1

2

3

Description Of The Challenge...............................................................................................................5

Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................6

History And Demographical Data ....................................................................................................6

Peste Analysis .....................................................................................................................................7

Users’ Need Analysis .........................................................................................................................8

Analysis Of Existing Solutions ........................................................................................................ 13

Concept Of The Solution .................................................................................................................... 15

Name Of The Solution .................................................................................................................... 15

Who – Targets ................................................................................................................................. 15

Why – Meaning And Needs ........................................................................................................... 17

What – User Experience ................................................................................................................ 18

How ................................................................................................................................................... 21

Prototypes........................................................................................................................................ 28

Economic Feasibility ....................................................................................................................... 29

Funds Raising....................................................................................................................................... 32

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 33

Organization Of The Team................................................................................................................. 34

Tuckman’s Five-Stage Theory Of Group ...................................................................................... 34

Norms, Structure And Tools .......................................................................................................... 35

Six Hats Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 37

Webography ........................................................................................................................................ 39

Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 40

Timeline............................................................................................................................................ 41

WBS................................................................................................................................................... 42

Gantt Diagram ................................................................................................................................. 43

4

Our comprehensive plastic waste management project for the slum of Kibera is based on the aim of

shifting the current community’s perception towards plastic, from considering it as waste to considering

it as a value. Our strategy’s final aim is to set-up a sound material economy where the consumption of

plastic is sustainable.

The functionality of our strategy relies on a considerable increase in awareness towards the problem,

on attractive incentives to recycle plastic and on active community participation and interaction. The

success of our project largely depends on the ideas and programs we put in place to effectively fulfil

these key elements.

Being outsiders, we found it particularly difficult to understand where Kibera most needed help and

how it could be provided. For this reason, the first steps of implementation of our idea involved a

consistent archival research gathering records mainly from UN-Habitat and JICA, which brought to a

detailed PESTE analysis of Kibera. Furthermore, to understand people’s behaviors and perception

towards waste, we developed a survey and we conducted three interviews, which offered us an overall

perspective of the Kibera situation, providing us with the necessary starting base to develop effective

ideas to solve the issues.

The solution we proposed, named 3Project, is articulated in three pillars: People, Plastic, Platform.

First, to pursue our objective, an awareness raising strategy had to be implemented. For this reason, we

developed the E-Place, an attractive location where sensitization activities will be held, with the aim of

enabling the community to receive information regarding the heath and economic profitability of a

proper waste management.

Furthermore, the community will be engaged in segregating plastic at source and in participating in

the new waste management system, incentivized both by a monetary compensation and by the

possibility of exchanging their plastic waste with a life-improving item: a new recycled plastic floor

for their shacks.

In addition, an online platform for both teachers and students was developed. Indeed, we think that

environmental awareness should be initiated at all levels of the community, starting from primary

school, with the aim of building a future eco-friendly society.

A concert held in Kibera will represent the unveiling of our project. The concert will be an entertaining

moment for Kibera’s community and it will be a key instrument to attract the local community’s

attention towards new waste management system and the new activities that will be held in the E-

Place.

Finally an innovative fund raising strategy was developed for our project.

5

The slum of Kibera produces waste at a rate that outpaces the capacity to collect and dispose it of in a

safe and environmentally sound manner. Every month, tons of solid waste are generated, with a daily

average ranging from 150 tons to 200 tons. Collection services are provided only sporadically and most

of the waste volume cannot be handled with existing vehicles and equipment.

The current approaches to waste management are neither effective nor sustainable. As a result,

indiscriminate dumping and littering ends up being socially acceptable. This necessitates a paradigm

shift in thinking, from considering plastic as waste to considering it as value. People’s change of

attitude is the greatest challenge that we are called to face in our project.

Mismanagement of waste triggers negative attitudes and typically results in careless behavior of

people, who dump plastic into streets and rivers as a mean of disposal and burn it indiscriminately to

reduce the overall amount. This practice affects the ecosystem at different levels, causing an increasing

number of environmental hazards such as soil contamination, water, air pollution and health hazards

such as skin and eye infections, respiratory problems, vector-borne diseases.

One of the main causes that has led to this situation is that the community of Kibera does not have any

alternative to dump plastic into the streets and pushing it into the rivers. Indeed, Kibera has been

isolated by the municipal collection system and solid wastes have been growing into mountains of

heaps during the last years.

A second root cause of the problem is that people are little or no educated regarding the impacts of

improper waste disposal and collection.

6

The informal settlement of Kibera is not only the largest slum in Nairobi, it is said to be the largest slum

in Africa. It turned into an unauthorized settlement after Kenya gained independence in 1963.

Kibera has been largely ignored by those outside its vicinity and until recently was literally invisible,

appearing only as a large blank space, on all maps. The estimated population is around 250’000. Over

25% of Nairobi’s population live in Kibera, an area that covers less than 1% of the city.

Figure 1. Location of K ibera

7

Political: the political situation of Kibera is a delicate issue. Kenyan Government does not take

properly into consideration the dramatic situation. The slum is considered illegal by the government,

thus it is not forced to provide the basic facilities such as clean water sewer system and electricity. Even

public schools and hospitals have been started by NGO’s or by privates.

Economical: the economic situation of Kibera is critical: 50% of inhabitants are unemployed. The

income is very low and it derives mainly from wage employment (72%) and small business (26%). A

small part (2%) earns money renting structures. The average monthly income per household is 8500

KSH, which on average feeds a family of eight. With a daily income per household of 280 KHS, only 48

KHS (0.75$) remains per capita per day. People do not have money to pay school fees or to buy

medicines.

Social: people live in shacks usually no larger than 4mx4m, with mud walls, corrugated tin roof and

a dirt floor. Water is scarce, contaminated and costly. 32% of the slum inhabitants are under the age of

15. The majority of children does not have access to a decent childhood and 37% do not receive access

to any kind of education. Most education centres are classified as informal and not regulated by the

government. Moreover, due to the high criminality rate, lot of girls are sexually abused and get

pregnant very young. Around 20% of the inhabitants are affected by HIV disease.

