Why did thishappen?

NYC trains lost electric power

Does Energy Affect our Lives?

FOXnews 8/15/2003

Happy New Yorkers out for a Stroll!

060721

The average North American consumes 5 X theWorld average:

About 350 GJ per year!!

At current consumption rates, proven worldCoal reserves should last for about 200 year,

Oil for approximately 40 years and Natural gas for around 60 years.

(according to BP)

Energy Source Categories

Nonrenewable

Renewable

Conventional Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear Fission

Wood

Hydro

Human/Animal

Wind Water Pumping

Alternative Geothermal

Oil Shale

Tar Sands

Methane Hydrates

Wind Solar Biomass

Wave/Tide Ocean Current

Sustainable means using less than is renewed; if water is withdrawn from a dam faster than it is refilled, the level drops and hydro power is lessened, and finally fails

Primary energy the beginning processOf where we get energy.

Like coal, oil, gas, nuclear…

Delivered energy is the energy thatIs delivered to the consumer,

Usually electricity.

Useful energy is what is finally used by The consumer, like the energy used when

You turn on your house heater.

Energy Overview

Conventional fuels, such as used in coal, oil, or gas-fired boilers or transportation, will increase in price as supplies diminish (crude oil ~$95/bbl)That’s the law of supply and demand!

Where could we get energy if conventional energy price becomes too expensive for most people?

Why are renewable energies becoming more important?

What about the costs?

US General Energy Costs

070111

Type Cost $ per kWto build plant

Cost per kWh

Wave $650,000 “very low” , <3 - 10¢?

Coal $1500 3¢

Natural Gas $900 3.5¢

Solar $1500 12¢

Wind $3000 3.6¢

Geothermal $1300 - 2500 2.5 - 10¢

Ocean Thermal $1500 unknown

Biomass $700-1800 unknown

ON&T, 11/22/05 p.48

Renewable Energy Generalities

Renewable energy systems transform incoming solar energy and its primary indirect forms (wind, wave, ocean current, and river flow), usually without pollution-causing combustion

Renewable energy emits no pollution or carbon dioxide (although the building of the energy conversion components does)

Renewable energy is sustainable indefinitely, unlike long-stored energy from fossil fuels that will be eventually be depleted or become too expensive

More on Renewable Energy

Biomass can be heated with water under pressure to create synthetic fuel gas (synfuel); but burning biomass creates pollution and CO2; in the long term, biomass has zero net emissions due to combustion and absorption of CO2 over a long growing period

Fuel combustion produces “greenhouse gases” that are widely believed to lead to climate change (a.k.a. global warming), thus combustion of biomass is not as desirable as other noncombustion energy

Nuclear fission, tidal, and geothermal energies are not renewable, but sometimes are treated as though they were because of the very long depletion periods

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The Eventual Declineof Fossil Fuels

Millions of years of incoming solar energy were captured in the form of coal, oil, and natural gas; current usage thus exceeds the rate of original production

Coal may last 100 to 250 to 400 years and estimates vary; not as useful for transportation due to thermal losses in converting to convenient liquid “synfuel”

Cheap oil estimated for 2 to 40 years; natural gas for 20 to 60 years

We can conserve energy by reducing loads and through increased efficiency in generating, transmitting, and using energy

Efficiency and conservation will delay an energy crisis, but will not prevent it from eventually happening!

The Hubbert Curve Predicts Fossil Fuel Decline

Dr. M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist, predicted that the US oil peak would be reached in 1970. Later, others predicted the World oil peak would occur in the first decade of the 21st Century.

Past the production peak at 2006-2011 (?), oil prices will increase as extraction becomes more difficult and the price is bid up.

www.hubbertpeak.com/midpoint.htm

Where does the US get Crude Oil?

United States 5100 thousand bbl/day (annual)

Canada 2313Mexico 1710Saudi Arabia 1492Venezuela 1470Nigeria 1189 Iraq 666And many others

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Annual for May 2006 – 15,000 thousand barrels per day (EIA)

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_sum_crdsnd_adc_mbblpd_a.htmImports are 10,000 thou. Bbl/day

Energy Considerations for 2050 (If you are 18 years old in 2011, you’d be 57 in 2050)

Fossil-fuel energy will deplete in the future; it took millions of years to create that much fuel

US oil production peaked about 1974; World energy estimated to peak about 2007 or so We won’t know the peak until it’s well past!

