who - human-embryo-final expert meeting on ethical and legal issues

7/31/2019 WHO - Human-embryo-final Expert Meeting on Ethical and Legal Issues

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/who-human-embryo-final-expert-meeting-on-ethical-and-legal-issues 1/43

Hnbyo O``bha

AZ]AYW CAAWBLE OL AWJBHND NLG DAEND BXXQAX

O@ JQCNL ACIYRO YAXANYHJ

>9#>7 @aiyqnyr 9==:

Hnbyo$ Aer}w

@blnd Ya}oyw o` wja Caawble



>

AZ]AYW CAAWBLE OL AWJBHND NLG DAEND BXXQAX O@ JQCNL

ACIYRO YAXANYHJ

Hnbyo >9‘>7 @aiyqnyr 9==:

HOLWALWX

AZAHQWBPA XQCCNYR

>, BLWYOGQHWBOL

9, CAGBHND WYANWCALW NLG XHBALWB@BH YAXANYHJ BLPODPBLE

JQCNL ACIYROX

9,> Jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj bl àywbdbwr wyanwcalw

9,9 ]EG òy cagbhnd nlg lol#cagbhnd }qy}oxax

9,8 Hjnddalea o` jqcnl aciyrolbh xwac hadd yaxanyhj nlg xo#hnddag wjayn}aqwbh

hdolble

Gbxhqxxbol

8, DAEND$ AWJBHND NLG YADBEBOQX XWNWQX O@ JQCNL ACIYROX

8,> Blwaylnwbolnd nlg yaebolnd daebxdnwbolx nlg eqbgadblax ol jqcnl aciyro

yaxanyhj

8,9 Coynd xwnwqx o` jqcnl aciyrox òy yaxanyhj nlg }odbhr cnfble

8,8 Bxdncbh pbau ol jqcnl aciyrox

Gbxhqxxbol

7, Q]GNWAX OL WJA XBWQNWBOL O@ EQBGADBLAX BL WJA YAEBOL

7,> Awjbhx o` jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj nlg uoyf o` QLAXHO

7,9 Opaypbau o` wja jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj yaeqdnwbolx bl wja Yaebol; Ya}oyw o`

QLAXHO xqypar ol iboawjbhnd yaeqdnwbolx bl wja Nyni Xwnwax

Gbxhqxxbol

1, YAHOCCALGNWBOLX

Nllazax

>, ]YOEYNCCA

9, DBXW O@ ]NYWBHB]NLWX



9

AZAHQWBPA XQCCNYR

Wja Az}ayw Caawble ol Awjbhnd nlg Daend Bxxqax o` Jqcnl Aciyro Yaxanyhj unx

jadg bl Hnbyo$ Aer}w$ >9‘>7 @aiyqnyr 9==:, Wja caawble unx oyenlb{ag ir QLAXHO

Hnbyo o``bha *QHO"$ UJO Anxwayl Cagbwayynlanl Yaebol O``bha *UJO/ACYO"$ nlg wja

Bxdncbh Agqhnwbol$ Xhbalwb`bh nlg Hqdwqynd Oyenlb{nwbol *BXAXHO", Az}aywx `yoc

hoqlwybax bl wja Yaebol nwwalgag$ `yoc QLAXHO Nyni Yaebol$ UJO Anxwayl

Cagbwayynlanl Yaebol$ nlg BXAXHO Bxdncbh Yaebol, Wja }nywbhb}nlwx holxbxwag o`

blwaylnwbolnd nlg yaebolnd az}aywx ol iboawjbhx$ xhbalha$ cagbhbla nlg dnu, Xalboy

wahjlbhnd xwn`` `yoc QHO$ UJO/ACYO nlg BXAXHO ndxo woof }nyw,

Wja Az}ayw Caawble unx }yahagag ir n caawble o` wja Gyn`wble Hoccbwwaa ol >>

@aiyqnyr$ ujbhj unx axwnidbxjag wo `nhbdbwnwa wja gbxhqxxbol ol yahoccalgnwbolx wo ia

ngo}wag nw wja hdoxqya o` wja Az}ayw Caawble,

Wja caawble unx blnqeqynwag ir Gy Nigqd Ynjcnl Nd#Nungb$ ]yaxbgalw$ Bxdncbh

Oyenlb{nwbol òy Cagbhnd Xhbalhax *BOCX"6 Gy @nb~ Ibddnd$ Gbyahwoy o` Xhbalha$ BXAXHO6

Gy Jqxxabl N, Ea{nbyr$ UJO Yaebolnd Gbyahwoy òy wja Anxwayl Cagbwayynlanl Yaebol$

nlg Nung Adjnxxnl$ Gbyahwoy QLAXHO Hnbyo o``bha, Wja òqy x}anfayx ac}jnxb{ag wja

bc}oywnlha o` yanhjble holxalxqx ol awjbhnd nlg daend bxxqax holhaylble jqcnl aciyro

yaxanyhj bl wja Nyni yaebol bl dbejw o` lau wahjlodoer, Ola o` wja coxw bc}oywnlw bxxqax

bx wja ~qaxwbol o` ujal nl aciyro hnl ia holxbgayag n jqcnl iable$ nlg xo uoywjr o`

yax}ahw$ gbelbwr nlg daend }yowahwbol, Wja x}anfayx ndxo az}yaxxag wjaby n}}yahbnwbol o` wja

hoo}aynwbol iawuaal wja òqy oyenlb{nwbolx$ QLAXHO$ UJO$ BXAXHO nlg BOCX$ nlgyabwaynwag wjaby jo}a wjnw wja caawble uoqdg }yogqha n hoc}yajalxbpa xaw o`

yahoccalgnwbolx hopayble wjaxa bxxqax bl wja yaebol,

Wja oikahwbpax o` wja caawble uaya oqwdblag ir Gy Encnd Xayoqy$ Gbyahwoy$

Blwaylnwbolnd Bxdncbh Halway òy ]o}qdnwbol Xwqgbax nlg Yaxanyhj$ nlg Gy Njcag Yaenb

Ad#Ealgr$ Xahyawnyr#Ealaynd Nxxbxwnlw$ BOCX$ enpa n ya}oyw o` wja Blwaylnwbolnd Xacblny

ol Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj$ jadg 8‘1 Lopaciay 9==5$ ujbhj dnbg goul yahoccalgnwbolx

holhaylble xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ blhdqgble wja coynd xwnwqx o` jqcnl aciyrox `yoc wja

Bxdncbh }ayx}ahwbpa,

Xapaynd blwaylnwbolnd az}aywx enpa }yaxalwnwbolx ol cagbhnd wyanwcalw nlg xhbalwb`bh

yaxanyhj blpodpble jqcnl aciyrox$ nlg wja daend$ awjbhnd nlg yadbeboqx xwnwqx o` jqcnl

aciyrox, Nl bc}oywnlw }yaxalwnwbol gandw ubwj wja }yadbcblnyr yaxqdwx o` n xqypar ol

iboawjbhnd yaeqdnwbolx bl wja Nyni xwnwax holgqhwag ir QLAXHO$ Xa}waciay 9==5‘

Knlqnyr 9==:,



7

}yabc}dnlwnwbol ealawbh gbneloxbx òy cagbhnd nlg lol#cagbhnd }qy}oxax$ hjnddaleax o`

jqcnl aciyro xwac hadd yaxanyhj nlg xo#hnddag wjayn}aqwbh hdolble$ blwaylnwbolnd nlg

yaebolnd daebxdnwbolx nlg eqbgadblax ol jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj$ wja coynd xwnwqx o`

jqcnl aciyrox òy yaxanyhj nlg }odbhr cnfble$ nlg wja Bxdncbh pbau ol jqcnl

aciyrox, Gbxhqxxbolx uaya holgqhwag n`way anhj xaxxbol o` }yaxalwnwbolx,

Gyn`w yahoccalgnwbolx hoc}bdag ir wja Gyn`wble Hoccbwwaa uaya }yaxalwag wo wja

}nywbhb}nlwx$ nlg wja xaholg nlg wjbyg gnrx o` wja caawble holxbxwag o` dalewjr

gbxhqxxbolx ol wja ànxbibdbwr o` xawwble eqbgadblax ol jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj bl wja Nyni

yaebol$ adnioynwbol nlg yapbxbol o` wja holwalw nlg wazw o` wja yahoccalgnwbolx$ nlg

ngo}wbol o` wja yahoccalgnwbolx bl wja `blnd xaxxbol,

Wja caawble unx blnqeqynwag ir Gy Nigqd Ynjcnl Nd#Nungb$ ]yaxbgalw$ Bxdncbh

Oyenlb{nwbol òy Cagbhnd Xhbalhax *BOCX"$ òddouag ir nggyaxxax ir Gy @nb~ Ibddnd$

Gbyahwoy o` Xhbalha$ Bxdncbh Agqhnwbolnd$ Xhbalwb`bh nlg Hqdwqynd Oyenlb{nwbol *BXAXHO"6

Gy Jqxxabl N, Ea{nbyr$ UJO Yaebolnd Gbyahwoy òy wja Anxwayl Cagbwayynlanl Yaebol$nlg Nung Adjnxxnl$ Gbyahwoy QLAXHO Hnbyo o``bha,

Gy Ad#Nungb iaenl ir xwyaxxble wja bc}oywnlha o` wja caawble nlg wja hoc}daz

hjnddalea o` gandble ubwj awjbhnd bxxqax yaenygble hdolble nlg xwac hadd yaxanyhj, Ja

yaàyyag wo wja BOCX caawble jadg òqy colwjx neo bl hoo}aynwbol ubwj UJO$ QHO$

BXAXHO, Wjbx unx nl blwaylnwbolnd holàyalha ol xwac haddx nlg `qwqya yaxanyhj$ nwwbwqgax

nlg hjnddaleax `yoc nl Bxdncbh }oblw o` pbau$ ujbhj unx jadg bl Hnbyo$ Aer}w$ 8#1

Lopaciay 9==5, Jangble wja nealgn nw wjbx caawble unx wja xqikahw o` wja jqcnl

aciyro `yoc gb`àyalw }oblwx o` pbau, Wja aciyro bx holxbgayag wja cnbl xoqyha o` haddx

òy gb`àyalw yanxolx$ ola o` ujbhj$ wjnw bw bx wja ybhjaxw nlg }qyaxw xoqyha o` haddx,

Nlowjay holxbgaynwbol bx yaenygble wja nlwbhb}nwag jo}ax `yoc }yadbcblnyr yaxqdwx o`

xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ wjnw wjar ubdd hol~qay wja xq`àyblex o` coxw xapayadr bdd }ao}da$ nlg

wjoxa ubwj holgbwbolx xqhj nx gbniawax$ ]nyfblxol‒x gbxanxa$ x}blnd }yoidacx$ nlg janyw

cqxhda ga`bhbalhr$ nx uadd nx cnlr owjay dbà#wjyanwalble holgbwbolx$ nlg gbxanxax

bgalwb`bag wjyoqej yaxanyhj hnyybag oqw bl gb`àyalw }nywx o` wja uoydg, Bw unx$ wjayaòya$

lahaxxnyr òy wja BOCX wo nyynlea òy xqhj n caawble wo gbxhqxx wja jqcnl nx}ahwx ujal

gandble ubwj wja aciyro$ nlg owjay xqikahwx yadnwag wo xwac haddx, Wja xqhhaxx`qd yaxqdwx

o` wja yaxanyhj$ nlg wja jo}ax o` wja xbhf$ }dnha n janpr iqygal ol eopaylcalwx$ nlg

wjoxa holhaylag ubwj awjbhx `yoc wja coynd nlg }xrhjodoebhnd }oblwx o` pbau$ wo cnfagahbxbolx yaenygble wjaxa bxxqax,

Wja bc}oywnlw ~qaxwbol bx ujawjay wja aciyro bl bwx anydr xwnea jnx wja xnca ybejwx

nx n `qddr gapado}ag jqcnl iable$ nlg ujawjay qxble wja aciyro nlg fbddble bw hnl ia

holxbgayag nx fbddble n jqcnl iable, Wjbx bx ujr wja gahbxbol bx low nl anxr ola òy

yadbeboqx nlg awjbhnd az}aywx$ iahnqxa wja }yoidac bx hoc}daz$ iawuaal gahbgble wo nddou



1

yaxanyhj nlg wja qxa o` wja yaxqdwx bl wyanwble bddlaxx$ oy qwway ya`qxnd$ }qwwble bl cblg wjnw

wja yaxanyhj blpodpax fbddble n jqcnl iable$ nlg xqixa~qalwdr wyngble bl jqcnl }yogqhwx,

Gy Ad#Nungb yacnyfag wjnw wja nyeqcalw bx low ubwjbl ola }nywbhqdny xwnwa$ oyhaywnbl eyoq}$ yadbebol$ oy x}ahb`bh oyenlb{nwbol$ iqw wja nyeqcalw bx iawuaal ndd }ao}da,

Bl Bxdnc$ òy aznc}da$ wjaya nya wjoxa ujo neyaa wo wja qxa o` wja aciyro nx n xoqyha o`

xwac haddx$ ujbda owjay Bxdncbh xhbalwbxwx nya wownddr nenblxw bw, Wja xnca n}}dbax wo

Hjybxwbnlbwr, Xoca holxbgay wja cocalw wja aciyro bx àywbdb{ag nx wja cocalw ujal wja

xoqd bx òycag$ xo wjaya bx lo gb`àyalha iawuaal ujal wja aciyro bx `qddr gapado}ag nlg

ujal bw bx kqxw haddx, Owjayx doof nw bw gb`àyalwdr nlg go low oikahw wo cagbhnd yaxanyhj ol

aciyrox$ ujbhj dangx wo nlowjay bc}oywnlw ~qaxwbol; Ujnw bx n jqcnl iable nlg jou hnl

bw ia ga`blag?

B` apayr àywbdb{ag hadd ujbhj eoax blwo wja qwayqx bx holxbgayag n jqcnl iable$faa}ble bl cblg wjnw iawuaal 5=!‘:=! o` wja aciyrox go low holwblqa wo gapado} bl wja

qwayqx$ iqw nya gang$ wja ~qaxwbol nybxax ujawjay wjbx xjoqdg ia holxbgayag fbddble$ oy wja

lnwqynd hrhda nlg Eog‒x ubdd, Nlowjay bxxqa bx wja `nwa o` wja yacnblgay o` wja aciyrox

`yoc BP@ n`way wja oulay jnx cnga qxa o` xoca o` wjac, Ujal wjaxa azwyn aciyrox nya

da`w wo gba$ xjoqdg wjbx ia yaenygag nx n hybcblnd nhw$ oy cqxw wjar ia cnga qxa o` wo

bc}yopa wja dbà o` xocaola ubwj n xayboqx bddlaxx? Xoca nyeqa wjnw wja qxa o` wjaxa

aciyrox bl yaxanyhj oy wyanwcalw bx nl blxqdw wo jqcnl gbelbwr, Bw uoqdg xaac }yaàynida$

jouapay$ wo }yopbga wyanwcalw wo xocaola ujo bx nl blpndbg iahnqxa o` bddlaxx, Xqhj

wyanwcalw hnl ia n unr wo daxxal jbx xq`àyble nlg }nbl$ nlg iyble jbc inhf wo jandwj$ wo

}dnr n }nyw bl xohbawr$ ujbhj hnl ia holxbgayag nx gaàlgble jbx gbelbwr,

Ua nya hol`yolwble gb`àyalhax bl qlgayxwnlgble nlg goqida xwnlgnygx nioqw wja

qxa o` aciyrox bl yaxanyhj$ iqw b` ua cnlnea wo ga`bla hdanydr wja jqcnl iable$ oldr

wjal hnl ua gahbga ujnw }nwj wo wnfa, Bl wja ^qynl$ bl Xqyn ZP ‚Wja Yohf‒$ wja hyanwbol

o` jqcnl dbà bx gaxhybiag$ cnfble bw hdany wjnw oldr ujal Eog }yopbgax wja jqcnl òyc

ubwj n x}bybw hnl bw ia hnddag n jqcnl iable,

Jouapay$ xoca Bxdncbh xhbalwbxwx yaenyg wjbx nx jn}}alble ubwjbl 7= gnrx$ nlg

owjayx ubwjbl >9= gnrx$ ujbhj bx wja dbcbw òy nioywbol, Wjbx goax low canl wjnw wja

àywbdb{ag aeex nya low wo ia yax}ahwag$ iqw yax}ahw blhyanxax opay wbca$ qlwbd wja aciyroyanhjax wja dbcbw nlg lo nioywbol hnl ia holgqhwag$ qldaxx wja dbà o` wja cowjay bx

wjyanwalag,

Bxdnc bx low oldr holhaylag ubwj wja aciyro n`way àywbdb{nwbol$ iqw ndxo ubwj

}yahnqwbolx wo alxqya wja jandwj o` caciayx o` Cqxdbc xohbawr, Bl Bxdncbh xjnybn azwyaca

hnya nlg `qdd }yowahwbol bx ngpohnwag$ low oldr òy wja qlioyl hjbdg$ iqw ndxo òy wja

}yaelnlw cowjay, Wja }yowahwbol o` wja inir bx wja gqwr o` ndd wja `ncbdr$ nlg Bxdnc jnx



0

xapaynd hdnqxax bl wja dnu wo }yowahw bw$ nlr iyanhj o` ujbhj bx }qlbxjnida `yoc wja anydr

xwneax o` }yaelnlhr$ nlg blhyanxax nx wja }yaelnlhr eoax ol,

Wja xqikahw o` yaxanyhj ol wja jqcnl aciyro bx nl bc}oywnlw bxxqa$ ujbhj ubdd

gocblnwa dbà bl `qwqya, Bw bx wo ia jo}ag wjnw xoca gahbxbolx hnl ia wnfal nw wjbx caawble

bl nhhoygnlha ubwj Bxdncbh xjnybn$ nx Bxdnc bx wja cnkoy yadbebol bl wja Yaebol$ nlgeqbgadblax òy yaxanyhj laag wo ia dnbg goul$ blhdqgble wja ~qaxwbol o` }qlbxjcalw òy

wjoxa ujo pbodnwa wja yaeqdnwbolx, BOCX x}nyax lo a`òyw wo xwqgr wja ybejwx o` wja aciyro

`yoc waxw wqia inibax wo nioywbol$ bljaybwnlha$ nlg ealawbh aleblaayble$ bl oygay wo dbejw

wja unr òy yaxanyhjayx bl wjbx `badg$ nlg wja wo}bh o` wja caawble bx blhdqgag bl wja nealgn

o` BOCX nw n `qwqya xwnea,

Gy @nb~ Ibddnd$ Gbyahwoy o` Xhbalha, BXAXHO$ iaenl jbx nggyaxx ir hoccalwble wjnw

bw unx n xoqyha o` eyanw xnwbx`nhwbol òy BXAXHO wo jnpa koblag jnlgx ubwj QHO nlg