Technology: in a slum where even the most basic needs are not addressed, technologies are a

comfort that almost nobody can afford. Electricity only reaches 20% of the agglomerate.

Ecology: Kibera’s ecological situation is severe. The main problem is represented by the absence of

a disposal system for rubbish, which ends up simply thrown in the streets generating abusive dumpsites

and burning waste piles. During the rainy season, runoff water in open drains collects garbage,

including human wastes and poses a real health hazard and general environmental disaster. The slum

is also polluted by human faeces, due to the open sewage and the frequent use of flying toilets.

8

For the analysis of the people’s needs, we referred to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This theory

explains how individuals move along the different steps of the pyramid in their life, starting to perceive

the higher-level needs once the lower levels needs are satisfied. The problems that we target can be

associated to the first level of this Maslow pyramid, which is linked to the explicit needs of people.

The users’ needs analysis was implemented in three steps.

Firstly, the main needs have been identified by doing a consistent archival research gathering records

mainly from UN-Habitat and JICA associations.

Secondly, to better understand residents’ concerns regarding the plastic issue, we addressed a

questionnaire to Kibera’s inhabitants.

Finally, we gained detailed insight to these needs by interviewing three people who are in direct contact

with Kibera.

Archival research

Given the nature of our project, which addresses some of the most elementary African issues, the needs

that Kibera faces were already identified by local governments, non-profit organizations and

researchers. The most relevant ended up being:

Access to clean water: the lack of clean water is a paramount issue for the community,

as it is scarce and costly. 63% of Kenyan people have access to a clean source of water.

Source: The Guardian.

Lack of sewerage: the lack of toilet facilities forces 66% residents use flying toilets to

defecate. 30% of Kenyan people have access to an improved sanitation facility. Source:

The Guardian.

9

Lack of solid waste management: solid waste dumped in Kibera’s

streets directly affects the local environment and pose substantial

danger to public health and welfare. 7% of plastic is collected from

the overall amount generated and 14% of the plastic collected is

successfully recycled. Source: NL2P Report.

Improve housing: the very poor condition of housing leads to a high risk to human

health and a very low living condition. In Kibera slum, 1,67m² of space is used by

each person in each house (on average, 13,37m²/house and 8 people

living/house). Source: kibera.org.uk

Gender equity: girls and women have not the same power and opportunities as men.

Particularly, they face strong barriers when accessing to education and

employment. Kenya is the 63th country of the world with a higher gender equity

index. Source: Global Gender Equity Index 2016.

Furthermore, the most felt needs in Kibera, according to the Report of the Nairobi Cross-sectional

Slums Survey (NCSS), are the following:

Graph 1. K ibera's main needs. Source Nairobi Cross-sectional Slums Survey (NCSS)

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

30,00% 27,60%

10%

18,60%

9,40%

10,60%

14,10%

2,90%

0,70% 1,50%

3,90%

10

SURVEY1

The study questionnaire we developed was used mainly to understand the concerns of Kibera’s slum

dwellers regarding the plastic problem in the slum and their willingness to participate in initiatives to

improve waste management.

The questionnaire was published on a Facebook group (“Kibera ni kwetu” 𝐶 ). Altough this groups has

many members, not many answered. For this reason, we decided to send it personally to single group

members by personal message, better explaining the purpose of this survey. In this way, we obtained

a sample of 21 people, which can’t be considered statistically relevant. However, in addition to the data

collection and the interviews, it gave us further information of the community’s needs.

Respondents perceived the plastic issue as a relevant problem in Kibera (90,48%) and they also

answered they would like to discover new ideas to solve the plastic issue. Many people (80,95%) believe

that not having a floor in the house is a problem.

They also expressed high willingness in separating and recycling plastic (60,00%). The remaing (40,00%)

changed idea if incentivazed by an economic return (71,43%).

The survey revealed that practices in waste disposal and separation were poor, despite the high

willingness of the inhabitants to participate in initiatives to improve waste management, highlighting a

need to create a sustainable waste management system that actively engaged slum residents.

1 https://it.surveymonkey.com/survey-taken/?sm=3zWjNbItumeuX98i6oKfDXxZBj41AN1FWIWl3Np9Kw9cHSU0cVLe5XlXNrFQBzMooiwnDPvJsCinz4hcHkibaByVoysxRWB0FkKe9_2Bl0h6w_3D

90,48%

9,52%

Do you think plastic is a problem in Kibera? Do you think not having a floor in the

house is a problem in Kibera?

80,95%

19,05%

If there were the possibility of recycling

plastic, would you do it?

60%

40%

If you answered NO to the previous question, would you

start recycling if you received an economic incentive?

71,43%

28,57%

11

INTERVIEWS

People wih different backgorunds have been interviewed, in order to gain an heterogeneous

perspective. Although it was not easy to get in contact with them, due to the limited access to Internet

and the deeply differences of our cultures, we managed to talk with three people who have a dee

knowledge of Kibera:

Berrydarl Lee: an African girl, who lives in Kibera. She is a widow and a mother of two children.

Moses Omondi: he was born in Kibera and he made a career as a singer. He is also the founder of

a community-based organization named “Pillars Of Kibera”

Francesco Braguti: he is a man from Torino who has worked many years in Kibera as a volunteer.

All of them highlighted the need of a system to reduce the amount of waste and at the same time to

improve the health conditions, especially in the shacks. More in particular, Moses underlined the need

to improve the women condition, especially by offering them jobs. Berrydarl pointed out that people

in Kibera need some incentives in order to do what you ask them, even if it’s just a matter of listening

to you. Furthermore, Francesco suggested us to rely on someone there, because if we implement our

project as outsiders, it is unlikely that people will trust us.

12

At last, we performed a stakeholders’ matrix.