Renewable energy will eventually become mandatory, and our lifestyles will have to change to adapt

The transition to increased renewable energy must occur well before a crisis occurs

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United States

Energy Utilities Usage

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US 2000Yourenergyfuture.org

2004 http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/images/piechart.gif

Fossil Fuels60%

California Energy on 7/25/2006; Don’t let this happen here!

Note how close the red demand curve is to the green maximum resource forecast

Touching it means power system collapses!

Warnings were issued “additional

conservation is critical for Monday if the ISO and the state’s utilities are to continue service. If Californians do not step up their conservation efforts tomorrow considerably, rotating outages are possible. “

080101

A sustainable energy source is one that is notSubstantially depleted by continued use, does

Not entail significant pollution emissions of otherEnvironmental problems, and does not involve the

Perpetuation of substantial health hazardsOr social injustices.

Renewable energy can be defined as ‘energy Obtained from the continuous or repetitive Currents of energy recurring in the natural

Environment.’

Or as ‘energy flows which are replenishedAt the same rate as they are used.’

Solar Energy Intensity

Energy from our sun (~1372 W/m2) is filtered through the atmosphere and is received at the surface at ~1000 watts per square meter or less; average is 345 W/m^2

Air, clouds, rain, and haze reduce the received surface energy

Capture is from heat (thermal energy) and by photovoltaic cells yielding direct electrical energy

Solar Energy: Thermal Low-temperature extraction of heat from ground; ~70° F to 80° F Water heating for home and business; ~90° F to 120° F High-temperature process-heating water for industry; ~200° F to

400° F Solar thermal power plants; ~1000° F

From www.energy.ca.gov/education/story/story-images/solar.jpegArizona has clearer skies than Florida. Ref.: Innovative Power Systems

060920

Solar Energy: Photovoltaic Sunlight to Electricity

Photovoltaic cells can extract about 10 to 18% of incoming solar energy; theoretical is about 21%; $/W is the key

Low voltage direct current is produced at about 0.55 volt per cell; clusters are connected for ~17 volts open circuit output for charging a 12 volt system

Arrays of cells (modules) can be fixed or can track the sun for ~30% greater energy gain

Storage is required unless the energy is “inverted” to 120 Vac to synchronously drive into the utility electrical grid

World Price for Photovoltaic Modules1973-98

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Compiled by Worldwatch Institute

1997

Dol

lars

Per

Wat

t

PV prices are falling, though still relatively expensive compared to wind or fossil utility power, but a French-Italian Company, STMicroelectronics, (10/2003) claims $0.20/W with organic technology --- try to buy one)

Wind energy results from uneven solar heating of the atmosphere, resulting in broad circulation areas

Wind resources vary greatly worldwide, even over a few miles

Wind power is proportional to the wind speed cubed

Wind Energy

Ref.: www.freefoto.com/pictures/general/ windfarm/index.asp?i=2

080915

Wind Turbine OverviewVertical Axis Turbines

Two thin semicircular bladesSavonius rotor best at water

pumpingBlade forces reverse with each

turn; fail to endure due to joint stresses

Darrieus rotor evaluated by Sandia Labs and removed after crash

Horizontal Axis TurbinesTwo or three-bladed rotor; maybe

moreThree blades most successful in

practiceLargest has 110 meter diameter

rotor3.4 to 6 MW peak power

www.iwr.de/wind

Wind Density across the USA

Coastal Florida is windy as northern OH, IN, IL, WI, MI; Ohio & IL have wind turbines

080915

Ref.: NREL

Wind Energy in Practice

California 50% tax incentives resulted in major U.S. wind farmsAltamonte PassTehachapiSan Gorgonio Pass

Other turbines are located in Dakotas, Iowa, Texas, MA, ME, NY, OR, PA, WA, WY, IA, VT, WV etc.

Early Twentieth Century saw wind-driven water-pumps commonly used in rural America, but the spread of electricity lines in 1930s (REA) caused their decline

www.nrel.gov/wind/usmaps.html

060920

Geothermal Energy First electricity from

geothermal produced in Laredello, Italy in 1903

Active geysers supply steam or hot water for heating in The Geysers, California (824 MWe)

“Hot, dry rock” (HDR) offers potential for deep-injecting water and using the resultant steam to spin a turbine

At a lower (~75F) geothermal temperature, an air conditioner can extract heat from the ground for winter heating or insert energy into the ground to gain a more efficient cooling sink in summer

www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ geysers20.html

080101

http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/geysers.html

Bioenergy (From Biomass) Direct firing, cofiring, and

gasification are forms of biopower

Ethanol can be made from grain, diesel from soybeans, and ethanol/methanol can be made from cellulose