UJO/ACYO bl oyenlb{ble wjbx caawble$ ujbhj }yopbgag nl bc}oywnlw òyqc wo

azhjnlea bganx nlg az}aybalhax }aywnblble wo wja pbwnd bxxqax o` yaeqdnwbolx o` jqcnlaciyro yaxanyhj, Ubwjbl wja bc}dacalwnwbol o` Nhwbol ]dnlx nhwbpbwbax nlg owjay

x}ahbndb{ag }yokahwx$ BXAXHO jnx gainwag iboawjbhx bxxqax `yoc pnyboqx xhbalwb`bh nlg

awjbhnd nledax$ iqw wja hqyyalw caawble unx n gb`àyalw apalw$ nx lou ua nya oixaypble

yaeqdnwbolx azbxwble nw wja yaebolnd dapad$ nx uadd nx `blgble unrx o` gapado}ble holxalxqx

wo jnycolb{a wjaxa yaeqdnwbolx,

Bl 9==1$ wja Qlbwag Lnwbolx Ealaynd Nxxacidr n}}yopag wja gahdnynwbol hnddble ol

ndd QL Caciay Xwnwax wo ngo}w canxqyax wo }yojbibw ndd òycx o` jqcnl hdolble$ nx bw unx

blhoc}nwbida ubwj jqcnl gbelbwr nlg }yowahwbol o` dbà, Bw gbg low }yojbibw wja

gapado}calw o` haddx nlg wbxxqa inxag wjayn}bax inxag ol yaxanyhj blpodpble hdolblewahjlodoebax wo }yogqha GLN codahqdax$ oyenlx$ wbxxqax nlg haddx owjay wjnl jqcnl,

@qywjay$ wjbx gahdnynwbol unx lol#iblgble nlg wjaya unx lo holxalxqx ol wja qxa o` wja

jqcnl aciyro òy yaxanyhj }qy}oxax, Ndwjoqej n lqciay o` hoqlwybax uaya bl `npoqy o`

inllble jqcnl hdolble$ wjar gbg low powa bl `npoqy$ nx bw unx gainwag wjnw wja gahdnynwbol

gbg low blhoy}oynwa coynd$ awjbhnd$ nlg yadbeboqx nx}ahwx o` cnlr hoqlwybax, Bw bx$

wjayaòya$ o` wja qwcoxw lahaxxbwr wo gainwa `qywjay$ nlg blpodpa coya ol xqhj bxxqax wo

az}doya ealaynd holxalxqx,

Yaxanyhj ol jqcnl aciyrox nlg xwac haddx jnx wja }owalwbnd wo }yogqha cnlr

cnkoy cagbhnd gbxhopaybax, Hqyax cnr ia òqlg òy }yapboqxdr qlwyanwnida gbxanxax nlggbxoygayx6 lau nlg bc}yopag wyanwcalwx cnr ia gapado}ag, Jouapay$ wjbx yaxanyhj ynbxax

cnlr awjbhnd$ coynd$ daend$ yadbeboqx$ xohbnd nlg hqdwqynd holxbgaynwbolx holhaylble wja

}qyxqbw o` cagbhnd yaxanyhj blpodpble aciyrox nlg xwac haddx, Cagbhnd awjbhbxwx nlg

yadbeboqx eyoq}x nya gbpbgag ol wja coyndbwr o` }qyxqble wjaxa dblax o` yaxanyhj,

Xnàeqnygble wja ànwqyax nlg gbxwblhw hjnynhwaybxwbhx o` oqy xohbawbax$ nlg }yowahwble

wjac `yoc pnyboqx wjyanwx nlg gbxwoywbol `nhwoyx bx ola o` wja }ybca oikahwbpax o`



5

BXAXHO, Xblha bwx blha}wbol$ wjayaòya$ BXAXHO jnx òhqxag bwx nwwalwbol ol nlndr{ble

nlg apndqnwble wja awjbhnd gbcalxbolx o` wja dnwaxw gapado}calwx bl xhbalha nlg

wahjlodoer bl wja dbejw o` Bxdncbh wjoqejw nlg pndqax, Bl @aiyqnyr >228$ wja Blwaylnwbolnd

Xacblny ol Awjbhnd Bc}dbhnwbolx o` Ealawbh Aleblaayble gbxhqxxag ndd nx}ahwx yadnwag wo

ealawbh yaxanyhj `yoc xhbalwb`bh$ yadbeboqx$ cagbhnd$ xohbnd nlg awjbhnd }oblwx o` pbau, Wja

ealaynd holxalxqx unx ngo}wag wjnw gb`àyalw xwneax o` jqcnl dbà jnpa wjaby oul yax}ahwnlg ybejwx$ x}ahb`bhnddr n`way >9= gnrx ujal wja aciyro bx `qddr òycag,

Wja }yblhb}nd xwynwaebh oikahwbpa o` wja Bxdncbh Iogr ol Awjbhx o` Xhbalha nlg

Wahjlodoer bx wo oixaypa nlg nlndrxa lau xhbalwb`bh gapado}calwx `yoc awjbhnd nlg

coynd }oblwx o` pbau$ nlg wo }yopbga eqbgnlha wo wja Caciay Xwnwax wo axwnidbxj

holxalxqx$ xwyalewjal xwnlgnyg xawwble$ nlg alhoqynea yax}ahw o` wja awjbhnd gbcalxbolx,

Bw bx o` }ybca bc}oywnlha wjnw ua òxway gainwa ol xalxbwbpa awjbhnd bxxqax nybxble `yoc

yahalw gapado}calwx o` xhbalha nlg wahjlodoer nlg wjaby n}}dbhnwbolx$ bl oygay wo aljnlha

ealaynd holxalxqx$ floudagea nlg qlgayxwnlgble ncole wja Bxdncbh hoqlwybax òy wja

iala`bw o` hoccol }ao}da nx uadd nx Cqxdbc yaxanyhjayx, Wognr‒x az}ayw caawble bx }nywo` wjbx nhwbol nlg ua iadbapa wjnw uoyfble woeawjay ubwj blwaylnwbolnd oyenlb{nwbolx qlgay

hoccol oikahwbpax$ wjyoqej nhwbpa }nywbhb}nwbol bl anhj owjay‒x }yoeynccax ubdd gapado}

holxalxqx$ nbgble wja apodqwbol o` wja iaxw yaeqdnwbolx nhha}wag ir ndd,

@yoc wja Bxdncbh }oblw o` pbau$ jouapay$ wjaya bx lo holxalxqx ol xwac#hadd

yaxanyhj xo `ny$ iqw wja wanhjble o` Bxdnc xjag dbejwx ol pnyboqx bc}oywnlw bxxqax$ ujbhj

cnr jad} wo hdnyb`r haywnbl nx}ahwx nwwnhjag wo bw, Nhhoygble wo Bxdncbh wanhjble$ xnpble

dbpax nlg hqyble gbxanxax bx n jbej }yboybwr$ xo xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ blhdqgble wjayn}aqwbh

hdolble$ bx `npoqyag ir xoca xhjodnyx, Jouapay$ wja unr wja yaxanyhj bx }ayòycag$ nlg

wja }qy}oxa òy ujbhj bw bx }ayòycag$ nya o` eyanw bc}oywnlha, Nhhoygble wo wja Bxdncbh}oblw o` pbau$ anhj xwnea o` gapado}calw o` jqcnl dbà jnx n gb`àyalw xwnwqx, Wja Jodr

^qynl ndxo calwbolx wjaxa eyngqnd xwneax o` }jrxbhnd gapado}calw bl Hjn}way 98$ payxa

>9‘>7; )Ua hyanwag cnl o` nl azwynhwbol o` hdnr$ wjal ua xalw jbc$ n gyo} bl n xnà

dogeble$ wjal Ua hyanwag o` wja gyo} n hdow$ wjal ua hyanwag o` wja hdow n wbxxqa$ wjal Ua

hyanwag o` wja wbxxqa iolax$ wjal Ua hopayag wja iolax bl `daxj6 wjayan`way Ua }yogqhag bw

nx nlowjay hyanwqya, — Nw wja xwnea ujal wja xoqd bx ebpal$ nlg wja aciyro àwqx jnx

iyanwj wo dbpa$ bw bx yaenygag nx nlowjay hyanwqya, Wja }qlbxjcalw òy xocaola ujo

nxxnqdwx n }yaelnlw uocnl$ fbddble jay qlioyl hjbdg$ blhyanxax ubwj wja dalewj o` wja

}yaelnlhr$ ujbhj blgbhnwax wja gb`àyalha o` xwnwqx bl wja pnyboqx xwneax o` jqcnl

gapado}calw,

Wjaya nya n lqciay o` bxxqax nw caen nlg cbhyo dapadx$ ujbhj jnpa ndyangr iaal

gbxhqxxag nlg ealaynd o}blbol jnx ndyangr iaal apodpag$ iqw bw bx lahaxxnyr wo azncbla ndd

wjaxa xalxbwbpa bxxqax ubwj eyanw hnya wo }yowahw wja awjbhnd nlg jqcnl pndqax$ nx uadd nx

wja qlb~qa hjnynhwaybxwbhx o` oqy xohbawbax, Qlbòycbwr o` o}blbol ol awjbhnd xwnlgnygx o`

bc}oywnlw nlg xalxbwbpa wahjlodoebax `yoc xohbnd$ hqdwqynd$ yadbeboqx$ awjbhnd$ coynd nlg

xhbalwb`bh }ayx}ahwbpax$ bx o` }ybca bc}oywnlha, Yadbebol bl ealaynd$ nlg `nbwj bl }nywbhqdny$



>=

Nhhoygbledr$ gb`àyalw }odbhbax nlg yaeqdnwbolx jnpa iaal axwnidbxjag bl gb`àyalw

hoqlwybax nlg yaebolx, Lapaywjadaxx$ ujnwapay }odbhr o}wbol bx wnfal ir wja eopaylcalw$

yaeqdnwbolx ol xhbalwb`bh nlg cagbhnd yaxanyhj wjnw woqhjax wja `qlgncalwnd holha}w o`

dbà nlg ganwj xjoqdg ia axwnidbxjag ubwj `qdd yax}ahw wo jqcnl ybejwx nlg jqcnl gbelbwr$

nx bw bx xwnwag bl Nywbhda >= o` wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol ol wja Jqcnl Ealoca nlg

Jqcnl Ybejwx *>225"$ wjnw — Lo yaxanyhj oy yaxanyhj n}}dbhnwbolx holhaylble wja jqcnlealoca$ bl }nywbhqdny bl wja `badgx o` ibodoer$ ealawbhx nlg cagbhbla$ xjoqdg }yapnbd opay

yax}ahw òy wja jqcnl ybejwx$ `qlgncalwnd `yaagocx nlg jqcnl gbelbwr o` blgbpbgqndx oy$

ujaya n}}dbhnida$ o` eyoq}x o` }ao}da,–

Cy Adjnxxnl ndxo yaàyyag wo wja Blwaylnwbolnd Gahdnynwbol ol Jqcnl Ealawbh Gnwn

*9==8"$ nlg wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol ol Iboawjbhx nlg Jqcnl Ybejwx *9==1"$ iowj o`

ujbhj yan``byc wja qdwbcnwa pndqax o` jqcnl ybejwx nlg jqcnl gbelbwr$ nx wja inxbx wo

}yocowa xhbalwb`bh yaxanyhj nlg bwx n}}dbhnwbol òy wja uadd iable o` jqcnlbwr,

Wja bxxqa o` yaxanyhj ol jqcnl aciyrox bx xwbdd lau wo xoca o` wja hoqlwybax bl wjaNyni Yaebol$ nlg wja xhbalwb`bh hoccqlbwr nlg }odbhr cnfayx jnpa iaal xdou wo

nlwbhb}nwa wja axwnidbxjcalw o` nl awjbhnd `yncauoyf òy yaxanyhj ol jqcnl aciyrox,

Jouapay$ xhbalwb`bh `blgblex nlg yaxanyhj anxbdr wynlxhalg lnwbolnd ioygayx$ nlg cnr

xayboqxdr n`àhw wja uadd iable o` wja }ao}da bl wja uoydg, Wjqx blwaylnwbolnd nlg yaebolnd

gbndoeqa nlg iboawjbhnd gbxhqxxbol xjoqdg ia }yocowag$ nlg nhhqynwa blòycnwbol ol

xhbalwb`bh `blgblex nlg wjaby awjbhnd bc}dbhnwbolx xjoqdg ia ubgadr gbxxacblnwag wo wja

}qidbh$ xo wjnw anhj xohbawr ubdd ia pbebdnlw bl xnàeqnygble wja pndqa o` jqcnl ybejwx nlg

jqcnl gbelbwr,

QLAXHO bx xwyoledr hoccbwwag wo uoyfble ol wja }yocowbol o` iboawjbhndgbxhqxxbol wjyoqej oyenlb{ble az}ayw caawblex ol bxxqax o` }yboybwbax bl wja Yaebol$ wja

gbxxacblnwbol o` awjbhnd }yblhb}dax xwb}qdnwag bl wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbolx$ nlg wja

axwnidbxjcalw o` iboawjbhnd yaeqdnwbolx nlg awjbhx agqhnwbol xrxwacx bl wja Yaebol,

Cy Adjnxxnl az}yaxxag jbx holpbhwbol wjnw blwaygbxhb}dblnybwr bx wja axxalha o`

iboawjbhnd gbxhqxxbol$ nlg wja }nywbhb}nwbol bl wja caawble o` gbxwbleqbxjag az}aywx `yoc

gb`àyalw gbxhb}dblax$ xqhj nx cagbhbla$ xhbalha$ yadbebol$ }jbdoxo}jr nlg dnu `yoc wja

ujoda Yaebol$ nx uadd nx `yoc Aqyo}a nlg Loywj Ncaybhn$ uoqdg alybhj wja gbxhqxxbol$

nlg iyble nioqw nl bc}oywnlw xwa} òyunyg wo wja axwnidbxjcalw o` jnycolb{ag yaeqdnwbolx

holhaylble jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj nw wja yaebolnd dapad, Hoccalwble wjnw wja caawblejng iaal yandb{ag ir wja koblw a`òywx o` QHO$ UJO/ACYO$ nlg BXAXHO$ ja ndxo xwnwag

wjnw pnyboqx koblw }yokahwx }yocowble awjbhnd }yblhb}dax bl wja `badg o` xhbalha nlg

cagbhbla nya òyaxaal bl wja lazw àu ranyx, Axwnidbxjble }nywlayxjb} ubwj wjaxa

oyenlb{nwbolx$ nlg uoyfble woeawjay ubwj owjay blwaylnwbolnd oyenlb{nwbolx ubwj jbej

hoc}awalha$ xqhj nx BOCX$ ubdd iyble eyanw iala`bw wo wja Yaebol,



>9

haywnbl ~qndbwbax, Xhbalwbxwx o` awjbhx holxbgay wjnw wjbx xalxbwbpa bxxqa xjoqdg low ia

n}}yonhjag qlgay nlr hbyhqcxwnlhax$ iahnqxa o` holhaylx opay hyanwble n jqcnl iable

ubwj n joyyb`bh gbxoygay$ nlg xwnywble n }yohaxx$ ujbhj bw uoqdg ia bc}oxxbida wo xwo} bl

wja `qwqya, Wja pndqa o` jqcnl dbà nlg jandwj hoqdg ia doxw$ nx wja }yaxalha o` qljandwjr

}ao}da bl xohbawr }yocowax hoc}nxxbol nlg hoo}aynwbol iawuaal }ao}da$ nlg nl

n}}yahbnwbol o` wja iala`bwx Eog jnx ebpal wo wjoxa ujo nya jandwjr, O}}oxag wo wjbx pbaunya wjoxa ujo holxbgay wjnw wjaya xjoqdg ia hoc}dawa `yaagoc o` yaxanyhj$ nx ola o` wja

uoywjujbda wnyeawx o` cogayl xhbalha bx wo }yogqha }ao}da ujo nya jandwjr nlg xwyole,

@yoc wja Bxdncbh pbau}oblw$ wja }oxxbibdbwr o` blwayàyble cagbhnddr bx }aycbxxbida$ b` bw

ubdd ia o` iala`bw wo blgbpbgqndx nlg xohbawr, Jouapay$ ealawbh aleblaayble xjoqdg low ia

nddouag wo blwayàya ubwj jqcnl pndqax$ wo ia qxag òy apbd }qy}oxax$ oy wo ir}nxx wja

ealawbh inyybay iawuaal x}ahbax, Bw bx low }aycbxxbida wo qxa ealawbh aleblaayble nx n

}odbhr wo ya}dnha wja ealawbh inxbx$ bl ujnw bx hnddag aqealbhx$ ‚wja bc}yopacalw o` wja

jqcnl ynha,‒

Ol wja bxxqa o` cagbhnd iala`bwx$ nl bc}oywnlw inxbh }yblhb}da bl xhbalwb`bh yaxanyhjbx wja òhqx ol iala`bwble jqcnlbwr, Wjaya nya wuo cnbl o}blbolx, Wjoxa uoyfble ol

xwac hadd yaxanyhj nya wyrble wo `blg wja iaxw wjayn}bax òy opayhocble cnlr blhqynida

gbxanxax$ xqhj nx Nd{jabcay‒x$ nlg ]nyfblxol‒x$ yagqhble }nbl nlg ebpble jo}a wo

xq`àyayx, Wjar yax}ahw wja ubxj o` cbddbolx o` xq`àyayx ir alnidble wjac wo }dnr n yoda bl

xohbawr, Wja xaholg o}blbol holxbgayx wjnw xwac hadd yaxanyhj fbddx cbddbolx o` aciyrox$

ujbhj jnpa n jqcnl }ayxolndbwr$ nlg Eog‒x ubdd yaenygble jandwj nlg gbxanxa cqxw ia

nhha}wag,

Wja wjyaa cnkoy uoydg yadbebolx jnpa gb`àyble pbaux ol xwac hadd yaxanyhj,

Hjybxwbnlx nya low ndd o` ola cblg, Yocnl Hnwjodbhx nya wja coxw ybebg$ ya`qxble woxnlhwbol xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ iahnqxa wjar iadbapa wjnw wja cocalw o` àywbdb{nwbol bx n

cbynhda$ ujal Eog bciqax wja xoqd$ nlg }yogqhax nl blgbpbgqnd ubwj bwx oul ealawbh

hoc}olalwx, Bw bx oqy gqwr wo }yowahw jqcnlbwr `yoc nlr jqcnl blwayàyalha$ nlg wja