Inhabitants

Improve the living

conditions, need for

income

Few capabilities, strong

motivations to improve

the situation

Incentives programs,

entertainment events

Waste Pickers Wage Knowledge of Kibera Incentives, better

organization

SIT Volunteers Improving Kibera’s

situation

Managerial skills,

Decision Making

Monitoring of

the whole project

Teachers Helping children Increase

competences

Use of a tool to increase

the teaching skills

Children Curiosity, knowledge High motivations and

energy

Entertaining activities,

didactic computer games

Plastic Industries Profit, need for

plastic as input

Technical and

organizational skills,

machineries

Partnership

Pillars of Kibera Improvement

of Kibera

Knowledge of the local

culture, organized

association

Partnership to exploit

their knowledge

Havilla

Children

Center (HCC)

Improve the methods of

teaching and the

instruments

Organized school Providing

innovative tools

Donators Charity, incentives for

donations (travelling, …) Money availability

Crowdfunding, online

tickets auctions

Government

Improve slums’

conditions with

little effort

/ /

13

The ability of the City Council of Nairobi to collect and dispose solid waste properly has been outpaced

by the City’s accelerated urbanization and population growth. This has forced high and middle-income

residential households to start paying for a private collection service that slum’s inhabitants cannot

afford.

In Kibera on average 17,1 kg of plastic waste is generated every year. This results in 4275 ton/year

produced. Only 7% is collected by municipality, which leaves 3975 ton/year to be dumped in illegal

dumpsites. On top of that, the amount of plastic collected by municipality that will be eventually

recycled is only 14%. The level of collected and recycled plastic in Kibera is therefore very low.

The current waste stream is displayed below:

Figure 2 . Current waste processes

14

Moreover, in order to find inspirations for our project, several researches on how this problem has been

addressed in other parts of the world has been conducted.

In Kibera already exists a school that attracts and helps kids

through Music, Magoso school. It grew from 20 children

to the actual 587, by leveraging on the overwhelming

importance of Music in local culture.

Another interesting solution is the example of the

Dharavi slum in Mumbai. Dharavi is one of the world's

largest slums, but it is also the most prosperous. The

reason is that it’s inhabitants started to put in place

thousands of small single-room factories, specialized in

recycling almost everything that they could gather from

the enormous waste stream of Mumbai’s 19 million

citizens. Now there are more than 15.000 of those

factories which manage to successfully recycle more

than 80% of that stream, generating an estimated

turnover of £700 million.

In Fort Bonifacio, a slum near Manila, the

government pays monthly salary to formalized waste

pickers, called “eco-aides”, who go house by house to

collect trash. They also teach garbage sorting to

inhabitants. They bring their haul to the recovery

facilities, where anything that can be reused is

wheeled over to the privately-run junk and then it is

sold.

PLACE IDEA USED

Magoso

School

Teach through music, use

music to directly help Yes

Dharavi Capillary distribution

of private single room factories Partially

Fort

Bonifacio Incentives for private effort Yes

15

The name of our solution is “3Project”, because it reminds the triple bottom line objectives of many

innovative solutions, which focus not only of Profit goals, but also on People (social objectives) and

Planet (environmental targets).

Similarly, our solution is articulated in three pillars that are unified to better exploit their synergy with

a holistic approach: People, Plastic, Platform.

–

Being a social innovation project, it involves many stakeholders, such as women, children, CBOs and in

general the whole community. We segmented the population in different clusters and we analysed the

ones that our project targets.

Community: it is estimated that the total population that inhabits Kibera is around 250’000 . The

living conditions are alarming, as we saw in the PESTE ana lysis. Of course, our project’s ultimate

objective is to improve the overall wealth condition of Kibera’s community, and this is way we target

the entire community. A more detailed analysis on the overall community has been performed in the

stakeholders’ matrix.

Women: deprivation, incapacitation, and dependence on others are the main characteristics of

Kibera women. However, women in Kibera are always more willing to struggle for their rights and their

decisional power is increasing. By relaying on the data we found on the NCSS 2012, we could verify

that the number of women (15-40 years old) has increased of +2,9% from 2000 to 2012, while the male

population has decreased of -4,4%.

16

Furthermore, since in Kibera women are the ones in charge of managing waste at household level it is

particularly important to actively involve them in our project. In this way, our aim will be strengthening

the women’s role in the community, enhancing their sense of responsibility towards the environment

and by making them aware that their contribution is fundamental to bring a change in Kibera’s

situation.

Children: the current situation in Kibera is dramatic and addressing adult individuals who have spent

their entire life in this environment could be problematic. On the other side, children might have not

experienced yet such frustration and thus we think they will be the perfect target to inspire a future

eco-friendly generation. Furthermore, children are in the perfect stage to learn and develop new and

creative ideas, which might help our project in the future.

A good portion of Kibera’s population (32%) is under the age of 15, almost splitting evenly between

males and females. Moreover, the attendance to school level is increasing in time, with a higher rate

for boys compared to girls.

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

M F

37,70%

26,30%

33,30%29,20%

M F

2000 37,70% 26,30%

2012 33,30% 29,20%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

M F

15,7%

12,5%

23,3%

13%

M F

2000 15,7% 12,5%

2012 23,3% 13%

Graph 2. Number of inhabitants of K ibera sorted by gender

Graph 3. Attendance to schools in Kibera

17

–

The conception of our solution is based on a fundamental change of meaning.

The purpose of this project is to shift the current community’s perception towards plastic, from

considering it as waste to considering it as an opportunity, to solve their vital needs and overcome part

of the their most relevant problems, such as gender equity and poor housing condition. Even if the

shift in the attitude represents for sure the greatest challenge of our project, our solution provides

innovative platforms and guidelines from which this objective will be achieved.

The crucial role of an experience capable to transmit and capture attention to all the community, from

children to the older people, has been our target during all the phases of the project, as we strongly

believe that total involvement of the entire community is necessary to accomplish all the goals. For

this reason, the unveiling of our project will happen with a concert, through which we will attract the

community’s attention towards the new waste management system and the new activities that will be

held in the e-place.

Going more in detail, the activities and workshops to be developed in the E-Place will be useful for the

process of awakening and raising people’s sensitivity towards a correct plastic waste management.