May be intentionally grown (coppicing; cut by “lawnmower on steroids”) such as poplar trees or might use waste byproducts

Biomass satisfied 4% of energy demand in 1990

Biomass can serve as a bridge from fossil fuels, although it is an inefficient producer of energy

Liquid fuels are essential for transportation vehicles due to high energy density www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/.../ re_renew_maps_bio_poten.htm

080101

Hydroelectric Dams

The sun distills ocean and surface waters and ground moisture to produce rain that stores potential energy above sea level

This stored water energy has long been used for generation of electricity

Small hydro dams were commonplace in the 1930’s, but many have fallen into disuse and were removed

Once installed, these systems produce low cost electricity without significant pollution

China’s Three Gorges just built

World's largest storage dam, Uganda's Owen Falls Dam. The hydroelectric station at the dam supplies most of the electricity requirements of Uganda, and parts of Kenya. (Photo:Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand)

080101

Hydroelectric Energy Use

Hydro installed on most useful rivers years ago Dams are under attack by some environmentalists who

want water unhindered for fish passage, recreation, and for endangered species -- “So fish can swim free” (Piscean justice campaign?)

Impounded waters hold back ocean rise somewhat Stable output although seasonal variations

www.srh.noaa.gov/tlh/cpm/ chattahoochee.html

080101

Ocean Energy Synopsis

040212

Four Types:

Tidal FlowWave Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy ConverterOcean Current

Tidal Energy

080q0q

Tides are produced by gravitational forces of the moon and sun and the Earth’s rotation (24 hour, 50 minute period)

Existing and possible sites:

France: Rance River estuary 240 MW station

England: Severn River (proposed)

Canada: Passamaquoddy in the Bay of Fundy (1935 attempt failed; not economically practical)

California: high potential along the northern coast; NIMBYs would block it

Environmental, economic, and esthetic aspects plus limited resources have delayed implementation

La Rance Tidal Barrageand the “Stingray” Oscillator

http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-02/RE_info/tidal1.htm

~60 ft

060920

Salter “ducks” rock up and down as the wave passes, oscillating to convert rotary motion to electrical energyA Wavegen, wave-driven, air compressor or oscillating water column spins a Wells turbine to produce electricity regardless of air flow direction

Source: Wave Energy paper. IMechE, 1991 and European Directory of Renewable Energy (Suppliers and Services) 1991

Wave Energy

Ref.: www.fujita.com/archive-frr/ TidalPower.html©1996 Ramage

Ocean Energy: Wave Energy Map

Source: Wave Energy paper. IMechE, 1991 and European Directory of Renewable Energy (Suppliers and Services) 1991

Figures in kW/m along crest

080101

Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion(OTEC)

080101

Hawaii has the research OTEC laboratory; funding ended in 1998; used for chilled water office cooling now

OTEC requires some 40°F temperature difference between the surface and deep waters to economically extract energy

Open-cycle plants vaporize warm water and condense it using the cold sea water, yielding potable water and electricity from turbine-driven alternators

Closed-cycle units evaporate ammonia at 78°F to drive a turbine and an alternator

Ref.: www.nrel.gov/otec/achievements.html

Subsurface Gulf Stream currents of 4 to 5 knots can drive turbines to generate electricityThe equivalent of a waterproof wind turbine can be placed underwater to extract energyBlue Energy of Canada planned a prototype demonstration in the Second Quarter of 2004

Ocean Current Energy

080101

www.bluenergy.com/technology/ turbine.html

Florida Atlantic Univ. starting Ocean Energy Center 2007 for Gulf Stream energy

EnergyTransmission

Electricity and hydrogen are energy carriers, not natural fuelsThey must be made at a loss using other forms of energy!