}yblhb}da o` iala`bw bx n xad`bxj ola$ ujbhj ubdd dang wo gaeyngnwbol, Kqgnbxc$ ol wja owjay

jnlg$ neyaax wo xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ ga}algble ol wja iadba` wjnw wja aciyro bx oldr n gyo}

o` unway$ nlg goax low yanhj wja `qdd jqcnl òyc gqyble wja `byxw 7= gnrx$ xo yaxanyhj

iaòya wja òywbawj gnr bx }aycbxxbida, Cqxdbc xhjodnyx go low holxbgay wjnw wja àywbdb{ag

aciyro jnx a~qnd ybejwx ubwj `qddr òycag jqcnl iablex$ iqw wjar gb`ày nx wo ujal wja

xoqd bx iaxwouag$ ujawjay bw bx n`way 7= oy >9= gnrx, Wja aciyro eoax wjyoqej pnyboqx

xwneax o` gapado}calw bl wja cowjay‒x qwayqx$ ujbhj nya ndd yaàyyag wo bl wja ^qynl nlgbl jngbwj, Bxdncbh o}blbol wnfax nhhoqlw o` wjaxa xwneax$ nlg wja yadbebol x}ahb`bax

gb`àyalw yqdax nhhoygble wo wja pnyboqx xwneax$ ujbhj iahoca woqejay nx wja nea o` wja

aciyro blhyanxax, Nhhoygble wo xjnybn dnu$ wja }yaelnlw cowjay jnx ybejwx ujbhj xja gbg

low jnpa iaòya xja iahnca }yaelnlw6 òy aznc}da$ xja hnl }ynr bl nlr }oxbwbol$ xja goax

low jnpa wo `nxw$ oy eo ol wja }bdeybcnea, Wja qlioyl hjbdg blxbga bwx cowjay ndxo jnx

ybejwx$ xqhj nx uad`nya nlg bljaybwnlha, Bxdnc$ wjayaòya$ goax low holxbgay wja aciyro nx

n `qdd jqcnl iable ubwj wja xnca ybejwx$ nx yaàyyag wo bl wja ^qynl$ iqw bw laagx wo ia



>8

yax}ahwag$ ndwjoqej low lahaxxnybdr }yowahwag, Yaxanyhj bx }aycbwwag ol wja àwqx `yoc

cbxhnyybnea$ }yopbgag wja cbxhnyybnea bx qlblwalwbolnd,

Ol wja xqikahw o` NYW$ Yocnl Hnwjodbhx go low neyaa wo BP@ qlgay nlr

hbyhqcxwnlhax$ nx wjar holxbgay bw qllnwqynd$ nlg wjayaòya$ qlawjbhnd, Kaux neyaa wo

àywbdb{nwbol oqwxbga wja qwayqx$ nx wjar holxbgay wjnw wja xoqd bx low ebpal qlwbd n`way 7=gnrx$ nlg ujnw azbxwx iaòya wjnw bx kqxw unway$ xo wjaya bx dbwwda holxbgaynwbol òy bw, Bl

Kqgnbxc$ jnpble n hjbdg wjyoqej BP@ bx nhha}wag$ nx dole nx wja hoq}da nya cnyybag$ iqw

lo wjbyg }nywr xjoqdg ia blpodpag$ b,a, lo x}ayc$ aee$ oy uoci, Nx òy xqy}dqx aciyrox$

wjar hnllow ia hnddag jqcnl iablex$ nlg go low jnpa wja xnca gbelbwr$ iqw wjar xjoqdg ia

yax}ahwag nlg low wyanwag wybpbnddr, Wja Bxdncbh pbau bx wjnw bw bx }aycbxxbida wo cnfa qxa

o` xqy}dqx aciyrox `yoc BP@$ nlg golnwa wjac òy yaxanyhj ubwj wja hoq}da‒x holxalw$

nlg wja jqxinlg nlg ubà xjoqdg ia blòycag o` ndd yaxanyhj hnyybag oqw ol wjaby aciyrox,

Bw bx low }aycbxxbida wo bc}dnlw xqy}dqx aciyrox bl nlowjay uocnl‒x qwayqx, Bxdncbh

az}aywx alhoqynea Cqxdblx wo golnwa aciyrox òy yaxanyhj$ ndwjoqej wjaya bx holhayl

yaenygble ayyoyx oy }yoidacx b` nl aciyro bx bc}dnlwag bl nlowjay cowjay‒x uoci$iahnqxa o` cbzag dblanea nlg bljaybwnlha, Goloyx cqxw ia }yowahwag nlg }ayxolnd gawnbdx

oiwnblag wjyoqej GLN fa}w xahyaw,

Nlowjay bc}oywnlw bxxqa bx ujawjay yaxanyhj ol xwac haddx hnl ia holxbgayag nx

nioywbol, Wjaya nya pnyrble o}blbolx ol wjbx, Wja àywbdb{ag aciyro qxag bl yaxanyhj bx

holwyoddag nw wja xwnea iaòya bc}dnlwnwbol$ iaòya wja wbca wjnw bw bx hn}nida o` dbpble nw

wja qwayqx undd$ nlg dangble wo }yaelnlhr, Wja nyeqcalw xqyyoqlgble nioywbol az}dnblag

bw nx wja xa}nynwbol iawuaal cowjay nlg inir, Xqhj n yadnwbolxjb} goax low azbxw ujal bw

hocax wo wja aciyro qxag bl xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ nx wjbx bx hnyybag oqw ol wja encawa

iaòya bc}dnlwnwbol$ xo bw bx low holxbgayag nioywbol,

Gy Ad#Ealgr holhdqgag ir dbxwble wja }yblhb}da yahoccalgnwbolx o` wja

Blwaylnwbolnd Xacblny ol Xwac hadd Yaxanyhj jadg bl Hnbyo$ 8‘1 Lopaciay 9==5, N

hoc}dawa ho}r o` wja yahoccalgnwbolx unx gbxwybiqwag wo anhj }nywbhb}nlw bl wja Az}ayw

Caawble$ nlg wjaxa òycag wja inxbx o` wja yahoccalgnwbolx algoyxag ol wja dnxw gnr o`

wja caawble,

Wja nealgn$ }yoeyncca nlg dbxw o` }nywbhb}nlwx o` wja caawble nya ebpal bl Nllazax

>$ 9 nlg 8 yax}ahwbpadr,



>0

ol wja coynd xwnwqx o` wja aciyro nlg bwx }yogqhwx$ ya`dahwble wja ubga gbpayxbwr o` coynd

hqdwqyax, Aqyo}anl Hoccbxxbol Eqbgadblax nlg Yaeqdnwbolx n}}dbag wo @]5 cqxw ia bl

holòycbwr ubwj wja Lqyaciaye Hoga *>275"$ wja Gahdnynwbol o` Jadxblfb *>207"$ wja

Iadcolw Ya}oyw *>252"$ wja Holpalwbol òy wja ]yowahwbol o` Jqcnl Ybejwx nlg

Cagbhbla *Opbago Holpalwbol >225"$ nlg wja nggbwbolnd }yowohodx wo wja Holpalwbol$ wja

QLAXHO Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol ol wja Jqcnl Ealoca nlg Jqcnl Ybejwx o` *>225"$wja Blwaylnwbolnd Gahdnynwbol ol Jqcnl Ealawbh Gnwn *9==8"$ wja Blwaylnwbolnd Awjbhnd

Eqbgadblax òy Ibocagbhnd Yaxanyhj Blpodpble Jqcnl Xqikahwx *HBOCX 9==9"$ nlg wja

QLAXHO Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol ol Iboawjbhx nlg Jqcnl Ybejwx *9==1",

Ol wja bc}oywnlw bxxqa o` }yowahwbol òy aciyro yaxanyhj$ }yowahwbol o` wja }ybpnhr

o` wja goloyx o` aciyrox òy wja hyanwbol o` xwac hadd dblax xjoqdg ia }yopbgag$ lo

`blnlhbnd blgqhacalw xjoqdg ia o`àyag$ xnpa yabciqyxacalw o` hoxwx blhqyyag *encawax"$

oy yagqhwbol o` BP@ hoxwx *Nywbhda >9$ Gbyahwbpa 9==7/98"$ lo }yaxxqya xjoqdg ia }qw ol

wja goloyx nw nlr xwnea$ nlg wja goloy‒x jandwj xjoqdg ia }yowahwag$ b,a,lo opnybnl

jr}ayxwbcqdnwbol *OJXX",

Ubwj yaenyg wo blòycnwbol nlg holxalw òy aciyro yaxanyhj$ wja Aqyo}anl

Hoccbxxbol xwnwag wjnw wjaya xjoqdg ia blòycag holxalw wo wja golnwbol o` nl aciyro

oybeblnddr }dnllag òy ya}yogqhwbol$ nlg holxalw cnr ia ubwjgynul q} wo wja xwnea o` wja

hyanwbol o` xwac haddx, Holhaylble wja xoqyha o` aciyrox òy yaxanyhj$ wjbx hnl ia NYW

xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox ujbhj jnpa low iaal wynlxàyyag$ oy ]EG *ealawbh gaàhw"

aciyrox, Aciyrox hnl ia hyanwag xodadr òy yaxanyhj }qy}oxax pbn BP@$ iqw oqwxbga wja

NYW holwazw$ nlg low ir hdolble,

Wja Aqyo}anl Hoccbxxbol xq}}oywx `qlgble o` yaxanyhj blpodpble wja qxa o` jqcnl lol#bc}dnlwag aciyrox nlg jqcnl aciyrolbh xwac haddx$ azha}w yaxanyhj

cogb`rble wja ealawbh jaybwnea o` jqcnl iablex$ eayc dbla eala wjayn}r$ oy nw ]EG eala

wjayn}r òy xbhf aciyrox$ *ndwjoqej wjaya bx wja ~qaxwbol ujawjay wja dnwway xjoqdg ia

gaxwyorag$ oy wyanwag wo ‚yaxhqa‒ wjac", Wja Hoccbxxbol ubdd low `qlg }yokahwx wjnw

blpodpa yaxanyhj nhwbpbwbax ujbhj gaxwyor jqcnl aciyrox$ blhdqgble òy wja }yohqyacalw

o` xwac haddx$ *iqw hadd ibo}xr `yoc wja bllay hadd cnxx o` idnxwohrwax cnr gaxwyor wja

aciyro"6 XHLW$ niopa ndd ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble$ *bl wja AQ$ wjayn}aqwbh hdolble bx

nddouag bl oldr òqy hoqlwybax$ Iadebqc$ X}nbl$ Xuagal$ QF"6 aciyrox hyanwag ubwj

golnwag encawax6 oy jqcnl /nlbcnd jriybgx òy ‚jqcnlb{ag xwac haddx‒ *nhha}wag bl wja

QF$ 1 Xa}w 9==5", Wja AQ *AEA" ac}jnxbxax bwx pbau wjnw wja qxa o` aciyrox òyyaxanyhj oy wo ealaynwa xwac haddx xjoqdg ia cblbcb{ag nx cqhj nx }oxxbida, Bw hnddx ol

wja Aqyo}anl Qlbol wo gapado} n}}yo}ybnwa xrxwacx wo dbcbw wja qxa o` jqcnl aciyrox wo

hnxax òy ujbhj lo ndwaylnwbpa azbxwx,

Bl holhdqxbol$ Gy Cbddba{ yabwaynwag wjnw aciyro yaxanyhj bx nl byya}dnhanida

holwybiqwoy wo jqcnl cagbhbla$ iqw bw ndxo }yaxalwx aloycoqx hjnddaleax, Bw bx jo}ag wjnw

awjbhx ubdd xaw wja dbcbwx,



>:

nw 9 colwjx$ ola rany nlg wuo ranyx, Gnwn `yoc òddou#q} jnx iaal hoddahwag `yoc wja AQ

nlg niyong$ nlg bx xwoyag bl n gnwninxa, Yaxqdwx xjou n xqy}ybxbledr jbej }ayhalwnea o`

xwbddioylx nlg laolnwnd ganwj *7,2!"$ iqw wja cbxgbneloxbx ynwa bl ]EG bx nhha}wnida nw

>!$ nlg wja cndòycnwbol ynwa o` 9‘8! jnx low blhyanxag, Eaxwnwbolnd nea nlg ibywj

uabejw nya xnwbx`nhwoyr$ nlg ]EG nlg ]EX hjbdgyal xaac jandwjr$ ndwjoqej wja lqciayx

nya xwbdd xcndd, Cqdwb}da }yaelnlhbax nya wo ia npobgag,

Blòycag holxalw bx nl bc}oywnlw `nhwoy bl ]EG, Wja ybxfx xjoqdg ia `qddr az}dnblag

wo n hoq}da$ blhdqgble wja `nhw wjnw wjbx bx n lau }yohagqya$ nlg oldr n dbcbwag lqciay o`

coxwdr jandwjr hjbdgyal jnpa iaal ioyl *&/# 1===$ ndwjoqej wja aznhw lqciay uoydgubga

bx qlfloul", Holwyod ]LG bx yahoccalgag$ nlg }yaelnlhr$ inir nlg hjbdg òddou#q} bx

wo ia holgqhwag, Bw xjoqdg ndxo ia cnga hdany wjnw n`àhwag nlg lol#ibo}xbag aciyrox ubdd

lapay ia ya}dnhag$ iqw qxag òy yaxanyhj$ cnbldr wo gaybpa xwac haddx6 xqy}dqx qln`àhwag

aciyrox nya `yo{al b` }oxxbida òy dnway qxa$ iqw wja }yaelnlhr ynwa bx dou n`way `yo{al

aciyrox wynlxày,

]yoàxxoy Dbainayx holhdqgag ir xnrble wjnw ]EG bx lou nl o}wbol$ ndolexbga ]LG$

òy hoq}dax nw ybxf o` wynlxcbwwble n ealawbh holgbwbol, Bw npobgx waycblnwbol o` }yaelnlhr$

iqw ya~qbyax BP@ ubwj n yadnwbpadr dou wnfa#joca inir ynwa, Ujoda ealoca nc}db`bhnwbol

*UEN" ubdd coxw }yoinidr `nhbdbwnwa wja npnbdnibdbwr o` ]EG bl wja `qwqya, Jouapay$ wja

awjbhnd gainwa bx xwbdd oleoble yaenygble ]EG òy dnwa olxaw holgbwbolx$ xqhj nx n gbxanxa

gapado}ble nw 8= ranyx o` nea$ iyanxw hnlhay òy aznc}da, Wjbx wr}a o` gbneloxbx bx iable

hnyybag oqw bl Iyqxxadx$ iqw wjaya bx low ealaynd neyaacalw,

9,8 Hjnddaleax o` jqcnl aciyrolbh xwac hadd yaxanyhj nlg wjayn}aqwbh hdolble

Eqbgo ]allblex$ Iboawjbhx Blxwbwqwa Ejalw$ Ejalw Qlbpayxbwr$ Iadebqc

]yoàxxoy ]allblex oqwdblag wja cnbl hjnddaleax o` jqcnl aciyrolbh xwac hadd

*jAXH" yaxanyhj$ gbpbgble wjac blwo aciyro bxxqax nlg lol#aciyro bxxqax, Wja aciyro

bxxqax hoc}ybxa wja ga`blbwbol o` nl aciyro$ hnwaeoybax o` aciyrox$ nlg kqxwb`bhnwbol o`

qxa o` aciyrox$ ujbda wja lol#aciyro bxxqax nya oohrwa golnwbol òy XHLW$ eqbgadblax

òy hdblbhnd wybndx nlg hdblbhnd n}}dbhnwbol$ nlg gbxwybiqwbpa kqxwbha,

Yaenygble wja ga`blbwbol o` nl aciyro$ wja ~qaxwbol hnl ia xqigbpbgag blwo ujawjay

wja alwbwr bx nl aciyro$ nlg ujawjay bw bx n jqcnl aciyro, Wja nlxuay ubdd ga}alg ol

wja ga`blbwbol, Bl Iadebnl dnu$ òy aznc}da$ n hadd oy hojayalw ujoda o` haddx wjnw jnx wja

}owalwbnd wo eyou blwo n jqcnl bx holxbgayag wo ia n jqcnl aciyro, Wjaya nya$ jouapay$

gb`àyalw unrx o` ga`blble nl aciyro$ ga}algble ol wja cawjog o` hyanwbol$ ujawjay ir

àywbdb{nwbol$ XHLW$ oy }nywjaloealaxbx$ oy ol wja }yaxalha o` haywnbl hjnynhwaybxwbhx oy

hn}nhbwbax$ xqhj nx }owalwbndbwr$ oy wowb}owalhr, B` wja alwbwr bx low nl aciyro$ wjaya bx lo

awjbhnd }yoidac, Aznc}dax nya alwbwbax hyanwag ir ndwayag lqhdany wynlxày *NLW"$

}nywjalowax oy hdolowax, Xbcbdnydr$ n gaàhwbpa aciyro ubdd low eyou blwo n hoc}dawa



>2

oyenl$ xo wja cnbl }yoidac bx jou wo gbxwbleqbxj nl aciyro#dbfa alwbwr `yoc n gaàhwbpa

aciyro$ xqhj nx nl nlaq}dobgbh aciyro,

Wja ~qaxwbol o` ujawjay wja alwbwr bx n jqcnl aciyro jnx wo ia nggyaxxag bl wjbx

ealaynwbol o` nlbcnd#jqcnl cbzwqyax *jriybgx$ hjbcayn", Wja }yblhb}nd bxxqa holhaylx

wja }ayhalwnea o` nlbcnd oy jqcnl ealawbh cnwaybnd ujbhj bgalwb`bax wja aciyro nxnlbcnd oy jqcnl$ nlg n `qywjay ~qaxwbol holhaylx ujawjay wja }yaxalha o` hyoxx#x}ahbax

GLN hjnleax wja coynd xwnwqx o` wja aciyro oy alwbwr, Ubwj wahjlbhnd blwaypalwbolx nlg

cogb`bhnwbolx$ wjaya bx wja }yoidac o` jou cqhj wahjlbhnd blwaypalwbol bx blhdqgag bl wja

ga`blbwbol o` nl aciyro, B` lo blwaypalwbol bx nddouag$ wjal n loycnd aciyro bl pbwyo

uoqdg low ia nl aciyro, B` ndd blwaypalwbolx nya nddouag$ wjal apayr xocnwbh hadd uoqdg

ia nl aciyro,

Nl awjbhnd indnlha jnx wo ia yanhjag$ iqw nw }yaxalw$ nlr cawjog ujbhj goax low

qxa$ gaxwyor nlg/oy hyanwa aciyrox bx holxbgayag coynddr xq}ayboy$ yaenygdaxx o` wja