Achieving a proper environmental education with respect to plastic waste management is vital to

change people’s attitudes to appreciate a clean and safe environment, and leads to their empowerment,

enabling them to manage their wastes sustainably. Furthermore, the inclusion of a job recruitment

space will get an opportunity to women to work, so that they can enhance their social status and

improve their education and skills, resulting in a first step to achieve gender equity.

The exchange of plastic waste for recycled plastic floor will also have plenty of benefits, especially the

creation of a new meaning to plastic. We will be recycling plastic waste that harms both the

environment and the people, to reuse it to improve their living condition. Residents of Kibera, being

aware of the poor quality of the houses they live in, are most likely to support any initiative to improve

the quality of their shelters.

Finally, the social responsibility for plastic waste management should be initiated at all levels of the

community, starting from the primary school upwards. For this reason, the creation of an online

platform will be a useful tool for teachers to extend their environmental background and improve their

teaching skills and for students to take part in a set of computer-based activities and games related to

environmental issues.

By encouraging behavioural changes and an active participation in collection activities, we hope to turn

the dream of a clean Kibera into reality.

18

–

A problem of such dimension, in order to be effective, requires an integrated strategy that tackles the

several different issues with specific solutions. For this reason, our strategy is based on three pillars:

“People, Plastic, Platform”.

Figure 3 . 3Project solution scheme

19

PEOPLE: E-place

The challenge of shifting the current community’s perception towards plastic can be successfully won

only by actively sensitizing all members of the society.

There is a need to create a place for community participation and dialogue in order to empower and

enable people to adopt sound environmental practices. To pursue this objective, we developed the E-

Place (“Education-Place”), an attractive location for Kibera’s residents who will reach the E-Place moved

by a sense of curiosity towards the activities that will be held daily by SIT volunteers and CBOs.

The E-Place is thought as an open truck, so that every week it can be moved close to a different

recycling kiosk in Kibera. This feature will allow us to effectively reach the majority of Kibera inhabitants.

In this way, our aim is to link in an unconscious way, the plastic issue with a positive experience.

PLASTIC: Floor for Kibera

Since the users’ need analysis highlighted the improvement of housing conditions as the most felt

need, we decided to provide a solution to this problem. To pursue this objective, we relied on the kiosk

system, already developed by SIT. It consists of four plastic collection points situated in Kibera within a

250 meters radius. Their main role will be giving the inhabitants of Kibera a possibility they never

had: recycle the plastic waste they produce. The slum inhabitants will be actively engaged in

segregating plastic at source and in participating to the new waste management system, incentivized

both by a monetary compensation and by the possibility of exchanging their plastic waste with a life-

improving item: a recycled plastic floor.

20

PLATFORM: Schools

Providing teachers with an effective instrument to improve the

current quality of environmental education is fundamental. To

pursue this objective, we developed an online platform

addressed both to teachers and to children. Teachers will receive

access to a database of information regarding environmental

issues and effective ways to communicate them to children, who

will access the platform to play various games linked to the

environmental theme.

The ADVERTISING plan we developed consists in a concert, which represents the unveiling of our

project. It will be difficult to get Kibera’s inhabitants attention and trust. For this reason, we want to

leverage on the charism of a very popular singer in Kibera: Moses Omondi.

The purpose of the concert is to gather many people who are naturally interested in music and live

performances of local singers, and make this event the instrument to advertise the opening of the E-

Place and of the kiosk system. Indeed, by analyzing their habits, we noticed their incredible love for

music; in every video we saw on Internet, we could find people dancing or singing.

For this reason, we decided to leverage on this love to catch their attention and to start communicating

our proposals. This concert will be free and open to everyone.

If we want inhabitants of Kibera to interact with us, for sure music will create a positive atmosphere.

21

KIOSK SYSTEM & PLASTIC FLOOR

The kiosks will work with an incentive-based scheme, addressing the need to

continuously deposit recyclable materials to earn money and points,

according to the quantity of the materials deposited. Each household who is

willing to participate to the program will be registered in the kiosk and will

receive a “Plastic collection card” to keep track of the amount of plastic

brought to the kiosk and of the quantity of plastic needed to reach the goals.

The recycling process will start at household level, where the women in charge of managing waste will

begin to separate plastic from the residual waste.

They will bring the plastic collected to the closest kiosk, where it will be weighed by the kiosk employees

and, according to its weight, it will be converted in a certain number of points.

As a unit reference, we chose the weight of one PET plastic bottle (38g) that will be equal to 1 point.

The number of points collected each time will be printed on the “Plastic collection card” and a stamp

will be added to give proof to it.

Figure 5. Plastic collection card, front side Figure 4 . Plastic collection card, back side

22

The economic incentive goal will be 64 KSH every 250 points (250 points = 9,5 kg) while the house-

improving incentive will be 1m² of recycled plastic floor every 1000 points (1000 points = 38 kg).

Having set this number, households who bring to the kiosk an average of 85% of the plastic they

consume in a year (i.e. 115,84 Kg/household) will receive a total of 3m² of recycled plastic floor, quantity

needed to cover the floor of an average shack in Kibera. In addition to the points collected bringing

plastic to the kiosk, Kibera’s residents will have the possibility to earn extra points (i.e. 10 points) by

participating to the various activities that will be held at the e-place.

The plastic waste collected at the kiosks will be brought at the recycling plant, where it will be

segregated, cut, washed and processed and finally it will be ready to be sold to plastic industries, which

use recycled materials as main inputs for their manufacturing process. The circle will be closed by

purchasing from them the recycled plastic floor tiles. We found a specific firm that produces plastic

tiles and that is located near Kibera, called “Plysales Kenya Ltd”.

Finally, the purchased plastic tiles will be transported to the set of kiosks, which will be responsible for

its delivery to the inhabitants.

Figure 6 . Proposed plastic l ifecycle

23

E-PLACE

The E-place is a moveable structure where weekly activities will be held. It

will be located every week near a kiosk.

