why are the cycles important? how do organisms interact with each other? how can we show trends in...
TRANSCRIPT
Why are the cycles important?How do organisms interact with each other?How can we show trends in populations over time?
What does it mean when we talk about the ecosystem?
What is Ecology?
Ecology The study of interactions between
organisms Recall the levels of organization:
Organism Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
Energy Flow
Starts at sun Some make food from chemicals, not
sun = chemosynthesis
Producers- produce their own sugar, gain energy from sun
Consumers- consume other things to get their energy
What about mushrooms on a fallen tree?
How are dead deer on the side of the road broken down naturally?
Detritivores = feed on dead matter
Decomposers = break down organic matter
http://media.ebaumsworld.com/picture/kiltedrufus/FoodChain.png
Food Chain
One organism passing energy to the next, and so on
Straight line Arrow = the way energy is moving
http://www.dist102.k12.il.us/resources/Science%20Kids/food-chain.jpg
Food Webs
Many organisms giving and receiving energy
Arrows = energy movement
http://www.abe.ufl.edu/~owens/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF
Trophic Level
each step in a food chain or food web
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
Ecological Pyramids
Shows the amount of energy or matter in each trophic level of chain or web
3 types Energy- only 10% of energy is
transferred to next level Biomass-mass of all the organisms in
that level Numbers- how many organisms in that
level
http://www.freewebs.com/the_grey_pilgrim/energy%20pyramid.bmp
http://resources.edb.gov.hk/biology/english/images/environment/pyramid.gif
Biomass Pyramid
http://www.econguru.com/fundamentals_of_ecology/image/ecological_pyramid.gif
Numbers Pyramid
Water Cycle
Water moving through environments Transpiration- from trees to clouds Evaporation- from body of water to
clouds Precipitation- from clouds to ground Condensation- making clouds Run-off- doesn’t soak into soil Ground water- rivers underground
Carbon Cycle
Carbon moving through environments
Decomposition- decaying organisms Oil, coal, and fuels come from
compressed decayed organisms
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/climate/images/carboncycle.jpg
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen moving through environment
Plants need nitrogen to make food
http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/nitrogen-cycle.gif
Phosphorous Cycle
Moving phosphorous through the environment
Needed to make DNA and RNA Mostly in rock, minerals, and land
http://arnica.csustan.edu/carosella/Biol4050W03/figures/phosph1.jpg
Niche
Place an organism holds in an ecosystem, includes what it eats, when it eats, how it mates, how it gets food, and interaction with other organisms
Species has evolved to fit that niche PERFECTLY
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/ysesp/images/niche.jpg
http://www.fieldstonealliance.org/client/client_images/cartoon-find_niche.jpg
Habitat
Where a species lives, where it can be found
Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same
niche in the same habitat at the same time
Competition
Organisms or species fighting over resources
Resource
Anything necessary to life: water, sunlight, food, shelter, etc.
Predation
Predator feeds on prey
http://www.stanford.edu/~siegelr/tz/tz2006/predatorandprey.jpg
Symbiosis
Relationship in which two species live closely together
http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/JAG/03-PS101-6~Symbiosis-Posters.jpg
Mutualism
Both benefit
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65599&rendTypeId=4
Commensalism
One benefits, other is not helped harmed
http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/anemonefish.jpg
Parasitism
One benefits, other is harmed
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ExamplesOfParasitism_files/image008.jpg
Primary Succession
No soil exists, first organism to come along
Happens with volcanoes and rock exposed from glaciers melting
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2254/1937932386_03c78fa3e0.jpg?v=1194662963
Secondary Succession Soil exists, something was once
there, cleared by natural disaster
http://www.prairiefriends.org/image/fire/prescribedBurn1_04..jpg
Major Biomes
7. Taiga
8. Chaparral
9. Tropical Dry Forest
10.Tundra
11.Deciduous Forest
12.Desert
13.Tropical Rain Forest
1. Estuaries
2. Shrublands
3. Grassland
4. Coral Reef
5. Tropical Savanna
6. Ocean
Tropical Rain Forest
http://msstrickland.com/eport/Rainforest.jpg
Tropical Dry Forest
http://www.stanford.edu/group/seasonally_dry/Dryforest_images/watering_hole.jpg
Tropical Savanna
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94366&rendTypeId=4
Desert
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/china/environment/pictures/desert2.jpg
Grasslands
http://grasslands.org.za.dedi539.your-server.de/assets/content_images/Image/Grasslands__SANBI_.JPG
Shrublands
http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/grassland17_jdg.jpg
Deciduous Forest
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/50-16f-TempForest.jpg
Taiga
http://www.worldexposure.com/taiga/images/taiga2b.jpg
Tundra
http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/hherms/herms/METEOROLOGY/climates/P-tundra_alpine_nt.jpg
Limiting Nutrient
Nutrient in short supply, will run out first
Greatly affects all organisms in the ecosystem