Electric transmission lines lose energy in heat (~2 to 8% as an engineering design parameter by economic choice)

Line energy-flow directional analysis can show where new energy plants are required; usually in cities that won’t accept them

Hydrogen is now made by cracking of natural gas (97%), electrolysis of water, or from bacterial action (lab experiment level)

Pipelines can transport hydrogen (if lines are sealed) without appreciable energy loss

A 40-ton truck delivering H2 and tapping the load as fuel could travel ~800 miles --- and arrive empty [Mark Sardella, PE. “The Hydrogen Hallucination - The 'Freedom Fuel' Leaves Us in Chains”, Energy Central, 9.25.03]

080101

Energy Storage

Renewable energy is often intermittent, and storage allows alignment (matching) with time of use peak

Compressed air, flywheels, weight-shifting (pumped water storage) are developing technologies

Batteries are traditional for small systems and electric vehicles; grid storage is alternative

Energy may be stored financially as credits in the electrical “grid” without batteries

“Net metering” provides the same cost as sale dollars to the supplier; 37 states’ law; needed in Florida

www.strawbilt.org/systems/ details.solar_electric.html

080101

Distributed Generation (DG)

Distributed generation occurs when power is generated (converted) locally and might be shared with or sold to neighbors through the electrical grid

Distributed generation avoids the losses that occur in transmission over long distances; energy is used at or near the source

Varying wind and sunshine intensity averages across several houses, blocks, cities, or states

Supply is robust, but precautions are required to protect electricity workers when main utility power is off and the system may feed back into powerlines; inverters shut down automatically on line loss

080101

Legal Aspects and Other Complications

PURPA: Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978. Utility purchase from and sale of power to qualified facilities; avoided costs

Power Plant Siting Act provides regulation by FERC Energy Policy Act of 1992 led to deregulation in many

states Clean Air Act changes power plant modification rules Investment taxes and subsidies favor conventional power High initial cost dissuades potential renewable energy

users Net metering encourages renewable energy investment Renewable energy credits needed to offset possible carbon

tax on fossil fuels and “externalities” (pollution, health, etc.)

“NIMBYs” rally to protest --- “Not In My Backyard”! We need to consider beyond the first action; the results,

and then what?080101

Conclusion

Renewable energy offers a sustainable approach to the World’s energy needs

Economics drives the selection process and, unfortunately, short-term (initial cost) thinking often leads to disregard of long-term, overall cost

Increasing oil, gas, and coal prices will ensure that the transition to renewable energy will occur ―

How and when will we choose to do it?

060907

The Kyoto Protocol

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol required participating nations to reduce pollutants below 1990 levels (they’re failing to do so)

President Clinton did not present the treaty to Congress since it would not have been ratified; Pres. Bush also declined to ask; moot when Obama took office

Russian Duma ratified it, thus passage of 55% of nations threshold occurred, and the protocol was then in force

Developing nations such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, (BRIC) and are exempted from the treaty provisions, yet will produce far greater pollution than developed nations in coming years!As much as 75% of world emissions are expected to come

from developing nations in 2040 – Paul Beckner Developing nations could pollute freely and sell their energy to

nations constrained by Kyoto; Mexico could pollute the US and yet sell energy to the US

Natural emissions of GHG may be five times the human contribution100120

The Copenhagen Meeting

The December 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference accomplished only a desire to reduce emissions – a quota to be defined by each country

There are only goals, but no law resulting from all this

Nations would not commit to binding emission level reductions with penalties

Developing countries wanted money from developed countries --- “social justice”?

It lacked only a “Mission Accomplished” banner flying on the White House as “happy face” was put on the lack of results

Lots of jet fuel burned getting delegates there100119

Recent Energy-Related Events

The “Big Three” auto makers made most profit selling large cars and SUVsPublic interest changed to small, fuel-efficient

vehicles with less profit, threatening the companies with bankruptcy unless taxpayers bailed them out

GM Chevy “Volt” ads are running on TVJust another HYBRID?Range of about 40 miles only meets needs of 93%

of driving publicElectric cars seem back in favor; grid charging now ok“Cash for Clunkers” moved sales up; taxpayers

subsidized payments of $4800 for crushing useable cars and trucks

100121

The US Energy Policy

The US Energy Policy of May 2001 set the structure for future energy approaches; updated by Energy Policy Acts of 2005 & 2006, 2007, 2008, etc. See Title 10 of the C.F.R.

The Clean Coal Program is being researched to develop very low emissions after costly stack gas cleaning

Renewables now comprise a small part (~ 4%) of US energy sources, even including large hydroHydro is indirect solar power and IS renewableEmphasized because some enviros say it’s not renewable

Advanced nuclear or coal plants could supply H2 for “Hydrogen Economy” as an alternate to natural gas (NG) (depleting); 97% H2 comes from NG

Some clamor that nuclear is “renewable” – no CO2

Pres. Bush said, “America is addicted to oil”

100119

The US Energy Policy Act of 2007

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standards increased from 25 mpg to 35 mpg for cars and light trucks by 2020