It is a small truck designed for having a sort of “stage” in which our guests and the SIT volunteers will

give their speech. It will be like this:

We created this place because we believe it is important to make education in some way concrete,

visible. We want to catch people’s attention starting a trip with them with the aim of showing the

importance of a correct plastic management. Their “metaphorical journey” is shown below:

F igure 7. Kibera's map

24

1 STEP: BE CURIOUS. To better attract people’s attention and to make them link the E-Place with a

positive feeling, we also developed the E-Place as a sensorial experience. It must involve all the senses,

to give teaching a more emotional attribute. There will be pictures of a clean Kibera, to make people

realize that their active contribution can effectively improve Kibera’s condition; there will be music,

because it is part of their culture, of their soul. There will be also a good fragrance, to give an

unconscious feeling of something clean.

2 STEP: ASK FOR INFORMATION. Once people’s attention has been caught, they will find SIT

volunteers ready to welcome them and answer their questions regarding the usage of the kiosks

system, the conferences and workshops planned and especially job recruitment information.

3 STEP: PARTICIPATE TO CONFERENCES. People will be engaged in participating in the activities

that will be held daily at the E-Place, having as a further incentive 10 points for every activity carried

out. Concerning the types of activities held in the E-place, we are open to any suggestions coming from

CBOs, Kibera’s inhabitants, website readers, and others. Among the several workshops that could be

organised, the ones we suggest are:

25

MONDAY: women of Kibera will produce plastic bracelets, that then will be sent to “Premium

donators” of crowdfunding.

TUESDAY: children, together with their teachers, will reach the E-place where they will find activities

thought especially for them. During the walk, divided into teams, they will collect plastic of different

colours. The workshops will have a didactic aim and will stimulate curiosity and awareness towards

the natural world. An example of games that will take place is making a kite out of a plastic bag.

WEDNESDAY: to tackle the lack of awareness towards the diseases related to improper waste

management, once a week there will be the possibility of receiving a free medical check-up from a

doctor of Tabitha medical centre2. During the visit, the doctor will explain the existing correlation

between diseases (such as skin and eye infections, respiratory problems and vector-borne diseases)

and the indiscriminate burning of plastic waste and improper waste disposal.

THURSDAY: the CBO Pillars of Kibera3 will organize a “green walk”

in a specific part of the slum. All participants led by the CBO will

receive appropriate tools to collect the plastic waste that is lying on

the ground and will bring it to the collection points. By cleaning the

slum, people will be encouraged to shift from a careless behaviour

to a more sustainable and environmental friendly approach.

FRIDAY: this day will be dedicated exclusively to women. Conferences and plastic waste recycling

demonstrations, both on rational utilisation and disposal of plastic products, will be addressed to

them, since they are the ones in charge of managing waste at household level. It will have the aim

of strengthening the women’s role in the community, enhancing their sense of responsibility

towards the environment and especially on the importance of the individual’s contribution.

SATURDAY: specific training lessons to improve technical skills of unemployed people, who are

willing to apply for the new jobs in the plastic-recycling business.

SUNDAY: Moses Omondi, together with the community, will be singing thematic songs on

environmental awareness and on the importance of recycling plastic. As he told us, he already

created songs related to problematic issues (i.e. HIV songs) and is more than happy to face this new

challenge with us.

4 STEP: TOWARDS THE FUTURE. In a long term vision, our final aim is to initiate a new sustainable

process that will continue without our support. After one year from the opening, we will leave the E-

place keys to the most willing women, who will be in charge of increasing the awareness of their

community, by deciding the activities they believe more adequate. We established an important

guideline for this project: it is the start of something, but we are open to any future development.

2 Medical centre founded by Carolina for Kibera an international NGO established in 2001 and based in the

Kibera slum of Nairobi. 3 Pillars of Kibera is a CBO which, inter alia, already does clean-up and garbage collection activities.

26

SCHOOLS

Our strategy is to create a website platform useful for both teachers and

students. The platform will also include a fund-raising section, in order to gain

funds for our project. It will be implemented as a pilot project in a specific school

of Kibera, Havilla Children’s Center (HCC), to verify if it works and if it is appealing

for our target users. We contacted by e-mailA the director of the school,

Barnabas Mutua, to ask some information regarding computer availability in the

school and the possibility to connect to Internet. He appreciated our idea and

stated that there is Internet, but lack of portable devices. To guarantee the

access to the platform, ten computers will be brought to HCC.

In the home page, there will be a user-friendly

interface. By clicking on the icon “Teacher” or

“Student”, users will enter the website page

designed for them. Teachers will receive access to

a database of information regarding the

environmental issue (theoretical material, videos,

researches, news). Thanks to this platform, teachers

of Kibera will share a forum with teachers from all

over the world, who will give their suggestions

about innovative ways of educating (didactical

activities to develop in the schools, workshops,

pedagogical information). Children will find some

environmental-related computer games, which will

shape their values, perspectives, and understanding

of the environment and how to interact with it.

By scrolling down, a gallery of pictures will appear. The pictures will be related to plastic recycling and

landscapes of a clean Kibera, for encouraging the purpose of the project.

27

In the last part of the Home Page, there is the possibility to contact the volunteers and to give

suggestions on seminars and workshops to be held with the E-place.

CONCERT & PARTNERSHIP

In order to develop an effective project, it is fundamental to

collaborate with members of the local community who have a

better knowledge of the slum dynamics and local leaders who

are able to reach thousands of people thanks to their

reputation. For this reason, we identified Moses Omondi as a

leader in Kibera and decided to contact him to give him an

active role in our project. He is not only a famous local singer

loved by the entire community, he is also the chairman of “Pillars

of Kibera” 4 , a local CBO whose mission is to achieve a

sustainable development of Kibera’s community. The partnership with this association will allow the

exploitation of the CBO’s members experience and their know-how about local people, that will ensure

that our activities will be will be well-designed and wide-reaching. This collaboration is based on two

main objectives: firstly, to boost faster the popularity of the 3Project among the overall community;

secondly, to facilitate the adaptation of our solutions to the local context in the very first stages of the

project.