}oxxbida owjay gbxngpnlwneax, Owjay yadapnlw hybwaybn wo gahbga nioqw wja lahaxxbwr o` qxble aciyrox blhdqga ujawjay bw bx wja `nxwaxw }nwj wo wjayn}r$ wja xnàxw unr$ wja coxw

hoxw#a`àhwbpa cawjog$ oy wja coxw ubgadr n}}dbhnida cawjog, Ndd wjaxa hybwaybn nya

coynddr yadapnlw nlg xjoqdg ia wnfal blwo nhhoqlw bl gahbgble ujbhj haddx wo qxa bl

yaxanyhj nlg wjayn}r, @oy aznc}da$ hdblbhnd yaxanyhj xjoqdg ia }ayòycag `byxw ol

nlbcndx$ ngqdw xwac haddx xjoqdg ia qxag }yboy wo aciyrolbh xwac haddx$ nlg yaxanyhj

aciyrox hnl oldr ia hyanwag b`$ nlg oldr b`$ wja xnca yaxqdwx hnllow ia oiwnblag ir qxble

xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox, Jouapay$ coya yaxanyhj bx laagag wo gawaycbla ujbhj wr}a o`

xwac hadd *ngqdw oy aciyrolbh" bx coxw }yocbxble wo gapado} wjayn}bax,

Holhaylble blgqhag }dqyb}owalw xwac *b]X" haddx$ wja gagb`àyalwbnwbol oyya}yoeynccble o` xocnwbh haddx wo wja dapad o` n }dqyb}owalw xwac hadd$ wja }yadbcblnwr

~qaxwbol bx ujawjay wjaxa haddx nya }dqyb}owalw oy wowb}owalw, Wjaya nya xoca xayboqx

gbxngpnlwneax ubwj yaenyg wo wjaxa haddx6 wja blxaywbol o` ealax ir canlx o` pbynd pahwoyx$

xoca wynlxhyb}wbol `nhwoyx cnr nhw nx nl olhoeala$ nlg payr dbwwda bx floul nioqw wja

hjnynhwaybxwbhx o` wjaxa haddx, Jouapay$ wjaya nya ndxo ngpnlwneax6 wja }yohagqya npobgx

wja hyanwbol nlg gaxwyqhwbol o` aciyrox$ *ndwjoqej bw bx oldr }oxxbida iahnqxa o`

floudagea oiwnblag `yoc aciyrolbh xwac hadd yaxanyhj"$ bw cnr ia wahjlbhnddr anxbay$ nlg

n coya a``bhbalw nlg }ynhwbhnd unr wo }yogqha dnyea inlfx o` }dqyb}owalw haddx,

Gb`àyalw hnwaeoybax o` aciyrox nya gbxwbleqbxjag inxag ol wuo hybwaybn$ >" pbnibdbwroy }owalwbndbwr$ nlg 9" wja ~qndbwr o` dbà o` wja `qwqya }ayxol, Wjaxa hnwaeoybax$ ujbhj

jnpa bc}dbhnwbolx òy wja coynd xwnwqx o` wja aciyro$ blhdqga n`àhwag aciyrox$ hnyybay

aciyrox$ dou ~qndbwr aciyrox$ nw ybxf aciyrox$ XHLW aciyrox *hdolowax"$

xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox$ nlg yaxanyhj aciyrox, Wjaya nya wuo cnkoy kqxwb`bhnwbolx òy

hyanwble nlg gbxhnygble aciyrox$ lncadr ya}yogqhwbol$ nlg yaxanyhj nlg wjayn}r, Wja

aciyro bl NYW bx cnbldr blxwyqcalwnddr pndqag$ abwjay wo jnpa n hjbdg$ oy wo blhyanxa



9>

Gbxhqxxbol

Hdnyb`bhnwbol unx }yopbgag yaenygble wja AQ }oxbwbol ol jAXH yaxanyhj, Wja AQ

nddoux aciyrox òy yaxanyhj }qy}oxax$ iqw bl 9=== wja Aqyo}anl Eyoq} ol Awjbhx xwnwag

wjnw wja hyanwbol o` aciyrox ir xocnwbh hadd lqhdany wynlxày òy yaxanyhj ol xwac hadd

wjayn}r uoqdg ia }yacnwqya,

Ol ]EG$ wja ~qaxwbol unx ynbxag nioqw ànyx wjnw wja }yohagqya uoqdg ia qxag òy

xaz xadahwbol$ nx wja yaxanyhj xaacx wo blgbhnwa n}}yopnd o` wjbx, Jouapay$ ujawjay wja

]EG xjoqdg ia npnbdnida ol gacnlg$ oy òy `ncbdr indnlhble$ oy oldr òy payr x}ahb`bh

hnxax$ xqhj nx npobgble xaz#dblfag gbxanxax$ nya xwbdd bxxqax òy gainwa, Bw unx ndxo ~qaybag

ujawjay ]EG npobgx waycblnwbol, Wjbx bx wja nbc o` wja }yohagqya$ iqw wjaya bx xoca ybxf

o` cbxgbneloxbx iahnqxa o` wja hoc}oxbwbol o` wja aciyrox, Wjbx ybxf$ ujbhj bx lou daxx

wjnl >!$ bx az}dnblag wo wjoxa xaafble wo qlgayeo wja }yohagqya,

N `qywjay xqikahw gbxhqxxag unx wja bcindnlha bl yaxanyhj iawuaal gapado}ag nlggapado}ble hoqlwybax$ nlg wja xodqwbol yaenygble jAXH yaxanyhj, Wja ~qaxwbol bx dblfag wo

wja aholocbh xbwqnwbol$ nlg kqxw nx ubwj wja gapado}calw o` gyqex$ nl nwwac}w xjoqdg ia

cnga wo cnfa wja ibnx nx xcndd nx }oxxbida, Wjbx hoqdg ia gola ir òhqxble ol x}ahb`bh

gbxanxax bl gapado}ble hoqlwybax, Bw cnr ia n }yoidac o` edoind kqxwbha$ nlg }ayjn}x

blwaylnwbolnd `qlgble hoqdg ia xwyancdblag òy haywnbl gbxanxax, Wja xnca n}}dbax wo xwac

hadd inlfble$ nlg xwa}x xjoqdg ia wnfal lou wo alxqya wjnw$ nx uadd nx wja Uaxw$ coya

}ao}da `yoc gapado}ble hoqlwybax$ nlg ax}ahbnddr `yoc }ooy hoqlwybax$ nya blhdqgag, Wja

}yohaxx bx kqxwb`bag ir yaàyyble wo wja jqlgyagx o` cbddbolx ujo ubdd iala`bw,

8, DAEND$ AWJBHND NLG YADBEBOQX XWNWQX8,> Blwaylnwbolnd nlg yaebolnd daebxdnwbol nlg eqbgadblax ol jqcnl aciyro

yaxanyhj

Iaylnyg Gbhfalx$ @nhqdwr o` Dnu$ Woyolwo Qlbpayxbwr$ Hnlngn

Gy Gbhfalx xwnwag wjnw ubwj yaenyg wo blwaylnwbolnd nlg yaebolnd daebxdnwbol ol

ya}yogqhwbpa yaxanyhj$ wja blwaylnwbolnd òhqx bx }yblhb}nddr `yoc Uaxwayl Aqyo}a$ Loywj

Ncaybhn *QXN$ Hnlngn nlg Cazbho"$ nlg Nxbn *Hjbln$ Kn}nl$ Blgbn nlg Xoqwj Foyan",

@yoc wja blòycnwbol oiwnblag `yoc wjaxa hoqlwybax$ bw bx }oxxbida wo gbxwbleqbxj wjyaa

cogadx$ cnblxwyanc$ }yoeyaxxbpa nlg }yojbibwbpa, Wja cnblxwyanc cogad òddouag bluaxwayl hoqlwybax nddoux yaxanyhj ol azbxwble xwac hadd dblax nlg xqy}dqx BP@ aciyrox,

Wja }yoeyaxxbpa cogad nx uadd nx nddouble yaxanyhj ol azbxwble xwac hadd dblax$ nlg

xqy}dqx BP@ aciyrox$ ndxo }aycbwx wja hyanwbol o` aciyrox òy yaxanyhj$ nlg wjayn}aqwbh

hdolble, Wja }yojbibwbpa cogad òyibgx ndd xhbalwb`bh aciyro yaxanyhj$ iqw }aycbwx xoca

yaxanyhj wo nggyaxx }yoidacx o` blàywbdbwr bl n hoq}da$ xqhj nx hjyolbh x}olwnlaoqx

nioywbol,



99

Yaàyyble wo daebxdnwbol bl owjay yaebolx nyoqlg wja uoydg$ Gy Gbhfalx calwbolag

wjnw wja xbwqnwbol bl wja Nyni Xwnwax uoqdg ia hopayag dnway bl wja caawble bl wja

}yaxalwnwbol ol wja QLAXHO xqypar wo ia }yaxalwag ir Gy Cnegb Xjajnwn nlg Oybo

Bfaia, Bl Halwynd nlg Xoqwj Ncaybhn wjaya bx lo yand daebxdnwbol$ azha}w bl Iyn{bd$ ujbhj

òddoux wja Aqyo}anl cnblxwyanc cogad, Bl xqi#Xnjnynl N`ybhn$ oldr Xoqwj N`ybhn jnx

daebxdnwbol$ ujbhj òddoux wja QF bl wja coya }yoeyaxxbpa cogad, Bl Halwynd Nxbn$Yqxxbnl wayybwoybax òddou wja }yoeyaxxbpa cogad$ ujbda Qfynbla òddoux wja cnblxwyanc

cogad o` coxw Aqyo}anl hoqlwybax,

Daebxdnwbpa nlndrxbx xjoux wjnw wjaya bx ndcoxw qlbpayxnd neyaacalw ol wja

}yojbibwbol o` ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble o` jqcnl iablex$ òy n pnybawr o` coynd$ awjbhnd nlg

yadbeboqx yanxolx$ blhdqgble wja xhbalwb`bh inxbx wjnw dnyeay hdolag nlbcndx go low xqypbpa

dole$ iqw gba anydr o` nea#yadnwag gbxoygayx$ wjqx cnfble wja }yohagqya qlnhha}wnida nw

jqcnl dapad$ nx bw bx qlxnà, Hoqlwybax òddouble wja cnblxwyanc cogad$ wjnw yaxanyhj bx

nddouag ol azbxwble xwac hadd dblax nlg xqy}dqx BP@ aciyrox$ nya bl ubga neyaacalw,

Wjaxa blhdqga nioqw wualwr Aqyo}anl hoqlwybax$ cnlr QX Xwnwax$ Hnlngn$ Yqxxbn$ Hjbln$Kn}nl$ Blgbn$ Xoqwj Foyan$ Xblen}oya$ nlg Nqxwyndbn, ]yojbibwbolx nya$ nx az}ahwag$ gqa wo

n xwyole Yocnl Hnwjodbh bl`dqalha bl hoqlwybax xqhj nx Byadnlg$ Bwndr$ ]odnlg$ Xdopnfbn$

nlg `bpa QX Xwnwax$ iqw wja bxxqa bx qlgay lnwbolnd yapbau bl Loyunr, Hdolble o` aciyrox

òy lol#ya}yogqhwbpa qxax$ wjayn}aqwbh hdolble nlg jqcnl/nlbcnd hjbcayn yaxanyhj$ nya

x}anyjangag ir Iybwnbl$ ubwj n lqciay o` owjay hoqlwybax nhyoxx wja uoydg bl xoca

neyaacalw ol wjaxa wahjlb~qax,

Yaenygble blwaylnwbolnd eqbgadblax x}ahb`bh wo jAXH yaxanyhj$ wjaya nya xapaynd

xwa}x$ blhdqgble wja Uoydg Cagbhnd Nxxohbnwbol Gahdnynwbol o` Jadxblfb *>207"$ wja

Hoqlhbd òy Blwaylnwbolnd Oyenlb{nwbolx o` Cagbhnd Xhbalhax *HBOCX" BlwaylnwbolndEqbgadblax òy Ibocagbhnd Yaxanyhj blpodpble Jqcnl Xqikahwx *9==9"$ nlg wja BOCX

yahoccalgnwbolx *9==5", Eqbgadblax hoccoldr ya~qbya nl blga}algalw cagbhnd

nxxaxxcalw o` yaxanyhj }yo}oxndx, Xoca lnwbolnd eqbgadblax ol jAXH yaxanyhj nya payr

bl`dqalwbnd blwaylnwbolnddr, N }bolaayble aznc}da bx wja Hoga o` ]ynhwbha o` wja QF

Jqcnl @aywbdb{nwbol nlg Aciyrodoer Nqwjoybwr$ wja daebxdnwbol yaenygble ujbhj bx

hqyyalwdr iable yapbxag, Bl wja QXN$ wja Lnwbolnd Nhngacr o` Xhbalhax bxxqag Eqbgadblax

òy Jqcnl Aciyrolbh Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj bl 9==1$ ubwj ncalgcalw bl 9==5, Gynuble

ol wjaxa xoqyhax ncole owjayx$ n gbxwbleqbxjag cqdwbgbxhb}dblnyr Wnxf @oyha o` wja

Blwaylnwbolnd Xohbawr òy Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj *BXXHY" }qidbxjag Eqbgadblax òy wja

Holgqhw o` Jqcnl Aciyrolbh Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj bl Gahaciay 9==0,

Wja BXXHY Eqbgadblax nbc low wo hopay ealaynd nyanx o` awjbhx yapbau o` yaxanyhj

ndyangr nggyaxxag ir xqhj gohqcalwx nx wja Gahdnynwbol o` Jadxblfb nlg wja HBOCX

Eqbgadblax$ iqw wo òhqx ol jAXH yaxanyhj$ nlg bgalwb`r nhwbpbwbax wjnw ya~qbya nggbwbolnd

opayxbejw ir n Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj Opayxbejw *XHYO" hoccbwwaa, Wo xnpa yaxanyhjayx

jnpble wo n}}any iaòya xapaynd awjbhx yapbau hoccbwwaax$ wja BXXHY Eqbgadblax nddou n

xbleda xqbwnidr hoc}oxag hoc}yajalxbpa hoccbwwaa wo hocibla iowj wja ealaynd awjbhx



98

yapbau `qlhwbol qlgay }yblhb}dax xaw oqw$ òy blxwnlha$ bl wja Gahdnynwbol o` Jadxblfb nlg

wja HBOCX Eqbgadblax$ nlg wja XHYO `qlhwbol qlgay wja BXXHY Eqbgadblax,

Ncole wja far wo}bhx nggyaxxag ir wja BXXHY Eqbgadblax wjnw nc}db`r coya

ealaynd bxxqax bl yaxanyhj awjbhx nya `yaa holxalw o` goloyx o` x}ayc$ opn$ aciyrox nlg

xocnwbh haddx6 gbxhdoxqyax wo alxqya wjnw xqhj holxalw bx nga~qnwadr blòycag6 }ybpnhr nlghol`bgalwbndbwr o` goloyx6 }nrcalwx$ b` nlr$ wo goloyx$ nlg qlgqa blgqhacalwx6 ngjayalha

wo dohnd dnu$ òy blxwnlha ol hn}nhbwr wo holxalw6 nlg hol`dbhw o` blwayaxw ir blòycnwbol#

}yopbgayx,

Xoca o` wja wo}bhx coya }nywbhqdnydr yadnwag wo jAX hadd yaxanyhj blhdqga }yojbibwbol

o` jqcnl ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble$ ol xnàwr eyoqlgx6 blwaylnwbolnd hoddnioynwbol nlg

cnlneacalw o` bxxqax holhaylble oulayxjb} nlg hqxwogbnlxjb} o` blwaddahwqnd }yo}aywr6

}yaxaypnwbol o` lol#hoccayhbnd yaxanyhj hoccqlbwr nhhaxx wo cnwaybndx bl neyaacalwx

ubwj hoccayhbnd alwbwbax6 xqicbxxbol o` nlr gaybpag xwac hadd dblax wo lnwbolnd oy

blwaylnwbolnd ga}oxbwoybax wjnw nddou o}al gbxwybiqwbol6 alxqyble aciyrox nya lowgapado}ag iarolg >7 gnrx‒ eyouwj oy }ybcbwbpa xwyanf òycnwbol$ ujbhjapay bx `byxw6

gbxhdoxqya wo goloyx o` yaxanyhjayx‒ nlg/oy wjaby blxwbwqwbolx‒ hoccayhbnd blwayaxwx$ nhwqnd

nlg/ oy }owalwbnd6 hopayble hoxwx o` cagbhnd hnya ya~qbyag nx n yaxqdw o` golnwbol o`

cnwaybndx òy yaxanyhj6 }nrcalwx wo blàywbdbwr hdblbhx oy owjayx oiwnblble holxalw oy

hoddahwble cnwaybndx òy yaxanyhj6 nlg gacolxwynwbol o` n}}yo}ybnwa az}aywbxa oy wynblble

iaòya nwwac}wble wo gaybpa lau jqcnl xwac hadd dblax, Ubwj yaenyg wo wynblble$ wja

~qaxwbol nybxax nx wo ujawjay bw bx }aycbxxbida òy blpaxwbenwoyx wo eo wo owjay hoqlwybax wo

qlgaywnfa yaxanyhj$ ujbhj bx òyibggal bl wjaby oul hoqlwyr,

Aznc}dax o` yaxanyhj }nywbhqdnydr ya~qbyble XHYO yapbau blhdqga yaxanyhjblpodpble wja gaybpnwbol o` lau jqcnl }dqyb}owalw hadd dblax6 hdblbhnd yaxanyhj bl ujbhj

haddx o` wowb}owalw oy }dqyb}owalw jqcnl oybebl nya wynlx}dnlwag bl dbpble jqcnl xqikahwx6

yaxanyhj wjnw ealaynwax hjbcaybh nlbcndx qxble jqcnl haddx$ nlg yaxanyhj blpodpble

}nrcalwx wo goloyx o` yaxanyhj cnwaybndx,

Wja BXXHY alhoqyneax axwnidbxjcalw o` lnwbolnd nlg blwaylnwbolnd ya}oxbwoybax o`

xwac hadd dblax, Ncole owjay nhwbpbwbax$ wja Eqbgadblax jnpa }yopbxbolx ol yapbauble nlg

nhha}wble ga}oxbw n}}dbhnwbolx6 hjnynhwayb{ble hadd dblax6 ~qndbwr nxxqynlha nlg ~qndbwr

holwyod o` }yohagqyax6 uaixbwa cnblwalnlha ubwj gnwn ol nlg npnbdnibdbwr o` jAX hadd

dblax6 nlg gbxwybiqwble nlg wynhfble gbxwybiqwbol o` hadd dblax,

Gy Gbhfalx lowag bl holhdqxbol wjnw wja BXXHY Eqbgadblax go low hopay

gapado}calw o` wr}ax o` àwnd xwac haddx$ ujbhj ynbxax x}ahbnd bxxqax o` }yohqyacalw,

