT
Why Do States Cooperate with Each
Other?Political, Economic, Military
Cooperation
The survival of States is Threatened…
• By the trend toward self-determination as an expression of unique cultural identity
• And the trend toward globalization, as states transfer authority to regional organizations like NAFTA, UN, NATO
United Nations
• Established after WW2 to prevent a third world war
• 49 original members, 192 by 2007• Members increased on 3 occasions- 1955,
1960, and 1990s• ’55- countries liberated from Nazi Germany• ’60- Newly independent nations in Africa• ’90s- From the breakup of
USSR/Yugoslavia, microstates
United Nations
• League of Nations 1st attempt at peacekeeping- failed
• UN can establish peacekeeping force- but relies on voluntary contributions of troops from members
• 5 permanent members of the Security Council have vetoes- US, Russia, UK France, China- during Cold War vetoes used to prevent intervention (except Korea)
United Nations
• China, France, Russia vetoed UN action to remove Saddam Hussein- 2003
• UN Peacekeepers- maintain neutrality, operate in E. Europe, Middle East, Africa
• Sometimes ineffective because states’ contribution of troops voluntary
• UN- for the first time, all states can meet and vote before resorting to war.
Regional Military Alliances
• After WW2, world divided between 2 superpowers- USA and USSR. Before, many superpowers- no one dominated
• Balance of Power- roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
• Weaker states became ally or satellite of two powers
• Acquiring an ally added power and took it away from the enemy
Era of 2 Superpowers
• Both powers used military force to control their allies
• USSR invaded Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan
• USA invaded Grenada, Dominican Republic, Panama
• Both powers established military bases in other countries to respond quickly/ maintain strength
Cuban Missile Crisis
Military Cooperation
• 2 alliances- NATO and Warsaw Pact• NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)- US, Canada, 14 European states. France, Spain members but did not contribute troops. Goal- prevent USSR from invading Germany
• 7 members of Warsaw Pact- invaded Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Goal- prevent a third German invasion of Russia
Military Cooperation
• NATO, W. Pact now obsolete- NATO troops sharply reduced, but membership expanded into former Warsaw Pact countries. Membership provides security against Russian invasion
• W. Pact disbanded• OSCE- Organization of Security and
Cooperation in Europe- includes Russia, Goal- ending conflict in Europe
Military Cooperation
• OAS- Organization of American States- all 35 states in W. hemisphere. Goal- promotes economic, social, political, and cultural links
• Cuba a member but suspended in 1962
• AU- African Union- 53 countries- promotes economic integration of Africa. Replaced OAU which opposed Apartheid
British Commonwealth
• Includes UK and 53 other former British colonies. Goal- economic and cultural cooperation
Economic Cooperation
• Since end of Cold War in 1992, world has returned to more than 2 powers like before WW2
• 2 Key differences- 1. Most important elements of state power are now economic instead of military
• 2. Leading power is not a single state, but the EU a collection of states
European Union• AKA EEC, Common market, established in
1958- Goal- heal wounds of WW2• Main task of EU is to promote development
within member states through economic cooperation
• Has removed international barriers to trade- goods, services, and people can move freely throughout Europe
• The Euro has removed differences in prices, interest rates, and made the EU economy the wealthiest in the world
German Nation• Flashback- Germany emerged as a nation-state
in 1871- Otto von Bismarck forced German kingdoms into his Prussian dominated German Empire
• Did not get all German speaking areas of Europe
• Germany punished after WW1, lost territory, arbitrary borders- fragmented state
German Nation
• Nazi takeovers of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria justified as attempts to rebuild German nation-state
• After WW2, Germany carved into 4 zones- US, UK, France, USSR
• 3 zones reunited, Soviet zone became E. Germany
• 1990- E. Germany absorbed
Why has Terrorism Increased?• Terrorism- systematic use of violence by a
group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
• Violence is seen as necessary to bring attention to problems not being addressed through peaceful means
• Terrorism is applied to actions by groups rather than official governments, although some states provide support for terrorists
Terrorism
• Differs from assassination because civilians are targets, not political leaders or the military
• Terrorists consider all citizens responsible for the actions being opposed, so they are all legit targets.
• Distinguishing terrorism from political violence is difficult- is a suicide bombing a terrorist attack or an act of war? Depends on your perspective.
Terrorist Attacks
• 1988- Pan Am 103 shot down
• 1993- WTC bomb
• 1995- Oklahoma City
• 1998- US embassies in E. Africa
• 2000- USS Cole
• 2001- 9/11
American Terrorists
• Timothy McVeigh executed for Oklahoma City- motivated by FBI attack in Waco, TX
• Theodore (Ted) Kaczynski- (Unabomber) sent bombs through the mail over 17 years- academics in technology and businessmen harming the environment
Unabomber’s homemade gun
9/11
• 4 planes, 19 hijackers, 3,000 deaths
• Al-Qaeda means “the foundation”
• Bin Laden family became rich through close connections to the Saudi royal family
• Osama bin Laden used his inheritance to fund Al Qaeda
• Moved to Afghanistan in 1980s to help fight Soviets
9/11
• A 1998 fatwa, or religious decree, bin Laden argued all Muslims had a religious duty to wage a holy war (jihad) against US citizens because the US is responsible for:
• 1. Maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia
• 2. Supporting a Jewish state of Israel
9/11
• Estimated 20,000 members, isolated autonomous cells
• Sleeper cell- blend into normal society, hold jobs, wait for orders.
• Other extremist organizations take the “brand name” Al Qaeda as a symbol of legitimacy
State Support for Terrorism
• Three levels of support:
• 1. Providing sanctuary
• 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence
• 3. Planning attacks using terrorists
Libya
• Accused of sponsoring a bombing of a nightclub in Berlin
• PanAm flight 103• US bombed Libya in response• Qaddafi renounced terrorism and agreed
to provide compensation to families- 2003• 3 states have been accused by US of
supporting terrorism since 9/11- Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran
Afghanistan
• 1973- Afghan king overthrown• 1978- Gov’t established that sympathized
w/ USSR• USSR invaded after mujahedeen (holy
warriors) rebelled against gov’t (1979)• USSR withdrew in 1989, gov’t collapsed in
1992• 1995- Taliban gained control of country• They sheltered Al Qaeda
Iraq
• While most states supported Afghan invasion, few supported invasion of Iraq
• Saddam Hussein took power in ’79• 1980- 8 year war with Iran- stalemate• Nuclear reactor blown up in 1981 by Israel• 1988- 5000 Kurds die by poison gas• 1990- Iraq invades Kuwait• 1991- Desert Storm
Iraq• While almost the entire UN supported Desert
Storm, few supported US invasion in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein
• Why? 1991 was to end an unjustified invasion. 2003 no one believed Hussein still possessed weapons of mass destruction or intended to use them.
• US assessment was based on faulty intelligence
• US assertion that Iraq had ties to Al-Qaeda was false
Iraq• Ruling Ba’ath party based on pan-Arabism- 1 Arab
nation sharing oil wealth• Philosophy not derived from religion like Al-Qaeda• So US changed justification to Saddam is a bad man
and needs to be removed- “regime change”• Other countries believe you don’t violate sovereignty
simply because you don’t like the leader• Kurds support US, Sunnis, Shi’ites oppose US
invasion
Iran
• 1979- Revolution overthrows Shah as people demanded more democracy
• Replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini who declared Iran an Islamic republic and made himself dictator
• Seized US embassy in 1979 and hels 62 Americans hostage until 1981
• Fought 8 year war w/ Iran over Shatt al-Arab, 1.5 million dead,