Moses will sing in the opening concert, that will represent an entertaining moment for Kibera’s

community and will be a key instrument to attract their attention towards the 3Project. This concert will

take place in Laini Saba, the main square of Kibera and the stage will be rented from a singers-

association, Made in Kibera, which organizes concerts. They assured us it is possible to rent their stage

for one night B.

4 http://pillarsofkibera.blogspot.it/2009/10/pillars-of-kibera.html

28

SOLID WORKS

A 3D model of the E-place has been developed through the software Solid Works. We report it

analysed in different perspectives:

STORYBOARD

WEBSITE – PLATFORM

Besides the images of the website that we already reported in the previous paragraph, we attach the

link of the prototype of the website that we created. Link: https://melissalaray.wixsite.com/3pproject

29

As it is explained in the previous sections of the report, our target is that each house from the slum

that contributes to the collection of plastic waste will receive year 3 m² of recycled plastic floor at the

end of the year. Hence, all our following calculations are based on this target.

Some assumptions have been done predicting the positive effects that this initiative would entail:

1. Add 1 extra kg/year to the personal consumption to 17 kg/year of plastic per person. It will

represent the removal of plastic waste directly from the street (18,1 kg/year).

2. We expect an 85% contribution per person from his consumption:

17,1𝑘𝑔

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟· 0,85 + 1 ·

𝑘𝑔

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟=

14,48𝑘𝑔

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

3. We forecast a 20% increase of the people involved to the collection of plastic waste thanks to the

motivation fed by the incentives that 3Project proposes.

The report in the following table all the data used:

Concept Value Source

Number of inhabitants per house 8 inhabitants Internet research

Price of plastic Floor 2,5 €/m2 Internet research

Plastic consumption per inhabitant and

year 17,1 kg/inhab·year

SIT

Documents

Amount of plastic waste to be recycled

currently 720 t/year

SIT

Documents

Cost of staff for plastic waste collected 5.000 KSH/t SIT

Documents

Price of energy in the recycling plant 99,18 KSH/t SIT

Documents

Recycling efficiency 0,35 SIT

Documents

Price of selling 1kg of recycled plastic 45 KSH/kg SIT

Documents

Table 1. Assumptions made

30

The following tables gather all the costs and revenues of our project.

FLOORS OF KIBERA COSTS

Purchase of recycled

plastic floor 63.157 𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑏 ·

1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒

8 𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑏·

3 𝑚2

1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒·

2,5 €

1 𝑚2

59.210,53 €

Monetary incentive 63.157 𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑏 · 14,48 𝑘𝑔

𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑏 · 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟·

64,38 𝐾𝑆𝐻

9,5 𝑘𝑔·

0,4 €

45 𝐾𝑆𝐻

55.091,95 €

Staff 194,5 𝑡 ·5000 𝐾𝑆𝐻

1 𝑡·

0,4 €

45 𝐾𝑆𝐻

8.645,61 €

Electricity of the

recycling plant 194,5 𝑡 · 0,35 ·

99,18 𝐾𝑆𝐻

1 𝑡·

0,4 €

45 𝐾𝑆𝐻

60,02 €

Transportation of the

plastic floor

- 2.000,00 €

Material (coupons,

stamps…)

- 100,00 €

TOTAL COST 125.108,11 €

REVENUES

Selling of recycled

plastic 194,5 𝑡 · 0,35 ·

1000 𝑘𝑔

1 𝑡·

45 𝐾𝑆𝐻

1 𝑘𝑔·

0,4 €

45 𝐾𝑆𝐻 27.233,68 €

TOTAL REVENUE 27.233,68 €

E-PLACE COSTS

Truck (from second-hand market) 15.000,00 €

Plastic table (x2) 150,00 €

Advertising posters 50,00 €

Microphone (x2) 50,00 €

Amplifiers (x3) 90,00 €

Fan (x2) 140,00 €

Fragrances 300,00 €

Fuel (from Málaga to Kibera: 1.1€/L * 0,3 L/km *8.500 km) 2.805,00 €

Fuel (from kiosk to kiosk, distant 500m) 17,50 €

Ferry and tolls 100,00 €

Staff salary (6.365 KSH/month, 3h/day, for nine months

1 women and for 12 months 2 women)

1.815,00 €

TOTAL COST 20.517,50 €

PLATFORM COSTS

Computers purchase 2.859,10 €

Web page design 134,73 €

2D games design 377,24 €

Web domain 15,70 €

TOTAL COST 3.386,77 €

CONCERT COSTS

Concert (equipment rental, stage

installation, cleaning)

1.467,20 €

TOTAL COST 1.467,20 €

Data provided by Made in Kibera

association

The cost calculation for the e-place

just considers the purchase of the

necessary equipment, the salary of

the staff (women), and the

transportation cost of the truck

from Málaga (where we decide to

buy it) to Kibera and from kiosk to

kiosk during the 2 years.

Thanks to the

launch of the

initiative, we expect

an increase of 194,5

t/year of plastic

waste collected in

the kiosks (from

720 t/y of NLtP to

914,5 t/y).

Furthermore, we

estimate that, on

average, 63.154

inhabitants will be

cooperating.

Information founded in

www.fiverr.com, a website of

freelance services

31

The table below summarises the final costs and revenues grouped by initiatives:

’

TOTAL COSTS

Floors for Kibera 125.108,11 €

E-place 20.517,50 €

Concert 1.467,20 €

Schools platform 3.386,77 €

TOTAL COST 150.479,57 €

REVENUES

Floors for Kibera 27.233,68 €

TOTAL REVENUE 27.233,68 €

AMOUNT OF MONEY NEEDED 123.245,89€

COSTS REVENUES + FUNDING

Crowdfunding 3.245,89 €

Travel tickets 120.000,00 €

School platform 3.386,77 €

Concert 1.467,20 €

E-place 20.517,49 €

Plastic floor 125.108,11 € 27.233,68 €

0,00

20.000,00

40.000,00

60.000,00

80.000,00

100.000,00

120.000,00

140.000,00

160.000,00

Mo

ney [

€]

Graph 4. Costs, revenues and necessary funding

32

Concerning the funds raising, we developed a two-level strategy: crowdfunding and online auctions

with the aim of covering a heterogeneous group of donators to collect as much money as possible.