@qwqya yapbxbolx o` wja Eqbgadblax cnr nggyaxx wjbx nyan, Bl Nqeqxw 9==5 wja BXXHY

Awjbhx Hoccbwwaa }yo}oxag Awjbhnd Xwnlgnygx òy Jqcnl#wo#Nlbcnd Hjbcayn

Az}aybcalwx bl Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj *Hadd Xwac Hadd *9==5" >; >12#>08",



97

8,9 Wja awjbhx nlg }odbhr o` xwac hadd yaxanyhj

Iollba Xwabliohf$ Qlbpayxbwr nw Ndinlr$ Lau Royf Xwnwa$ QXN

]yoàxxoy Xwabliohf o}alag jay }yaxalwnwbol ir hoccalwble wjnw wjaya nya wuo

yadnwag ~qaxwbolx ubwj yaenyg wo xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ ujbhj nya `ncbdbny `yoc wja nioywbolgainwa$ ga`blble wja coynd xwnwqx o` wja aciyro$ nlg gahbgble nw ujnw }oblw bl

gapado}calw wja jqcnl oyenlbxc iaeblx wo azbxw, Wja cowbpnwbol òy goble jAXH

yaxanyhj bx wja }owalwbnd òy yagqhble jqcnl xq`àyble$ nlg }yodoleble jqcnl dbpax$ iqw nw

wja xnca wbca$ nw }yaxalw$ wja }yohaxx o` gaybpble xwac haddx fbddx wja aciyro, Wjaya jnpa

iaal n lqciay o` nwwac}wx wo xbgaxwa} wja coynd bxxqa$ òy aznc}da$ ir qxble ngqdw xwac

haddx$ low aciyrolbh olax, Jouapay$ coxw xhbalwbxwx iadbapa wjnw aciyrolbh xwac haddx nya

coya a`àhwbpa$ xo bw bx bc}aynwbpa wo holwblqa goble jAXH yaxanyhj, Nlowjay }oxxbibdbwr bx

wo `blg n unr wo gaybpa jqcnl }dqyb}owalw haddx ubwjoqw fbddble jqcnl aciyrox$ nlg n

lqciay o` }yo}oxndx jnpa iaal cnga$ iqw ndd o` wjac jnpa iowj wahjlbhnd nlg awjbhnd

gb``bhqdwbax,

Wjyaa pbaux nya jadg ol wja coynd xwnwqx o` wja jqcnl aciyro, @byxwdr$ wjnw bw jnx

`qdd coynd xwnwqx$ nlg bx alwbwdag wo ndd wja ybejwx nlg }yowahwbol o` nlr owjay jqcnl

xqikahw, Wjbx ebpax ybxa wo wja `qywjay ~qaxwbol o` wja }oblw nw ujbhj wjaya bx n jqcnl

oyenlbxc, Wja coxw holxaypnwbpa pbau$ jadg }nywbhqdnydr ir wja Yocnl Hnwjodbh Hjqyhj$

bx nw holha}wbol$ ujbhj jnx xayboqx bc}dbhnwbolx òy xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ nx bw yqdax oqw

nlrwjble wjnw fbddx oy jnycx nl aciyro$ apal bl bwx anydbaxw xwneax, Owjayx }qw wja

iaebllble o` n qlb~qa oyenlbxc nw bc}dnlwnwbol$ ujbhj uoqdg$ wjayaòya$ nddou òy

aciyro yaxanyhj,

Wja xaholg pbau jodgx wjnw nl aciyro jnx lo coynd xwnwqx$ iqw bx coynddr dbfa nlr

owjay hadd bl wja jqcnl iogr, ]yoàxxoy Xwabliohf holxbgayx$ jouapay$ ndole ubwj n

lqciay o` owjay }jbdoxo}jayx$ wjnw n inxadbla holgbwbol òy jnpble coynd xwnwqx bx

xalwbalha$ ga`blag lnyyoudr nx wja hn}nhbwr wo àad }nbl nlg }danxqya$ oy coya iyongdr$ nx

wja nibdbwr wo àad oy az}aybalha nlrwjble, Wjbx pbau cnfax xoca fblg o` nunyalaxx

lahaxxnyr òy coynd xwnwqx, Idnxwohrxwx nya lo coya xalwbalw wjnl n x}ayc oy nl opqc$ nx

wjar jnpa lo laypoqx xrxwac nw ndd, Wja }yahqyxoy wo wja laypoqx xrxwac$ wja }ybcbwbpa

xwyanf$ goax low gapado} qlwbd nioqw >7 gnrx n`way àywbdb{nwbol$ dole n`way wja idnxwohrxw

xwnea,

Wja wjbyg pbau bx n hoc}yocbxa iawuaal wja `byxw wuo, Bw nhfloudageax wjnw wja

gapado}ble jqcnl aciyro bx low n }ayxol$ raw bw goax jnpa coynd bc}oywnlha$ xo bx

alwbwdag wo x}ahbnd yax}ahw$ ujbhj xjoqdg ia az}dnblag,

Ola }oxxbida inxbx bx yax}ahw òy }ao}da‒x coynd nlg yadbeboqx iadba`x$ ndwjoqej wjbx

goax low hoccbw owjayx wo eo ndole ubwj wjaby pbaux, Nlowjay inxbx òy yax}ahw òy

aciyrox bx wjnw wjar nya }owalwbnd jqcnl iablex, Jouapay$ wja bxxqa o` }owalwbndbwr ynbxax



91

xapaynd ~qaxwbolx, @oy aznc}da$ wja aciyro hyanwag ir BP@ ya~qbyax nhwbpa blwaypalwbol wo

yanhj ujnw hoqdg ia holxbgayag }owalwbnd dbà$ nx b` da`w qlwoqhjag$ bw ubdd gba, Jouapay$ b`

}owalwbndbwr bx n lahaxxnyr holgbwbol o` yax}ahw$ wjal oldr pbnida aciyrox wjnw hoqdg

gapado} blwo jqcnl iablex uoqdg ia alwbwdag wo yax}ahw, Nlowjay }oxxbibdbwr bx wja

xrciodbh pndqa o` wja aciyro nx n òyc o` jqcnl dbà$ nx wjbx ya}yaxalwx holhayl òy dbà

ealaynddr$ nlg jqcnl dbà bl }nywbhqdnydr, Wjbx bx n qlbpayxnddr jadg pbau$ iqw bw bxlahaxxnyr wo gbxwbleqbxj iawuaal yax}ahw òy jqcnlx nlg yax}ahw òy aciyrox,

Fnlwbnl yax}ahw$ yax}ahw òy }ayxolx$ bx bln}}dbhnida wo aciyrox nx wjar nya lol#

xalwbalw, Ol wja owjay jnlg$ Fnlwbnl yax}ahw bx low wja oldr fblg o` yax}ahw$ nlg lol#

}ayxolx hnl ia yax}ahw#uoywjr, @oy aznc}da$ coyndbwr ya~qbyax wjnw wja gang nya gbx}oxag

o` yax}ahw`qddr$ ubwj wja }yo}ay ybwqndx$ iqw nw wja xnca wbca$ yax}ahw òy wja gang goax low

yqda oqw nqwo}xbax$ oy wja qxa o` hngnpayx bl cagbhnd xhjood, Gang iogbax nya ouag

yax}ahw iahnqxa wjar nya wja yacnblx o` n olha#dbpble jqcnl oyenlbxc$ nlg xrciodb{a wja

jqcnl }ayxol ujo bx lo coya, Jqcnl aciyrox gaxaypa yax}ahw òy xbcbdny yanxolx,

Xoca o` wjac jnpa wja }owalwbnd wo gapado} blwo }ayxolx$ iqw apal wjoxa wjnw go low jnpawjnw }owalwbnd hnl ia xaal nx n xrciod o` jqcnl dbà$ ujbhj bx uoywjr o` yax}ahw bl ndd bwx

xwneax,

Ubwj yaenyg wo ujnw yax}ahw òy aciyrox alwnbdx$ b` wjar uaya }ayxolx nlg alwbwdag wo

Fnlwbnl yax}ahw$ wjar hoqdg low ia qxag$ apal bl yaxanyhj }yopal wo xnpa nlg bc}yopa

dbpax, Lol#Fnlwbnl yax}ahw$ jouapay$ goax low yqda oqw aciyro yaxanyhj$ iqw bw goax

azhdqga `ybpodoqx oy wybpbnd qxax$ xqhj nx òy hoxcawbhx$ oy bl n jbej xhjood ibodoer hdnxx,

Yax}ahw òy jqcnl dbà bl ealaynd goax low yqda oqw xbelb`bhnlw yaxanyhj wjnw hoqdg hqya

gapnxwnwble gbxanxax$ oy xnpa dbpax$ ~qbwa wja holwynyr,

Bl holhdqxbol$ Gy Xwabliohf calwbolag wuo yacnblble awjbhnd bxxqax$ ujawjay aee

goloyx xjoqdg ia }nbg$ nlg ujawjay wjaya xjoqdg ia gb`àyalwbnwbol iawuaal xqy}dqx

aciyrox nlg wjoxa hyanwag x}ahbnddr òy yaxanyhj }qy}oxax, Ubwj yaenyg wo wja `byxw

~qaxwbol$ xoca nya o` wja o}blbol wjnw goloyx xjoqdg ia }nbg b` wja aeex nya òy

ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax$ iqw xjoqdg low ia }nbg b` wjar nya òy yaxanyhj, Bw bx jnyg wo xaa wja

ynwbolnda òy wjbx o}blbol$ nx uocal eo wjyoqej xoca }nbl$ blholpalbalha nlg ybxf$

ujawjay wja aeex nya òy ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax oy yaxanyhj, Ol wja ~qaxwbol o` xqy}dqx oy

hyanwag aciyrox$ wja xnca doebh xjoqdg n}}dr, Wjaya nya xqy}dqx aciyrox `yoc BP@$

iahnqxa coya nya hyanwag wo ebpa wja hoq}da nlowjay hjnlha nw }yaelnlhr b` wja `byxw yoqlg

goax low uoyf, Wjayaòya$ wja coynddr pndqnida eond o` jad}ble blàywbda }ao}da wo jnpahjbdgyal$ kqxwb`bax gaxwyorble aciyrox bl BP@, B` wja gaxwyqhwbol o` aciyrox bx kqxwb`bag bl

ola hnxa$ bw bx kqxwb`bag bl wja owjay$ xo wjaya bx lo coynd gbxwblhwbol iawuaal xqy}dqx nlg

hyanwag aciyrox, Xwac hadd yaxanyhj bx pbwnd òy hyanwble nlg xnpble `qwqya dbà$ nlg iowj

ya}yogqhwbol nlg yaxanyhj nya pndqnida }yokahwx, Labwjay bx n wybpbnd oy `ybpodoqx alway}ybxa

wjnw holwynpalax wja }yblhb}da o` yax}ahw òy aciyrox nx n òyc o` jqcnl dbà,



90

8,8 Bxdncbh pbaux ol wja jqcnl aciyro

Gy Cojncag Yn‒n`nw Owjcnl$ Az#Ganl$ @nhqdwr o` Xjnybn nlg Dnu$ Nbl

Xjncx Qlbpayxbwr$ Hnbyo

Gy Owjcnl iaenl jbx }yaxalwnwbol ubwj wja xhbalwb`bh ga`blbwbol o` xwac haddx$xwyaxxble wjnw wjaxa$ nlg wja z nlg r#hjyocoxocax wjnw gawaycbla wja xaz o` nl aciyro$

nya ndd hyanwag ir wja ubdd o` Eog, Jqcnl iablex nya gbelb`bag ir Eog$ nlg nx bw xwnwax bl

wja ^qynl$ wjar nya xq}ayboy wo ndd owjay hyanwqyax *Xqyn ‚Ad#Axynn‒$ payxa 5=", Cqxdbc

xhjodnyx az}dnblag wjbx nx canlble wjnw Eog oyenlb{ag wja ujoda uoydg nlg apayrwjble bl

bw òy wja xaypbha nlg iala`bw o` jqcnlbwr *Xqyn ‚Wja Hou‒ payxa 92", Xoca holxbgay wjnw

wjbx bx iahnqxa o` wja jqcnl cblg nlg floudagea$ oy iahnqxa o` jqcnl iablex‒ cbxxbol

ol anywj, Gy Owjcnl ~qowag xapaynd Bxdncbh xhjodnyx ol jqcnl gbelbwr$ hoccalwble wjnw

bw bx low anxr wo hoc}dawadr ga`bla bw, Wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol o` Jqcnl Ybejwx *>=

Gahaciay >27:" xwnwag bl Hdnqxa >$ —Ndd blgbpbgqndx nya ioyl `yaa$ nlg a~qnd bl gbelbwr

nlg ybejwx$– iqw wja Gahdnynwbol gbg low ga`bla wja uoyg ‚gbelbwr‒, Wja wayc bx ndxo lowhdany bl holxwbwqwbolx dnbg goul ir gb`àyalw xwnwax bl wja dnxw àu gahngax, Wjaya unx lo

Bxdncbh ga`blbwbol bl wja }nxw$ iqw nlr az}dnlnwbol unx oldr yadnwag wo xjouble jou Eog

cnga cnl xq}ayboy$ iqw ubwj lo hdnyb`bhnwbol, Ja ndxo yaàyyag wo wja Eaycnl }jbdoxo}jay$

Fnlw$ ujo }yo}oxag wjnw nx wja aciyro jnx lo gqwbax oy ybejwx wo bwxad` oy owjayx$ wja

~qaxwbol o` gbelbwr goax low n}}dr, Wjbx bxxqa nlg owjay yadapnlw ~qaxwbolx uaya gbxhqxxag

bl wja BOCX Xacblny ol Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj$ jadg bl Hnbyo$ 8#1 Lopaciay 9==5,

Gy Owjcnl jbcxad` ga`blax gbelbwr nx n hjnynhwaybxwbh$ ujbhj blgbhnwax wjnw n }ayxol

xjoqdg ia wyanwag ubwj yax}ahw, Wja Nynibh uoyg òy ‚gbelbwr‒ *fnyncn" hnl ndxo canl

xocawjble }yahboqx oy ynya$ nlg wja wayc hnl$ òy aznc}da$ ia qxag ubwj yaenyg wo

}yahboqx xwolax, Wo n}}dr wjbx holha}w wo aciyrox$ wjar jnpa wo ia ebpal gbelbwr$ xo

xjoqdg low ia wyanwag bl n jqcbdbnwble unr, Jouapay$ wja ~qaxwbol nybxax ujawjay yaxanyhj

hol`dbhwx ubwj wja gbelbwr ebpal ir Eog, Xoca Hjybxwbnl xhjodnyx$ }nywbhqdnydr Yocnl

Hnwjodbhx$ jodg wjbx pbau$ iadbapble wjnw wja àywbdb{ag hadd jnx jqcnl hjnynhwaybxwbhx$ nlg

bx wjayaòya nl blgbpbgqnd, Wjar holxbgay wjnw ujal jqcnl hjnynhwaybxwbhx nya }yaxalw$ wja

xoqd ubdd ia ndxo$ xo wja alwbwr cqxw ia wyanwag ubwj gbelbwr, Gy Owjcnl bx o` wja o}blbol

wjnw wjbx holha}w bx payr azwyaca$ nlg ja hoc}nyag wja aciyro ubwj n gnwa xwola oy odbpa

}b}$ ujbhj hnllow ia wyanwag nx n `qdd }dnlw, Wja xnca n}}dbax wo wja aciyro$ ujbhj

hnllow ia wyanwag nx n `qddr gapado}ag jqcnl iable ubwj xalxax$ iqw bx coya dbfa }dnlw

dbà$ oy }yadbcblnyr dbà, Wjayaòya$ n indnlha xjoqdg ia xwyqhf iawuaal yaxanyhj ol

aciyrox$ ujbhj hnl jad} cbddbolx xq`àyble `yoc xayboqx gbxanxax$ nlg haddx ujbhj jnpa

lo àadble,

Bw bx iadbapag wjnw jqcnl dbà goax low alway wja aciyro qlwbd n`way >9= gnrx `yoc

holha}wbol$ nx bx hdany bl ola o` wja jngbwj o` ]yo}jaw Cojncag$ ujbhj unx lnyynwag ir

Coxdac$ ola o` wja gbxhb}dax o` wja ]yo}jaw$ bl wja ‚Ioof o` @nwa‒$ *Fbwni ad#Fngby "$ xo

wja dbà o` xwac haddx nlg }ao}da‒x xq`àyble cqxw ia wnfal blwo holxbgaynwbol, Xwac haddx



95

cqxw ia wyanwag nx nl aciyro$ iqw oldr bl wja cawn}joybhnd xalxa, Wja dnioynwoyr xjoqdg

ia holxbgayag dbfa wja cowjay‒x qwayqx$ xo wjnw wjbx holha}w hnl xq}}oyw ola o` wja Bxdncbh

o}blbolx yaenygble nioywbol, Nl aciyro hnl ia nioywag nw gb`àyalw }aybogx o` wbca

gqyble anydr }yaelnlhr$ ndwjoqej Cqxdbc xhjodnyx go low ndd neyaa nioqw wjbx, Ujal

xhbalwbxwx neyaag wo inl nioywbol ujal wja aciyro bx >9= gnrx odg iahnqxa bw ubdd wjal

jnpa jqcnl dbà$ bw bx uadd floul wjnw xhbalha hnllow gbxhopay wjbx dbà$ ujbhj bx gb`àyalw`yoc wja xoqd$ nlg lo iynlhj o` xhbalha hnl xjou ujal wjbx bx ebpal, ]yo}jaw Cojncag

xwnwag wjnw wja aciyro bx nl blgbpbgqnd olha bw bx alxoqdag, Xoca Jnln`b nlg Xjnàb

xhjodnyx inl nioywbol$ ujbda owjayx nddou bw b` wjaya bx n eoog yanxol$ òy aznc}da$ b` n

uocnl hnl oldr ebpa ibywj ir hnaxnyanl xahwbol$ nlg `qywjay xqhj ibywjx uoqdg algnleay

jay dbà *‚Wja @oowlowax *jnxjarn" o` Bil Nigaal‒$ pod, 9$ },8:=6 ‚Wja @oowlowax o` Ad#

Encad‒$ pod, 1$ }, 82=", Ndwjoqej nioywbol bx òyibggal$ b` n uocnl nioywx jayxad`$ wjbx bx

low holxbgayag n xbl, Ola payr }yocblalw o}blbol xwnwax wjnw nioywbol bx low nddouag n`way

>9= gnrx$ iqw iaòya wjbx bw bx }aycbwwag$ b` bw jn}}alx iaòya 7= gnrx `yoc àywbdb{nwbol,