Renewable electricity standard (RES) that would require 15% of utility power from renewables was removed from the bill by Democrats to prevent certain defeatSome states would have to buy Renewable Energy

Certificates if they didn’t reach the 15%, increasing consumer power costs

RE is easy for states of Texas, Washington, and Oregon, perhaps impossible for Florida

DOE directed to provide $20.5B for nuclear reactors & fuel plus $10B for RE and $8B for clean coal [Florida Today, 12/18/07

Lamp bulbs must be 70% more efficient by 2020 [Paul Davidson, USA Today, 2007]100112

Pushed off due to Health Care bill difficultiesUS Energy Policy Act of 2010 remains to be

seenMany aspects incorporated in the American

Recovery and Reinvestment Act: efficiency, tax rebates, etc.

Cap & Trade will increase consumer electricity prices

100120

“This is the Waxman-Markley comprehensive energy bill, known for short as "ACES," that includes a cap-and-trade global warming reduction plan designed to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions 17 percent by 2020. Other provisions include new renewable requirements for utilities, studies and incentives regarding new carbon capture and sequestration technologies, energy efficiency incentives for homes and buildings, and grants for green jobs, among other things.” http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h2454/show#bill_list

The US Energy Policy Act of 2009-10

Arctic Nat’l Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) ANWR has a contentious past (but dropped out of sight

now)Potential oil and gas reserves of ~1 year 10 years

from now“Equivalent to 30 years of Saudi Arabia imports”

$10.4B reserves located in Northeastern AlaskaCoastal plain with some towns; no trees

Drilling might interfere with wildlife migrationEnvironmentalists fighting to preserve area for

caribou Removed from 2005 Energy Policy Act to avoid blocking

passage Added to Defense Dep’t. Budget Bill

House passed, but Senate couldn’t get votes to overcome Democratic filibuster 12/21/2005; withdrawn for possible later action100121

Obama Energy Policy

Create “New Energy” economy Millions of [union] jobs in wind turbines, solar, modernizing

electrical grid, sustainable energy , innovative solutions, independence from fossil fuelsExcept for Future Gen “clean coal” to hydrogen (in

Obama’s Illinois coal state) Global Climate Changes --- international agreements New Energy Team --- Energy Secretary, Dr. Stephen Chu,

nuclear physicist, led Berkeley National Labs, became interested in climate change and energy

Lisa Jackson, EPA Admin. Air pollution, protect environment; Nancy Sutley, Chair WH Council on Enviro Quality, sustainable path and future; Carol Browner, “Energy Czar”, Energy & Climate

100112

China

China developing more hydro, wind, and solar energy

Three Gorges dam has 26 turbines x 700MW = 18 000 GW and has 175 m height [Renewable Energy World, Nov/Dec 04]

Greatly increased Chinese car and truck production demands more gasoline and diesel; they compete on the World market for oil

Gains minority stake in Russia’s Yukos oilTried to buy California SOCAL oil company but

blocked by US government

080105

India developing more hydro, wind, and solar energy

Deregulating coal to increase production 1/11/07Greatly increased car and truck production

demands more gasoline and diesel; they, too, compete on World market

Tata Motors selling a US$2500 car that attracts more first-time car owners

India’s population growing faster than China and will soon surpass China in population and energy demands

India

Europe: Onshore and offshore wind turbines; High fuel taxes

Greece: Solar, wind, geothermal, biomass = greatest use of renewable energy in Europe

Bolivia: Socialist president elected 12/18/2005 Hydrogen can be electrolyzed for sale at $4 to $15 per

kg PA 680MW solar Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) by

2020

Other Areas of Interest

0512221

Oil man T. Boone Pickens has invested $58 million in advertising his plan to get us off foreign oil Build windfarms through the Great Plains

(pulled back when oil price fell) Use natural gas to power 350,000 18-

wheeler trucks with compressed natural gas in three years

Has met with the chief politicians to push his plan (helps to be a billionaire)

The Pickens Plan

100121 http://www.pickensplan.com/

2a.2.5.1.5 The Pickens Plan

http://www.pickensplan.com/

http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid1842760405/bctid6806990001

http://www.pickensplan.com/?bcpid1842760405?bclid=1842745810&bctid=1653634930&page=white

Monthly Oil Imports Barrels of Oil Imported by the U.S.

379.6 million in December 2008% Imported from Foreign Countries

66.5% in December 2008Money Sent Overseas

$19.3 Billion in December 2008

http://push.pickensplan.com/stateHome.php/FL

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