The first level is a reward-based crowdfunding approach. It consists in collecting a small amount of

money from many individual, who in exchange will receive a benefit. The donation page will be in our

website, which will be published on the main social media to reach a large number of people. Moreover,

the website will show the daily average donation and every individual who will overcome that threshold

will be classified as a “premium donator”, and will receive a bracelet made by the women of Kibera.

For the success of our crowdfunding, we recognized the importance of engaging the maximum number

of people, starting from our acquaintances, to trigger the network effect.

Our second method of fund raising consists in an online auction of holiday

packages in the beautiful Kenya resorts. We thought of leveraging on tourism,

as it is one of Kenya’s redeeming features. On a weekly basis, we will publish

ticket packages on social media with the objective of earning a profit on each purchase. For this

operation, we contacted “Francorosso International Tour Operator”, who has provided us the possibility

of blocking up to 400 tickets (an average of 15 tickets for months) up to one month prior to departure

date, allowing us to resell the service on the internet. First, we will create a webpage with details of the

trip, on which the auction will take place. Then, we will create a Facebook event for each auction which

will contain the link to our website, allowing for word-of-mouth publicity. Each trip has a catalogue

price of 1300€, which the tour operator has offered us at 1000€ thanks to economies of scale. Bidding

opens at 1000€, so that any offer above will go to charity. People will be interested in participating in

the auction motivated by the discounted price compared to the price on the tour operator’s website

and by the fact that they will also be donating money to Kibera’s cause. With this strategy, we estimate

that we will collect up to 300 euro per ticket, allowing us a total maximum net gain of 120.000€.

The auction on the website will be like this:

Figure 8. Example of onl ine auctions page

33

Overall our project will follow the FIETS principles of sustainability, ensuring that when 3Project will

come to an end, the process set in motion will continue without our interference.

Financial sustainability: after the first two years, the revenues gained by the selling of plastic will

be able to sustain the whole system without external subsidies.

Institutional sustainability: the project will offer a solution to manage municipal waste. The Kenyan

government should be made aware of the positive benefits of plastic waste recycling and it could

devolve budgetary support.

Environmental sustainability: over 900 tons/year will be diverted from the environment, bringing

both health and environmental benefits.

Technological sustainability: the platform provided will sustain itself and will be updated by

teachers all over the world, becoming a fundamental tool for effective environmental teachings.

Social sustainability: empowerment of women in the community through their economic inclusion.

Jobs will be created directly in the manufacturing process and indirectly through the supply of

plastic waste materials to the system.

Hence, we strongly believe that our project will successfully satisfy some of the main needs and issues

that nowadays are affecting Kibera, by delivering an effective and exhaustive social value to the

community, as showed in the following figure:

Furthermore, the fact that a great number of stakeholders are involved in each initiative and that the

necessary amount of money to be reached by crowdfunding is quite low makes that we consider the

realization of the project as feasible in terms of both social and economic perspective.

Finally, our hope is that this project becomes a success story that can be replicated in other parts of

the world.

34

At the beginning of the project, in the forming phase, we met for the very first time and began to

define the objectives of our project, the name and the logo of our team. The first day of work ended

up with a beer in the university bar to start knowing each other and establish a pleasant atmosphere.

After a few days, we entered in the storming phase, where we faced the greatest difficulties. Our major

concerns regarded the organization within the group and how we could effectively divide the work

between each other. We started defining some roles according to the skills we thought each member

had, however a natural adjustment of these roles occurred throughout the following months.

Our first review on April 11 was not satisfactory: we were missing a holistic and integrated solution,

however it turned being useful to make us understand we had to start working harder on the project.

From the norming phase onwards, we tried different methods of work (in pairs, in groups, alone, …)

and scheduled weekly consulting meetings with the other subgroups. The most effective method ended

up being to work in specialist task groups that had the aim of performing a depth analysis on a specific

part of the issue, highlighting the challenges and the ways to overcome them. The synthesis of these

findings formed the basis of our strategy.

By the end of April we finally managed to achieve the group

synergy that allowed us to start performing. Indeed, after a month

of work, during which we did a consistent archival research on the

topic and conducted the interviews, we reached the necessary

knowledge to develop effective solutions to the problem. Having

clear in mind our goal, many ideas started to come to our minds.

From the beginning of May, after having collected all our

solutions, we started to deeply analyse every idea checking if

it was possible; all the unfeasible ideas were abandoned. At

this point our solution consisted in three independent silos,

hence the further step has been finding the synergy between

the three pillars (People, Plastic, Platform).

20/03 -25/03

FORMING

25/03 -1 Review

STORMING

1 Review-End of April

NORMING

End of April-Delivery

PERFORMING

35

Meanwhile, we also proceeded with the economic feasibility of

the project, to verify if adjustments were required. We also

started to develop some funds raising ideas.

If from one side our team had found a direction towards the final output of the project, from the other

side we started to notice that we had a “free rider” member. Maybe this was due to the social loafing

phenomenon, the tendency to reduce the amount of effort relying on other members of the group. We

tried to solve this problem by assigning him different kinds of tasks, hoping to find a topic he could be

interested in. But since the deadlines were closer and closer, the remaining team members decided to

finish the work combining their efforts. Despite sometimes there were arguments regarding divergent

points of view, these always converged in an agreed solution, which often ended up being a mix of

different ideas.

In order to be efficient in working together, we establish some norms to be respected:

Every member of this group was always expected to be punctual, both during the meetings and in

the deadlines of the tasks. As a rule, when someone was extremely late, he/she had to offer a coffee

to all team members.

Every member had to attend the scheduled meetings, in respect for others who actively contributed

to the project.