Ol wja ~qaxwbol o` ujawjay nl opqc hnl ia àywbdb{ag `yoc wja jqxinlg‒x x}ayc òywja }qy}oxa o` xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ wjbx bx nddouag qlgay haywnbl holgbwbolx, Wja

az}aybcalwx xjoqdg ia holgqhwag ir nw danxw wuo uadd#yax}ahwag nlg jolaxw xhbalwbxwx$ bl

oygay wo cblbcbxa cbxwnfax iahnqxa o` Bxdncbh yqdax ol dblanea6 wja aciyro xjoqdg low

dbpa coya wjnl >7 gnrx$ nx n`way wjnw wja }ybcbwbpa xwyanf nlg wjal wja laypoqx xrxwac bx

òycag6 wja aciyro xjoqdg low ia bc}dnlwag bl nlowjay uocnl, Wjaxa holgbwbolx hnl

ndxo n}}dr wo xqy}dqx aciyrox `yoc BP@,

Gbxhqxxbol

]yoàxxoy Jnbwjnc Fjnrnw$ Xalboy ]odbhr Ngpbxay wo wja Yaebolnd Gbyahwoy$UJO/ACYO$ iaenl wja gbxhqxxbol ir hoccalwble ol Gy Owjcnl‒x }yaxalwnwbol$

yaàyyble wo }nxxneax bl wja ^qynl$ jngbwj$ nlg o}blbolx o` Bxdncbh xhjodnyx, Wjaxa

aznc}dax o` Bxdncbh wjoqejw yablòyhag wja o}blbol wjnw wja aciyro goax low jnpa wja

gbelbwr o` n jqcnl iable òy wja `byxw 7= gnrx o` azbxwalha$ iaòya wja xoqd bx ebpal, Wjbx

holha}w bx ga`blag nx ujal wja aciyro bx bl wja uoci o` wja cowjay$ xo ujal bw bx

oqwxbga wja uoci$ bw bx low n holha}wqx, Wjayaòya$ xqhj aciyrox òycag oqwxbga wja

uoci hnl ia cnga òy yaxanyhj$ nlg wo hyanwa xwac haddx òy wyanwcalwx$ ol holgbwbol wjnw

wjar ubdd low ia }qw blwo wja uoci, Ndcbejwr Eog floux iawway wjnl qx,

@qywjay hoccalwx ol wja xwnlg o` Bxdncbh xjnybn yaenygble cagbhnddr nxxbxwagholha}wbol uaya cnga ir Xjabfj Ndb Jnxjbc Ndxnyne$ Gbyahwoy$ Xnyne Oyenlb{nwbol$

Fjnywoqc$ Xqgnl, Ja iaenl ir xwyaxxble wjnw Bxdncbh xjnybn nlg `b~j xq}}oyw ndd bxxqax

wjnw iala`bw wja jqcnl iable$ iqw xhbalwb`bh }yoeyaxx cqxw ngjaya wo awjbhnd nlg yadbeboqx

pndqax, Nhhoygble wo xjnybn$ }yohyanwbol cqxw ohhqy ubwjbl wja iolgx o` cnwybcolr$

ujaya cnyybnea bx n holwynhw iawuaal n cnl nlg n uocnl, B` n wjbyg }nywr bx blpodpag bl

}yohyanwbol$ wjal wja }yohyanwbol bx pbwbnwag, Wjayaòya$ wja wodaynlw Jnln`b xhjood$ òy



9:

aznc}da$ nqwjoyb{ax BP@ wo wyanw blàywbdbwr qlgay wja òddouble holgbwbolx6 wja nywb`bhbnd

àywbdb{nwbol nlg bc}dnlwnwbol nya }ayòycag ubwj wja iolgx o` cnwybcolr$ nlg x}oqxax

nya low xa}nynwag ir gbpoyha oy ganwj6 wja x}ayc bx wjnw o` wja jqxinlg$ nlg wja opqc wo

ia àywbdb{ag bx wjnw o` wja ubà6 wja {reowa bl wja ubà%x qwayqx bx àywbdb{ag ir jay jqxinlg,

Wjaxa holgbwbolx nya wo alxqya wja holwblqnwbol o` n jnycolboqx `ncbdr alpbyolcalw$ `yaa

o` wja hoc}dbhnwbolx wjnw qxqnddr gbxwqyi wjoxa ujo nya galbag }yoealr$ wja ngoylcalw o` dbà,

Wja xqikahw o` jAXH yaxanyhj bl wja QXN unx gbxhqxxag$ ubwj yaenyg wo wja

gb`àyalha bl yaxanyhj holgqhwag ir wja }qidbh nlg wja }ybpnwa xahwoy, Ol Nqeqxw 2$ 9==>$

wja QX ngcblbxwynwbol bxxqag bwx }odbhr xwnwacalw ol aciyrolbh xwac hadd yaxanyhj$ xwnwble

wjnw àgaynd `qlgble hoqdg ia qxag oldr òy yaxanyhj ol azbxwble aciyrolbh xwac hadd dblax

qlgay haywnbl eqbgadblax, @byxw wja xwac haddx jng wo ia gaybpag `yoc nl aciyro wjnw unx

hyanwag òy ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax$ nlg unx lo doleay laagag6 xaholg$ blòycag holxalw

unx ya~qbyag òy wja golnwbol o` wjoxa azhaxx aciyrox6 wjbyg$ wja golnwbol o` nlr

aciyrox hoqdg low blpodpa `blnlhbnd holxbgaynwbolx6 nlg òqywj$ wja }yohaxx wo gaybpa nddhadd dblax qwbdb{ag bl yaxanyhj jng wo jnpa iaeql iaòya Nqeqxw 2$ 9==>, Wja yanxol òy

wjbx jnx wo go ubwj nioywbol }odbhr bl wja QXN6 }nrble òy aeex bl wja QXN$ nx uadd nx

golnwbol òy ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax$ wnfa }dnha ndwjoqej wjaya bx lo daebxdnwbol òy wjnw,

Wja bxxqa o` }nrcalw wo aee }yopbgayx unx ndxo ynbxag$ nlg wja àny wjnw wjbx cnr

dang wo hoccayhbnd wynlxnhwbolx bl jqcnl }yogqhwx$ ujbhj bx nenblxw blwaylnwbolnd

neyaacalwx, Wja nyeqcalw bx wjnw b` apayrola bx eawwble }nbg$ wja }jrxbhbnlx$ lqyxax$ wja

jox}bwndx$ wja aee }yopbgay xjoqdg low ia galbag jay ybejw wo ia }nbg dbfa wja owjayx$ nw

danxw òy wja ybxf xja cnr ia az}oxag wo, Wja yand }yoidac bx wjnw wja aee }yopbgay bx low

wodg wja ujoda xwoyr$ bx low wodg wja }owalwbnd ybxfx xja cbejw `nha,

7, Q]GNWAX OL WJA XBWQNWBOL O@ EQBGADBLAX BL WJA YAEBOL

7,> Awjbhx o` jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj nlg uoyf o` QLAXHO

Oybo Bfaia$ ]yoeyncca X}ahbndbxw$Xohbnd nlg Jqcnl Xhbalhax$ QLAXHO Hnbyo

O``bha

Oybo Bfaia }yopbgag cnwaybnd òy gbxhqxxbol ol wja daend nlg awjbhnd bxxqax o` jqcnl

aciyro yaxanyhj$ ir yaàyyble wo n lqciay o` blwaylnwbolnd gahdnynwbolx nlg ya}oywxyadnwag wo wja xqikahw, Wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol ol wja Jqcnl Ealoca nlg Jqcnl

Ybejwx$ bxxqag ir QLAXHO bl >225$ unx wja `byxw blwaylnwbolnd gohqcalw wo òyibg

yaxanyhj blwo ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble, Nywbhda >> o` wja Gahdnynwbol xwnwax; —]ynhwbhax ujbhj

nya holwynyr wo jqcnl gbelbwr$ xqhj nx ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble o` jqcnl iablex$ xjndd low ia

}aycbwwag,– Nywbhda 97 o` wja xnca Gahdnynwbol yaàyx wo wja Blwaylnwbolnd Iboawjbhx

Hoccbwwaa *BIH"; —Bw *BIH" xjoqdg cnfa yahoccalgnwbolx$ † bl }nywbhqdny yaenygble



8=

yaxanyhj$ ealawbh waxwble$ jqcnl ealoca nlg eala nlndrxbx$ yaxanyhj blpodpble jqcnl

xqikahwx$ oyenl wynlx}dnlwx$ nxxbxwag ya}yogqhwbpa wahjlodoebax$ }jnycnhaqwbhnd yaxanyhj$

cagbhnd }ynhwbha$ nlg nioywbol, Wja xbzwaal Nyni hoqlwybax xadahwag uaya Ndeaybn$

Injynbl$ Aer}w$ Koygnl$ Fqunbw$ Dainlol$ Coyohho$ Ocnl$ ]ndaxwbla$ ^nwny$ Xnqgb

Nynibn$ Xqgnl$ Xrybn$ Wqlbxbn$ Qlbwag Nyni Acbynwax$ nlg Racal, Wja yaxqdwx oixaypag

xo `ny nya oldr }yadbcblnyr yaxqdwx$ nlg xoca laag coya hdnyb`bhnwbol,

7,9 Opaypbau o` wja jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj yaeqdnwbolx bl wja Yaebol; Ya}oyw

o` wja QLAXHO xqypar ol iboawjbhnd yaeqdnwbolx bl wja Nyni Xwnwax

Gy Cnegb Xjajnwn$ Caciay$ Aer}wbnl Xhbalwb`bh Hoqlhbd Hoccbwwaa òy

Iboawjbhx o` Yaxanyhj

Gy Xjajnwn enpa gawnbdx o` wja }yadbcblnyr yaxqdwx oiwnblag `yoc wja yahalw

QLAXHO xqypar o` yaeqdnwbolx holhaylble jqcnl aciyro yaxanyhj bl wja Nyni Xwnwax,

Wja xqypar unx holgqhwag bl oygay wo ya}oyw wja xwnwqx o` pnyboqx wr}ax o` yaeqdnwbolx blyadnwbol wo ibocagbhnd awjbhx$ wo hoc}nya wja eqbgadblax azbxwble bl gb`àyalw hoqlwybax$ wo

bgalwb`r wja }owalwbnd laagx wo gapado} x}ahb`bh yaeqdnwbolx$ nlg wo q}gnwa azbxwble olax bl

nhhoygnlha ubwj awjbhnd$ daend nlg xohbnd bxxqax,

Wja wr}ax o` yaeqdnwbolx xqyparag blhdqgag lnwbolnd holxwbwqwbolx$ lnwbolnd dnux$

lnwbolnd eqbgadblax nlg hogax$ }yoàxxbolnd nxxohbnwbol yaeqdnwbolx$ blxwbwqwbolnd

yaeqdnwbolx$ o}blbolx o` xhjodnyx nlg x}ahbndbxwx$ yadbeboqx `beqyax$ xhbalwbxwx$ nlg }odbhr

cnfayx, Xoqyhax o` blòycnwbol òy wja xqypar uaya gnwn hoddahwag ir nxxbelag hoqlwyr

ya}yaxalwnwbpax$ o``bhbnd gohqcalwx$ }qidbxjag ioofx nlg nywbhdax$ }nydbncalwnyr nlg

nhngacbh dbiynybax$ cagbn nlg wja Blwaylaw$ blxwbwqwbolnd yaeqdnwbol gohqcalwx$ nlg

}ayxolnd blwaypbaux,

@oqy o` wja wal wo}bhx bl wja xqypar blpodpa yaxanyhj ol jqcnl aciyrox6 jqcnl

ya}yogqhwbpa nlg wjayn}aqwbh hdolble$ aciyrolbh xwac haddx$ ealawbh waxwble$ nlg nxxbxwag

ya}yogqhwbpa wahjlodoebax *NYW", Wja QLAXHO gaxbelag òycnw unx `bddag òy anhj

wo}bh,

@oy jqcnl hdolble bxxqax$ xoca hoqlwybax jnpa bxxqag daend nlg }yoàxxbolnd

eqbgadblax wo yaeqdnwa xqhj }ynhwbhax nlg bwx n}}dbhnwbolx, O` wjaxa hoqlwybax$ xoca laag

wo q}gnwa wjaby yaeqdnwbolx wo nggyaxx x}ahb`bh hnxax oy }ynhwbhax$ nlg laag wja daend

`yncauoyf wo oyenlb{a xqhj }ynhwbhax nlg xaw q} wja xnlhwbolx wo pbodnwbolx o` wjaxayaeqdnwbolx$ bl oygay wo }yowahw jqcnl dbà nlg gbelbwr `yoc cbxqxa o` wahjlodoer nlg

blòycnwbol, Jouapay$ owjay hoqlwybax labwjay jnpa wja }ynhwbhax loy yaeqdnwbolx

holhaylble wjaxa bxxqax,

Xoca o` wja hoqlwybax xqyparag }yojbibw nlr cnlb}qdnwbolx o` jqcnl aciyrox

*wbxxqax nlg haddx nx uadd" òy yaxanyhj }qy}oxax, Bl xoca hoqlwybax$ hyanwbol o` jqcnl



8>

aciyrox òy wjayn}aqwbh }qy}oxax$ xqhj nx àywbdbwr wyanwcalw bl cnyybag hoq}dax$ bx

nddouag qlgay xwybhw holgbwbolx$ nx dole nx wjar holòyc wo wja hqdwqynd$ yadbeboqx nlg

xohbndx loycx o` anhj hoqlwyr, Lola o` xqyparag hoqlwybax jnx axwnidbxjag n dnu oy

o``bhbnd eqbgadblax wo nddou wjayn}aqwbh hdolble, Jouapay$ xoca xhjodnyx }oblw oqw wjnw nl

azha}wbol xjoqdg ia cnga òy wjayn}aqwbh hdolble }ynhwbhax nbcag nw hdolble haywnbl iogr

}nywx$ iqw low wja alwbya jqcnl iable,

B N, Yaeqdnwbolx ir hoqlwyr; holxwbwqwbol$ dnux nlg eqbgadblax

Ndeaybn

Hdolble nl aciyro oy haddx òy nlr xwqgr oy yaxanyhj }qy}oxa$ oy hyanwbol o` n

jqcnl iable$ bx az}dbhbwdr }yojbibwag, Azha}wbol òy wjayn}aqwbh }qy}oxax òy wja aciyrox

bx oldr nhha}wag ubwj wja uybwwal holxalw o` wja }nyalwx, NYW nya oldr nddouag òy

cnyybag hoq}dax$ nlg bw bx }yojbibwag wo qxa }yaxaypag aciyrox oy encawax n`way wjagbxxodqwbol o` cnyybnea *ir ganwj oy gbpoyha", Bw bx }yo}oxag ir n Cblbxwyr o` Jandwj

*COJ" Blxwyqhwbol Lo, 8== o` Cnr >9$ 9==>$ wjnw golnwbol o` x}aycx nlg encawax

xjoqdg ia }yojbibwag$ xqyyoenwa cowjayx xjoqdg ia }yojbibwag$ BP@ nlg NYW xjoqdg low

ia }yo}oxag wo uocal ujo nya daxx wjnl 81 ranyx nlg daxx wjnl wuo ranyx o` blàywbdbwr,

Wja BP@ nlg NYW xjoqdg ia }yo}oxag oldr wo uocal bl nea o` ya}yogqhwbol$ daxx wjnl 1=

ranyx odg,

Aer}w Jqcnl ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble$ qxa o` jqcnl oyenlx$ wbxxqax nlg haddx$ nlg jqcnl

aciyrox òy hoccayhbnd }qy}oxax $ bx }yojbibwag, Holgqhwble yaxanyhjax nlg }ynhwbhax wjnw

blpodpa wja xqx}bhbol o` cbzble dblaneax$ oy }nywbhb}nwble bl wjac bl nlr unr$ nya ndxo

}yojbibwag, NYW jnx iaal holgqhwag bl Aer}w xblha >2:=$ òddouble wja

Yahoccalgnwbolx nlg ]yo}oxndx wjnw oybeblnwag `yoc wja >2:= @nwun o` wja @b~j

Nhngacr o` Cahhn6 wja >2:0#>22= @nwunx o` wja @b~j Nhngacr nwwnhjag wo wja

Oyenlb{nwbol o` wja Bxdncbh Holàyalha6 wja >22> @nwun }qidbxjag bl wja eqbgaioof o`

wja Lnwbolnd Bxdncbh Halwya òy ]o}qdnwbol Xwqgbax nlg Yaxanyhj o` Nd#N{jny Qlbpayxbwr6

wja @nwun o` BXAXHO nlg wja Uoydg Bxdncbh Gn‒un Nxxohbnwbol Xacblny$ jadg bl ^nwny$

ol wja coynd ya}ayhqxxbolx o` wja yaxanyhjax xqicbwwag bl ealawbhx6 nlg wja >227 @nwun o`

wja Koygnlbnl Bxdncbh @b~j Nxxohbnwbol òy Cagbhnd Xhbalhax, Wjaxa yahoccalgnwbolx

uaya holhaylag ubwj dbhalxble o` wja blxwbwqwa$ holgbwbolx òy xwn`` caciayx6 }ayxollad

holgbwbolx eopaylble uoyf6 nlg wja xq}aypbxble iogr$ oy yax}olxbida nqwjoybwr, Wjar nya

lou n}}dbag ir wja Cagbhnd Xrlgbhnwa$ nlg wja Cblbxwyr o` Jandwj nlg ]o}qdnwbol

*COJ]" bl Aer}w$ nx axxalwbnd eqbgadblax òy ebpble dbhalxax wo BP@ hdblbhx nlg halwyax,



89

Inxag ol wja Aer}wbnl Bxdncbh @nwun Hoqlhbd$ Yaxanyhj Bxxqax bl Jqcnl Oyenl

Wynlx}dnlwnwbol$ *Gny ad#A`wnn ad#Cnxybn$ 9==5"$ Hjn}way 7$ yahoccalgnwbolx ol xwac

haddx wynlxày jnpa iaal bxxqag wo yaeqdnwa jAXH yaxanyhjax$ ujaya bw bx xwnwag wjnw —Bw bx

}aycbwwag wo oiwnbl xwac haddx `yoc daebwbcnwa xoqyhax òy xhbalwb`bh nlg wjayn}aqwbh

yaxanyhjax$ nx dole nx lo jnyc ubdd n`àhw wja goloy$ nlg ubwj uybwwal holxalw, Xwac haddx

hoqdg ia wnfal `yoc xqy}dqx BP@ aciyrox$ qcibdbhnd hoyg$ oy daenddr nioywag àwqxax n`waynh~qbyble wja }nyalwnd uybwwal holxalw–, — Bw bx low }aycbwwag wo oiwnbl xwac haddx wjyoqej

bddaend holgqhw$ xqhj nx blgqhag nioywbol ubwjoqw n daebwbcnwa yanxol$ oy ir holgqhwble

BP@ iawuaal n uocnl‒x opqc nlg n x}ayc `yoc n òyabel goloy *low jay jqxinlg"$ oy

`yoc n hjbdg$ apal ir wnfble wja }aycbxxbol o` wja hjbdg‒x eqnygbnl$ iahnqxa wja eqnygbnl

bl wjbx hnxa goax low jnpa wo nhw ubwj yaenyg wo ujo bx qlgay jbx cnlgnwa$ oldr ujal wja

nhwbol ubdd xwybhwdr iala`bw jbc –,

Dainlol

Ya}yogqhwbpa nlg wjayn}aqwbh hdolble6 }ayòycble oy qlgaywnfble waxwx wjnw nya

blholxbxwalw ubwj wja gbelbwr o` wja jqcnl iable6 hnyyrble oqw nlr ealawbh cnlb}qdnwbolx

wjnw hnl n`àhw wja jqcnl iablex gbelbwr$ `yaagoc nlg `qlgncalwnd ybejwx$ nya ndd

}yojbibwag ir dnu, ]ayòycble BP@$ oy wja qxa o` NYW$ qldaxx iawuaal x}oqxax$ nlg ubwj

wjaby uybwwal holxalw$ bx ndxo }yojbibwag ir dnu *Hoga o` Cagbhnd Awjbhx",

N gyn`w dnu holhaylble NYW }ynhwbha xqicbwwag wo wja COJ bl 9==9$ q}gnwag bl

9==8 nlg 9==5$ }yo}oxax wjnw bw xjoqdg ia }yojbibwag wo qxa aciyrox òy hoccayhbnd oy

yaxanyhj }qy}oxax$ oy wo hnyyr oqw az}aybcalwx wo blwyogqha ealawbh hjnleax wo wjaaciyro6 golnwbol o` x}ayc$ aeex$ }yaxaypag aciyrox$ qxa o` xqyyoenwa cowjayx$ nlg xaz

xadahwbol o` aciyrox$ xjndd ia }yojbibwag6 }yalnwnd gbneloxbx nlg xadahwbpa nioywbol xjndd

oldr ia nddouag òy wjayn}aqwbh nlg }yapalwbpa }qy}oxax6 aciyrox nlg encawax xjoqdg ia

}yaxaypag òy 1 ranyx n`way àywbdb{nwbol ubwj wja }nyalwx blòycag holxalw–,

Coyohho

Golnwbol$ yacopnd$ nlg wynlx}dnlwnwbol o` oyenlx nlg jqcnl wbxxqax bx nddouag ir

dnu azha}w òy ya}yogqhwbpa haddx, Wjayaòya golnwbol o` oohrwax$ x}aycnwo{obgx$ oy

xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox òy nlr yaxanyhj }qy}oxa hnllow ia hnyybag oqw, N gyn`wgohqcalw ol NYW#inxag }ynhwbhax gapado}ag ir }yoàxxbolnd xohbawbax$ ujbhj unx

xqicbwwag wo wja COJ bl >222 nlg q}gnwag bl 9==5$ }yo}oxax }yojbibwbol o` nlr aciyro

golnwbol òy àywbdbwr wyanwcalw$ nlg }yojbibwbol o` ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble, Wja gyn`w

}yo}oxnd hnddx ndxo òy nl o}al gbxhqxxbol nioqw n lnwbolnd yaeqdnwbol holhaylble wja qxa

o` xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox bl yaxanyhj,

Wqlbxbn



88

Yaxanyhjax ol jqcnl aciyrox$ nlg ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble bl ealaynd nya }yojbibwag

ir dnu$ nlg nya oldr nddouag òy wja wjayn}aqwbh }qy}oxa o` aciyrox, ]yaxaypnwbol o`

aciyrox bx nddouag òy ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax oldr, Hyanwbol o` jqcnl aciyrox òy

yaxanyhj bx }yojbibwag ir dnu$ xo hyanwbol o` jAXH òy yaxanyhj bx low nddouag, ]EG bx

}aycbwwag ir dnu òy cagbhnd }qy}oxax oldr bl oygay wo}yapalw n xapaya n`àhwbol òy wja

az}ahwag hjbdg,, ]yaxaypnwbol o` aciyrox nlg encawax bx nddouag òy `bpa ranyx$yalaunida olha b` wja hoq}da ubxjax bw$ inxag ol uybwwal blòycag holxalw, Bl wja hnxa o`

gbxxodqwbol o` cnyybnea ir gbpoyha$ oy ganwj o` ola x}oqxa$ xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox

xjoqdg ia nqwocnwbhnddr gaxwyorag qlgay wja yax}olxbibdbwr o` wja NYW halwya,

Xnqgb Nynibn

Eqbgadblax axwnidbxjag ir wja lnwbolnd YAH$ }yojbibw jqcnl ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble oy nlr

o` bwx holxa~qalw n}}dbhnwbolx$ nx wja ybxfx oqwuabej wja iala`bwx, Xwoynea o` aciyrox

nlg encawax òy ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax nya nddouag n`way n}}yopnd o` wja cnyybag hoq}da,

B I, Yaeqdnwbolx ir Hoqlwyr; Gyn`w dnux$ eqbgadblax$ nlg o}blbolx

Koygnl

Wjaya nya lo }ynhwbhax o` jqcnl hdolble oy aciyro yaxanyhj gqa wo wahjlbhnd

oixwnhdax nlg dnhf o` yaxoqyhax$ hqdwqynd nlg yadbeboqx inyybayx, Wjaya nya ndxo lo NYW

yaeqdnwbolx nlg lo daend `yncauoyf, Gyn`w eqbgadblax òy NYW }ynhwbhax xqicbwwag ir

}yoàxxbolnd xohbawbax nlg wja }ybpnwa xahwoy wo COJ nya xwbdd qlgay yapbau, Wjbx gyn`w dnu

}aycbwx }yaxaypnwbol o` aciyrox òy àywbdbwr wyanwcalw ubwjbl cnyybag hoq}dax, N xaholg

gyn`w }yo}oxnd òy n idoog xwac haddx inlf xqicbwwag wo COJ bl 9==5$ nlg xwbdd qlgay

yapbau blhdqgax; bw xjndd ia nddouag wo oiwnbl nlg }yaxaypa xwac haddx `yoc daebwbcnwa

xoqyhax òy xhbalwb`bh yaxanyhj nlg wyanwcalw ubwj wja }nyalwx‒ uybwwal holxalw$ òy

aznc}da$ nioywag àwqxax *inxag ol nioywbol dnux"$ xqy}dqx aciyrox `yoc BP@ ubwjbl

cnyybag hoq}dax6 qxble nlg xwqgrble xwac haddx xjoqdg ia }yojbibwag bl wja hnxa o`

àwqxax o` alòyhag nioywbol *bddaend nioywbol"$ hyanwbol o` aciyrox òy yaxanyhj qxble

golnwag encawax$ nlg wjayn}aqwbh hdolble,

^nwny

Wjaya nya lo dnux holwyoddble wja bxxqax o` NYW }ynhwbhax, Jouapay$ wja Xwnwa o`

^nwny ngo}wx wja QL Gahdnynwbol ol Jqcnl Hdolble bxxqag ir powa bl 9==1$ nx bw unx ola

o` wja :7 hoqlwybax wjnw powag bl `npoqy o` bw$ xo bw hnl ia qlgayxwoog wjnw jqcnl hdolble

bx }yojbibwag, Wja blxwbwqwbolnd eqbgadblax ol NYW#inxag }ynhwbha bxxqag ir wja Jncng

Cagbhnd Hoy}oynwbol nya bl a`àhw$ bl ujbhj hyanwbol o` aciyrox ir BP@ òy àywbdbwr

wyanwcalw ubwjbl cnyybag hoq}dax bx nddouag, Aciyrox àywbdb{ag ir BP@ nya abwjay



87

wynlxàyyag gbyahwdr blwo wja cowjay%x qwayqx$ oy `yo{al òy wynlxày blwo jay qwayqx bl wja

lazw wjayn}aqwbh hrhda nhhoygble wo wja hoq}dax% uybwwal holxalw, Wjayaòya$ hyanwbol o`

aciyrox$ oy wja qxa o` xqy}dqx *nlg gaàhwag" BP@ aciyrox wo oiwnbl AXH bx low nddouag,

Wjaya bx lo calwbol o` wja }oxbwbol ol ]EG waxwx òy xaz xadahwbol$ oy JDN wr}ble nlg

ealawbh gbxanxax,

]ndaxwbla

Wjaya nya lo x}ahb`bh yaeqdnwbolx oy dnux holhaylble jqcnl hdolble, N gyn`w dnu ol

jqcnl oyenl wynlx}dnlw bl 9==8 }yo}oxag wjnw jqcnl hdolble xjoqdg ia }yojbibwag6

hyanwbol o` aciyrox xjoqdg ia nddouag oldr òy ya}yogqhwbpa }qy}oxax$ xqhj nx àywbdbwr

wyanwcalw }yoidacx òy cnyybag hoq}dax ubwj holxalw o` wja }nwbalwx,

Xqgnl

Wjaya nya lo lnwbolnd eqbgadblax oy yqdax wo yaeqdnwa wja bxxqax o` jqcnl hdolble oyaciyro yaxanyhj, Jouapay$ cnlr halwyax nya }ynhwbxble NYW nhhoygble wo wja

blwaylnwbolnd eqbgadbla$ xo wjaya bx nl qyealw laag wo jnpa n lnwbolnd yaeqdnwbol,

Injynbl

Wjaya nya lo lnwbolnd yaeqdnwbolx ol jqcnl hdolble nlg aciyro yaxanyhj nw }yaxalw,

NYW nya holgqhwag bl Injynbl$ inxag ol yqdax nlg yaeqdnwbolx o` Bxdncbh dnux nlg `nwunx

bl ujbhj NYW bx nddouag oldr òy cnyybag hoq}dax gqyble cnybwnd dbà6 golnwbol o`

encawax nlg aciyrox bx }yojbibwag6 aciyro xaz xadahwbol bx nddouag bl hnxax ubwj hdblbhnd

blgbhnwbolx6 xqyyoenwa cowjayjoog bx low nddouag6 hyro#}yaxaypnwbol o` jqcnl encawaxnlg aciyrox bx nddouag òy hoq}dax oldr nlg low òy golnwbol, Lo wbca dbcbw bx

calwbolag, Gyn`w eqbgadblax òy wja axwnidbxjcalw o` NYW halwyax uaya xqicbwwag wo wja

COJ bl Injynbl$ ujbhj xqeeaxw ya~qbyacalwx òy wja axwnidbxjcalw o` NYW halwyax

*iqbdgble$ hdblbhx$ dnioynwoybax$ o}aynwbol yooc$ a~qb}calw$ nlg n}}dbhnwbol o` blàhwbol

holwyod }yoeyncca"6 nhhyagbwnwbol o` aciyro dnioynwoybax nlg x}ahbndbxwx nw n }ynhwbhnd

dapad$ wjyoqej bc}dacalwnwbol o` ~qndbwr holwyod nlg nxxqynlha xrxwacx6 ya}oywble wja

yaxqdwx o` apayr halwya yaenygble hnxax$ wahjlb~qax$ nlg owjay blòycnwbol wo COJ6 n

colbwoyble xrxwac òy q}gnwble `nhbdbwbax$ }yaxalwble gnwn$ nlg xodpble }nwbalw‒x

hoc}dnblx, Bw bx ndxo xqeeaxwag wjnw n yapbau o` yaxanyhj }yowohodx xjoqdg ia hnyybag oqw

ir wja yadapnlw qlbpayxbwr oy COJ hoccbwwaa,

Fqunbw$ Ocnl$ Xrybn$ QNA nlg Racal

Wjaya nya lo lnwbolnd yaeqdnwbolx ol jqcnl hdolble nlg aciyro yaxanyhj$ xo

lnwbolnd daend yaeqdnwbol bx qyealwdr laagag,



81

BB, Xnlhwbolx wo Pbodnwbolx

Xnlhwbolx wo pbodnwbolx o` wja azbxwble yqdax$ ujbhj ynlea `yoc bc}ybxolcalw wo

`blble$ nya }yaxalw bl wjaxa hoqlwybax, Wja }alndwr cnr dang wo wja ubwjgynund o` wja

}jrxbhbnl‒x dbhalxa$ hdoxqya o` wja hdblbh oy jox}bwnd òy n x}ahb`bh }aybog o` wbca$ oy wja

hnxa cnr ia wynlxàyyag wo wja hybcblnd nqwjoybwr,

BBB, Ealaynd Holxalxqx

Ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble bx bc}dbhbwdr/az}dbhbwdr }yojbibwag bl dnux nlg lnwbolnd

yaeqdnwbolx$ nlg ir COJ, Hyanwbol o` jqcnl aciyrox òy àywbdbwr wyanwcalw bx oldr

nddouag bl cnyybag hoq}dax qlgay xwybhw holgbwbolx6 lo golnwbol o` aciyrox oy encawax wo

owjay hoq}dax6 lo xqyyoenwa cowjayx$ lo hoccayhbnd az}dobwnwbol$ lo yaxanyhj,Lola o` wjaxqyparag hoqlwybax jnx axwnidbxjag n dnu oy o``bhbnd eqbgadblax wo nddou wjayn}aqwbh

hdolble, Xhjodnyx }oblwag oqw wjnw nl azha}wbol xjoqdg ia ebpal wo wjayn}aqwbh hdolble

}ynhwbhax nbcag nw gapado}ble haywnbl iogr wbxxqax$ iqw low alwbya jqcnl iablex, Xoca

hoqlwybax bl wja yaebol yaày wo Bxdncbh `nwun nx wja oldr yaàyalha wo yaeqdnwa haywnbl

cagbhnd }ynhwbhax nlg yaxanyhj, Ndwjoqej$ Bxdncbh Xjnybn bx wja xoqyha o` inxbh

yaeqdnwbolx bl wja yaebol$ wja ~qaxwbol yacnblx wo ia nlxuayag ujawjay wja Bxdncbh @nwun

bl wjbx xbwqnwbol hoqdg ia holxbgayag nx wja eqbgadblax òy NYW }ynhwbhax$ oy bw bx n `yaa

yaàyalha nhhoygble wo blgbpbgqnd }yaàyalha,

BP, Wja Unr @oyunyg

Wja unr òyunyg ya~qbyax xwnlgnygb{nwbol ubwj yaenyg wo }yohagqyax xqhj nx xnc}da

hoddahwbol$ xwoynea$ nlg }yohaxxble6 wynblag }ayxollad$ blhdqgble }ynhwbwbolayx$ nlg

yaeqdnwoyx, Haywb`bhnwbol bx ndxo lahaxxnyr òy nhhyagbwnwbol o` dnioynwoybax$ òy aznc}da

BXO, Wjaya xjoqdg ia eopaylcalwnd cnlneacalw$ nlg n qlb`bag edoxxnyr xjoqdg ia

gapado}ag wo ga`bla x}ahb`bh waycx nlg }yohaxxax inxag ol yadbnida xhbalwb`bh xoqyhax,

Holxalw òycx xjoqdg jnpa qlb`bag wr}ax o` ~qaxwbolx,

N cahjnlbxc xjoqdg ia gapado}ag òy gnwn azhjnlea iawuaal halwyax bl wja

hoqlwyr$ nlg bl owjay hoqlwybax o` wja Yaebol, Wjaya xjoqdg ndxo ia }aybogbhnd caawblex

nlg gbxhqxxbol }nladx$ nx uadd nx n gnwninxa òy ealawbh gbxoygayx$ nlg yadnwag blòycnwbol

òy gahbxbol#cnfble$ lnwbolnd$ yaebolnd$ nlg holxoywbn, Wjaya xjoqdg ia nl blhyanxa bl

}qidbh nunyalaxx òy blòycag o}blbolx$ xqhj nx wjoxa o` xhjodnyx nlg xhbalwbxwx$ nlg

wjaya xjoqdg ia coya hoccqlbwr aleneacalw,



80

Gbxhqxxbol

Ol wja xqikahw o` hdolble$ wjaya bx lou bl Fqunbw n dnu qlgay gbxhqxxbol nioqw

hdolble$ nlg Aer}w ndyangr jnx n dnu òy wjbx }yohagqya, Bl Dainlol$ bl 9==9 wja Hniblaw

ya~qaxwag wja o}blbol o` wja awjbhx hoccbwwaa ol hdolble, Wja hoccbwwaa unx nenblxw

iowj ya}yogqhwbpa nlg wjayn}aqwbh hdolble, Wjaya nya lo }ynhwbhax o` jqcnl hdolble blXqgnl nw wja cocalw$ iahnqxa NYW nya oldr nhhoygble wo `nwun,

Ubwj yaenyg wo xaz#xadahwbol$ bw unx holxbgayag wjnw wjaya xjoqdg ia n yadbeboqx

`nwun wo ia hoc}dbag ubwj$ nlg wja cnwway xjoqdg low ia da`w nx n }ayxolnd hjobha, Bl Bynl$

xaz xadahwbol bx nddouag òy wjayn}aqwbh yanxolx$ oy òy jnpble wja owjay xaz bl wja `ncbdr$

iqw oldr òy wja wjbyg hjbdg nhhoygble wo `nwun, Bl Xrybn$ wjaya bx lo daebxdnwbpa `yncauoyf

nhhoygble wo ujbhj xaz xadahwbol hoqdg ia }ynhwbhag$ nlg wjaya nya ndxo lo yaeqdnwbolx òy

ealawbh waxwx$ }yocowble ànyx wjnw wja dnhf o` xqhj cbejw dang wo xohbnd }yoidacx,

Wja wo}bh o` NYW bl hoqlwybax }nywbhb}nwble bl wja xqypar unx ndxo gbxhqxxag, BlKoygnl wjaya bx n dnu ujbhj ya~qbyax n dbhalha wo ia oiwnblag `yoc wja COJ bl oygay wo

axwnidbxj n halwya, Bl Bynl$ wjaya nya lou nioqw 7= BP@ halwyax$ nlg n dbhalha `yoc wja