To have an effective communication, we used portable devices tools (such as a Google Drive folder)

to share the documents and a WhatsApp group to keep in contact with each other.

As a result, we can affirm that we reached a noticeable team effectiveness, especially during the last

month when we really managed to exploit our heterogeneous skills.

Concerning the structure of our team, it was definitely a matrix, since every member had a precise role

recognized by all the members, while the leader coordinated their work and focused on the final

objective. By doing so, we achieved an efficient use of the time and an optimal conflict resolution. When

the discrepancy concerned relevant decisions, every member was called to provide his viewpoint, in

order to obtain a unanimous compromise.

The tools mostly used were:

Brainstorming: especially in the initial stages, characterised by divergent opinions to provide an

innovative solution. In this phase, we avoided judgements even on the more extravagant ideas,

thanks to the relaxed atmosphere we created.

Mind-mapping: we used this tool to solve some issues that required a visual representation of the

problem to find a direction towards a solution.

36

Project plan: a guideline to keep in mind the final objective and the path to follow was fundamental,

since it gave us a certain rhythm for the milestones we fixed (see the Gantt diagram).

To better visualize the differences in our way of working, we report here the Whole Brain Model,

developed by Ned Hermann.

MEMBER ROLE RESPONSIBILITY

Melissa Initiator and harmonizer Design of the report and slides preparation,

Website creation

Roberto Information seeker and commentator Data collection and analysis

Gerard Evaluator and gatekeeper Financial analysis and Solid Work prototype

Stefano Opinion seeker and encourager Data analysis and report writer

Marta Coordinator and compromiser Contact with people, control of the report

Figure 9. Whole Brain model

37

38

39

BBC, accessed March 2017. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-31540911

Google Maps, accessed March 2017. www.google.it/maps

Unhabitat, for a better human future, accessed March 2017. www.unhabitat.org/

Map Kibera, accessed March 2017. www.mapkibera.org/

The Guardian, accessed March 2017. www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/25/slum-tourism-kenya-

kibera-poverty

Kibera UK, accessed April 2017. www.kibera.org.uk/facts-info/

Made in Kibera, accessed April 2017. www.madeinkibera.com/

Pillars of Kibera, accessed April 2017. www.pillarsofkibera.blogspot.it/2009/10/pillars-of-kibera.html

Amazon, accessed April 2017. www.amazon.com

Japan International Cooperation Agency, accessed April 2017. www.jica.go.jp/english/

Idkid, accessed April 2017. www.idkid.it/havilla/

Alpitour, accessed May 2017: www.alpitour.it/francorosso

Kenya vacanze, accessed May 2017. www.kenyavacanze.jimdo.com/kenya/kibera-nairobi/

Population and Health Dynamics in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements, Report of the Nairobi Cross-

sectional Slums Survey (NCSS) 2012

IRIN | Kenya’s waste management challenge, The inside stories on emergencies

Funding sources for charities and non-profit organisations

Recycling and discovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW)

Kids Harness Plastic Waste for Water Filtration in African Slum, United Nations University

The New Plastics Economy Rethinking the future of plastics, World Economic Forum

Plastic Awareness Week Program, Sophia Academy Features OMG

Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme, Un-Habitat

Kenya Urban Sector Profile, Un-Habitat

Kenya Institute for Public Policy reasearch and Analysis, KIPPRA

Solid Work

Wix Tool (Web Page)

Photoshop

40

A

B

C

41

42

PLANNING

PHASE

CONCERT

Rent of the stage

Agreement with Omondi

Concert execution

Preparation of the concert

(installation, lights, ...)

Concert execution

Cleaning

FLOORS FOR

KIBERA

Preparation

Contract with plastic industry

Purchase of the plastic collection

cards and scales

Set up of the kiosks

Bringing plastic floor to the

kiosks

Training kiosks workers

Functioning of kiosks

E-PLACE

Preparation

Purchase of the truck in Malaga

Purchase of complementary

assets (stereo, sticekrs...)

Transportation of the truck in

Kibera

Personalization of the truck

Training of women

Agenda of the activities

PLATFORM

Preparation

Creation of the website

Purchase of computers

Transportation of computers

there (with the E-place truck)

Lesson on the platform

usage

Implementation of

website

FUNDS

RAISING

Implementation of

crowdfunding system

Contract with Francorosso

company

Purchase of holiday

packages

Reselling in online

auctions

43

Concerning the timeline of our activities’ schedule, we report it in the following Gantt diagram.

23/3 26/3 29/3 1/4 4/4 7/4 10/4 13/4 16/4 19/4 22/4 25/4 28/4 1/5 4/5 7/5 10/5 13/5 16/5 19/5 22/5 25/5 28/5 31/5 3/6 6/6 9/6 12/6

P R O J E C T P L A N N IN G

T E A M A S S E S S M E N T

A N A L Y S I S O F S I T R E Q U IR EM E NT S

D A T A C O L L E CT I O N

P E S T E A N A L Y S I S

G E N E R A L A N A L Y S IS O F K I B E R A

P R E L I M I N A R Y B R A IN S T OR MI N G

C O N C E P T D E S I G N

Q U A N T I T A T I VE A N A L Y S I S

E X I S T I N G S O L U T I O NS A N A L Y S I S

S T A K E H O L D ER S N E ED S A N A L Y S IS

I N T E R V I E W S

N E W M E A N I N G R E S E A R CH

S U R V E Y

B R A I N S T O R M I NG

S C R E E N I N G O F I D EA S

C O N C E P T D E V E L O P M EN T

D E V E L O P M E NT O F T H E I D E A S

R E Q U I R E ME N TS S P E C I F I C AT I O NS

L A Y O U T D E S I G N

F E A S I B I L IT Y A N A L Y SI S

O P E R A T I O N A L F E A S I B I L I TY

F I N A N C I A L F E AS I B I L I T Y

F U N D S R A I S IN G

P R O T O T Y P I N G

W E B S I T E D E V E L O P M EN T

E - P L A C E S O L I D W O R K

START

DURATION (days)