COJ bx lahaxxnyr òy axwnidbxjble n halwya, Wjaya bx lo }yojbibwbol o` NYW, Nx òy

jnpble n wjbyg }nywr oy xqyyoenhr$ bw bx nddouag oldr ir n x}ahbnd `nwun, Bl Aer}w$

xqyyoenhr iahnca nddouag bl >2:1$ b` wja xqyyoenwa bx wja xaholg ubà o` wja xnca

jqxinlg$ iqw oldr n rany dnway bl >2:0$ wja Bxdncbh Hoqlhbd òy Cahhn yaxhblgag wjnw

gahyaa, Wja xnca xbwqnwbol ohhqyyag ubwj wja Hjqyhj o` Ndaznlgybn bl Aer}w$ ujbhj

nddouag xqyyoenhr òy n `ybalg o` wja `ncbdr$ iqw wjal dnway yaxhblgag wja n}}yopnd, Bl

Xqgnl$ n `nwun yaenygble NYW unx bxxqag nioqw : ranyx neo iaòya NYW xwnywag$ nx wjaya

jng wo ia n `nwun wo }aycbw wja wahjlodoebax, Xqgnl bx faa}ble wo wja ealaynd eqbgadblax$blhdqgble oldr iawuaal hoq}dax$ lo golnwble$ awh,$ iqw wjaya bx lo dnu yaeqdnwble NYW,

Gawnbdx o` yaeqdnwbolx bl xoca hoqlwybax uaya ebpal$ xqhj nx wja cblbxwaybnd gahyaa

bl Aer}w * Lo,98:/9==8$ Nywbhda 1>"$ nhhoygble wo ujbhj bw bx }yojbibwag òy }jrxbhbnlx

nlg yaxanyhjayx wo holgqhw nlr yaxanyhj ol jqcnl hdolble$ wja pbodnwbol o` ujbhj bx

az}oxax wja pbodnwoyx wo }alndwbax$ ujbhj ynlea `yoc bc}ybxolcalw wo `blble$ `yoc

ubwjgynund o` wja }jrxbhbnl%x dbhalha$ wo gbxhdoxqya o` wja hdblbh oy jox}bwnd$ nlg }oxxbida

yaàyynd wo wja Hybcblnd Blpaxwbenwbol Nqwjoybwr, Bl Dbirn$ wjaya nya dnux qlgay wja

jangble o` Cagbhnd Yax}olxbibdbwr o` ]ynhwbha$ bxxqag bl >25:$ wjnw yaeqdnwa ndd cagbhnd

}ynhwbhax$ blhdqgble nioywbol$ nlg BP@, Nhhoygbledr$ hdolble$ nlg xqyyoenhr nya}yojbibwag$ iqw yaxanyhj ol xqy}dqx aciyrox bx }aycbwwag$ nlg `yaa{ble aciyrox bx

nddouag, Bl Koygnl wjaya nya wuo gyn`w dnux òy NYW }ynhwbhax xqicbwwag wo wja COJ$ wja

`byxw ola }yo}oxax wo }aycbw }yaxaypnwbol o` aciyrox òy àywbdbwr wyanwcalw ubwjbl cnyybag

hoq}dax$ nlg wja xaholg ola$ xqicbwwag bl 9==5$ ol idoog xwac haddx inlf$ blhdqgax

daebwbcnwa xoqyhax `yoc nioywag àwqx nlg BP@ azhaxx aciyrox, Bl Bynl$ xwac hadd

yaxanyhj$ nlg yaxanyhj ol aciyrox bl ealaynd bx nddouag inxag ol `nwun$ iqw lo dnu azbxwx

wjnw yaeqdnwax aciyro yaxanyhj, Wjayn}aqwbh nioywbol jnx yahalwdr iaal nddouag bl wja



85

apalw o` }yoidacx òy wja cowjay oy wja àwqx, Wja yanxol ujr Xrybn bx xoywag ncole wja

hoqlwybax wjnw jnpa lo daebxdnwbol$ bx wjnw Xrybn ngo}wx blwaylnwbolnd dnu iqw goax low jnpa

bwx oul lnwbolnd dnu,

1, Ngo}wbol o` wja Yahoccalgnwbolx

Wja xaholg gnr o` wja caawble holxbxwag o` gbxhqxxbolx ol wja gyn`w

yahoccalgnwbolx }ya}nyag ir wja Gyn`wble Hoccbwwaa, Wja yahoccalgnwbolx uaya

yapbxag nhhoygble wo wja daend nlg awjbhnd nx}ahwx o` aciyro yaxanyhj gadbiaynwag ol ir

wja }nywbhb}nlwx, Gbxhqxxbolx holwblqag ol wja wjbyg gnr$ ujal wja yapbxag

yahoccalgnwbolx uaya yapbauag nlg `blndb{ag, Bl wja dnxw xaxxbol$ wja yahoccalgnwbolx

wounygx yaebolnd eqbgadblax ol daend nlg awjbhnd nx}ahwx o` aciyro yaxanyhj uaya

ngo}wag, Wja yahoccalgnwbolx ubdd ia hbyhqdnwag ir QLAXHO wo wja yadapnlw

eopaylcalw cblbxwybax$ }odbhr cnfayx$ }jrxbhbnlx$ dnurayx nlg yadbeboqx az}aywx bl wja

yaebol bl }ya}nynwbol òy n `qywjay caawble wo ia jadg bl 9==2$ ujal bw bx jo}ag wjnw

eqbgadblax ol aciyro yaxanyhj bl wja Nyni Yaebol ubdd ia òycqdnwag nlg ngo}wag,



8:

Yahoccalgnwbolx o` wja Az}ayw Caawble ol Awjbhnd nlg Daend

Bxxqax bl Jqcnl Aciyro Yaxanyhj

>9 ‘ >7 @aiyqnyr$ 9==:$ Hnbyo$ Aer}w

BlwyogqhwbolNl Az}ayw Caawble ol Awjbhnd nlg Daend Bxxqax bl Jqcnl Aciyro Yaxanyhj unx jadg bl

Hnbyo `yoc >9 wo >7 @aiyqnyr 9==: oyenlb{ag ir Qlbwag Lnwbolx Agqhnwbolnd Xhbalwb`bhnlg Hqdwqynd Oyenlb{nwbol *QLAXHO" O``bha bl Hnbyo$ Uoydg Jandwj Oyenlb{nwbol

Yaebolnd O``bha òy wja Anxwayl Cagbwayynlanl *UJO/ACYO" nlg wja Bxdncbh

Agqhnwbolnd$ Xhbalwb`bh nlg Hqdwqynd Oyenlb{nwbol *BXAXHO", Wja Caawble unx nwwalgagir 91 az}aywx `yoc wja yaebol nx uadd nx 1 blwaylnwbolnd az}aywx, Nw wja hdoxqya o` wja

Caawble$ wja òddouble Yahoccalgnwbolx uaya ngo}wag ir wja }nywbhb}nlwx,

Wja Yahoccalgnwbolx iadou nya gaxbelag wo }ya}nya }nywbhb}nlwx wo holwybiqwa wo n

`qwqya holxqdwnwbol$ wo gapado} lnwbolnd nlg yaebolnd }odbhbax ol jqcnl aciyro xwac hadd

yaxanyhj, Wjar iqbdg q}ol wja òqlgnwbol dnbg bl Yahoccalgnwbolx o` wja Xwac HaddxXacblny jadg ir wja Bxdncbh Oyenlb{nwbol o` Cagbhnd Xhbalhax *BOCX"$ bl hoo}aynwbol

ubwj UJO/ACYO$ QLAXHO nlg BXAXHO$ Hoqlhbd òy Blwaylnwbolnd Oyenlb{nwbolx o`

Cagbhnd Xhbalhax *HBOCX"$ nlg wja Bxdncbh @b~j Nhngacr$ iawuaal 98#91 o` Xjnuund

>79:/8#1 Lopaciay 9==5$ bl Hnbyo,

Wja Yahoccalgnwbolx nya inxag ol QLAXHO gahdnynwbolx bl wja `badg o` iboawjbhx$ xqhj

nx wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol ol wja Jqcnl Ealoca nlg Jqcnl Ybejwx *>225"$ wjaBlwaylnwbolnd Gahdnynwbol ol Jqcnl Ealawbh Gnwn *9==8" nlg wja Qlbpayxnd Gahdnynwbol

ol Iboawjbhx nlg Jqcnl Ybejwx *9==1"$ nlg apodpble blwaylnwbolnd eqbgadblax ol yaxanyhj

ubwj jqcnl xqikahwx nlg nlbcndx bl ealaynd$ nlg bl }nywbhqdny ol eqbgadblax x}ahb`bh wo

jqcnl aciyrolbh xwac hadd *jAX hadd" yaxanyhj gapado}ag ir xoca lnwbolnd nlgblwaylnwbolnd nealhbax blhdqgble wja Blwaylnwbolnd Xohbawr òy Xwac Hadd Yaxanyhj

*BXXHY",

Wja Yahoccalgnwbolx nya blwalgag wo `bw ubwjbl wja gbxwblhwbpa yadbeboqx nlg xohbnd

hqdwqyax nlg pndqax o` wja Anxwayl Cagbwayynlanl nlg wja Nyni yaebol, Wjar ya`dahw bxxqax

ynbxag ir n xqypar o` dnux$ lnwbolnd eqbgadblax$ }yoàxxbolnd eqbgadblax nlg yadbeboqxyqdblex blhdqgble Bxdncbh `nwunx bl wja yaebolnd Nyni Xwnwax holgqhwag ir wja QLAXHO

Hnbyo o``bha bl hooygblnwbol ubwj az}aywx bl wja yaebol$ nlg }yaxalwnwbolx nlg gbxhqxxbolx

jadg nw wja @aiyqnyr 9==: Caawble,

Wja xqypar òqlg n qlbòyc }yojbibwbol o` jqcnl ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble$ az}yaxxag bldaebxdnwbol$ lnwbolnd yaeqdnwbol nlg /oy$ òy blxwnlha$ Cblbxwyr o` Jandwj }odbhr yqdblex, Bwndxo òqlg wjnw ujbda wjaya uaya àu inyybayx wo yaxanyhj ol azbxwble xwac hadd dblax$

}yopbxbolx gb`àyag ol yaxanyhj qxble aciyrox wjnw }yopag xqy}dqx wo }nwbalwx‒ laagx bl

BP@ }yoeynccax, Ngcbxxbol wo xqhj }yoeynccax unx ealaynddr dbcbwag wo daenddr

cnyybag hoq}dax$ nlg gbg low nddou wynlxày o` x}ayc$ opn oy aciyrox wo nlowjay hoq}da$oy xqyyoenwa cowjayjoog, Xoca inyyag wja qxa o` xqy}dqx aciyrox òy yaxanyhj$ apal

blhdqgble ya}yogqhwbpa yaxanyhj, Nlowjay hoccol wjaca o` yaebolnd }yopbxbolx unx n



82

}yojbibwbol o` hoccayhbnd az}dobwnwbol o` BP@ }nwbalwx nlg owjayx wo }yopbga xqy}dqx

aciyrox òy yaxanyhj, Jouapay$ ol wja inxbx o` bl`dqalwbnd yadbeboqx yqdblex$ wja BOCXXacblny bl Lopaciay 9==5 neyaag wjnw qxa o` xqy}dqx BP@ aciyrox ubwjbl >7 gnrx n`way

àywbdb{nwbol —òy wja }qy}oxax o` wyanwcalw nlg xhbalwb`bh yaxanyhj bx iawway wjnl unxwble

wjac,–

Xbcbdnydr$ lola o` wja xqyparag hoqlwybax jng axwnidbxjag dnu oy o``bhbnd eqbgadblax wo

nddou yaxanyhj hdolble$ iqw bw unx low ndunrx hdany wjnw wjbx unx az}dbhbwdr }yojbibwag,Wjnw bx$ }yopbxbolx }yojbibwble ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble gbg low lahaxxnybdr ndxo inl yaxanyhj

hdolble, Jouapay$ xoca xhjodnydr hoccalwnwoyx òqlg wjnw wjayn}aqwbh hdolble wo

}yogqha haywnbl iogbdr wbxxqax cbejw ia }aycbwwag wo hyanwa wbxxqax xqbwnida òy }dnhble blwjoxa ujoxa haddx uaya hdolag, Wjbx bx nl bxxqa wjnw cnr ia yaxodpag wjyoqej nl

blway}yawnwbol o` daebxdnwbol$ Bxdncbh xjnybn$ ujbhj nya wja inxbh yqdax o` wja yaebol$

`nwunx$ nlg hoc}nynida xoqyhax o` eqbgnlha$ ndwjoqej nl nixalha o` blway}yawag

}yojbibwbol cnr ia qlgayxwoog wo nddou blgbpbgqnd hjobha nlg holxhbalha,

Xblha wja }qy}oxa o` wjbx Az}ayw Caawble bx wo }yocowa jnycolb{nwbol o` yaebolndyaeqdnwbolx ol jAX hadd yaxanyhj$ ol nl awjbhnd inxbx$ wja Caawble yahoccalgx wjnw anhjhoqlwyr bl wja yaebol xjoqdg holxbgay$ nlg wyr wo ia bl jnycolr ubwj bwx labejioyx$ ol wja

òddouble cnwwayx, Wja Yahoccalgnwbolx nya nggyaxxag low oldr wo lnwbolnd }odbhr#

cnfayx nlg xhbalwb`bh blpaxwbenwoyx$ iqw ndxo }qidbh nlg }ybpnwa yaxanyhj blxwbwqwbolx$}nwbalwx nlg ubgay hoccqlbwbax, Wjnw bx$ wjar blpbwa wja yax}olxax o` xwnfajodgayx iowj

gbyahwdr nlg blgbyahwdr blpodpag bl wja xhbalha nlg xohbnd pndqax wjnw jAX hadd yaxanyhj

cnr }yocowa$ nlg algnleay,

Yahoccalgnwbolx

>, ]yopbxbolx ol jAX hadd yaxanyhj *gaybpag `yoc `yaxj oy hyro}yaxaypag aciyrox" bl wjayaebol xjoqdg yax}ahw nlg ya`dahw yadbeboqx nlg hqdwqynd pndqax, @oy blxwnlha$ ujaya

yaxanyhj nlg/oy ibodoebhnd cnwaybndx nya nddouag wo ia bc}oywag `yoc owjay hoqlwybax$

hnya xjoqdg ia wnfal$ ir n}}yo}ybnwa opayxbejw b` lahaxxnyr$ wo alxqya wjnw wjaby}yohqyacalw nlg hyanwbol go low holwyngbhw awjbhnd oy yadbeboqx pndqax oy wyngbwbolx,

Yaxanyhj xjoqdg ia yax}ahw`qd o` jqcnl gbelbwr$ iqw cnr ia cowbpnwag wo yadbapa wja

blgbelbwr o` dbcbwnwbolx nlg xq`àyble gqa wo }yapalwnida oy wyanwnida bddlaxx oygbxnibdbwr,

9, Waycx n}}dbag bl jAX hadd yaxanyhj xjoqdg ia ga`blag nlg ujaya }oxxbida neyaag$ woalxqya wjnw dnux nlg hoc}nynida }yopbxbolx nhjbapa wjaby }qy}oxax nlg go low qlgqdr

n`àhw yadnwag cnwwayx ubwj ujbhj wjar nya low gaxbelag wo gand, Waycx wo ia ga`blag$

ujal ac}dorag$ blhdqga;

• blòycag holxalw

• ealawbh aleblaayble

• bl pbwyo àywbdb{nwbol *BP@"



7=

• jqcnl aciyro *nggyaxxble$ òy blxwnlha$ }yogqhwx o` hjbcaybh xwqgbax"

• aciyrolbh xwac haddx *bl holwynxw wo lol#aciyrolbh xwac haddx"

• yaxanyhj *bl holwynxw wo ya}yogqhwbpa" hdolble

• hdolble

• aciyro wublble$ oy x}dbwwble

• }nywjalowax• cbwohjolgybnd blkahwbol bl àywbdb{ag opqc

• hrwo}dnxcn golnwbol

• xq}aylqcaynyr aciyrox

• ndwayag lqhdany wynlx}dnlwnwbol *NLW"

• blgqhag }dqyb}owalw haddx *b]Hx"

• ]EG

• eayc hadd wynlx}dnlwnwbol

8, Wja }qy}oxax o` awjbhnddr n}}yo}ybnwa$ hoxw#iala`bhbnd yaxanyhj xjoqdg ia ga`blag$holxbgayble }qy}oxax xqhj nx6

• xwqgr o` jqcnl ealawbhx xqhj nx6 ealoca xwnibdbwr nlg bc}yblwble }jalocaln yaxanyhj ol wja oybeblx o` ealawbh gbxanxax bl ealaynd

wyanwcalw wo opayhoca wynlxcbxxbol o` ealawbh gbxanxax bl lnwqynd

ya}yogqhwbol

yaxanyhj ol wja oybeblx o` }owalwbnddr jnyc`qd ealawbh }yagbx}oxbwbolxwo gbxanxa bl ealaynd

• blàywbdbwr wyanwcalw

7, Yaxanyhj wjnw n hoqlwyr cnr holxbgay qlnhha}wnida xjoqdg ia ga`blag$ xqhj nx6

• ya}yogqhwbpa hdolble

• eayc#dbla ealawbh wjayn}r

• eayc#dbla ealawbh cnlb}qdnwbol *aljnlhacalw"

1, Hoqlwybax ubwjoqw }yopbxbolx xjoqdg holxbgay ujawjay wo hyanwa wjac$ nlg wjoxa ubwj

}yopbxbolx xjoqdg yapbau wjac$ ol xqhj bxxqax nx6

• wja qxa o` xqy}dqx aciyrox `yoc BP@ òy yaxanyhj

• yaxanyhj hdolble *hdolble haddx òy wja }qy}oxa o` gaybpble aciyrolbh xwac

haddx òy yaxanyhj oy }oxxbidr wyanwcalw"• JDN wr}ble o` aciyrolbh$ àwnd oy owjay haddx òy wyanwcalw o` n hoq}da‒x

ioyl hjbdg *—xnpboqy xbidble– haddx"

0, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg holxbgay wja nhha}wnibdbwr/qlnhha}wnibdbwr o` wo}bhx xqhj nx;

• golnwbol o` encawax òy yaxanyhj qxa

• hyanwble aciyrox `yoc golnwag encawax òy yaxanyhj *a,e, blwo `nwnd



7>

hjbdgjoog gbxanxax"

• }yocowbol o`$ oy hoddnioynwbol bl$ hoccayhbnddr#blx}byag yaxanyhj *a,e, ir}jnycnhaqwbhnd oy ibodoebhnd cnlq`nhwqyayx"

• jqcnl/nlbcnd hjbcayn yaxanyhj *xaa BOCX >=wj nlg >2wj Yahoccalgnwbolx"

• x}ahb`bh `qlgble òy hn}nhbwr iqbdgble wo qlgaywnfa jAX hadd yaxanyhj nlg

gapado}calw• yaxanyhj ol jqcnl aciyrox iarolg >7 gnrx n`way àywbdb{nwbol

5, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg holxbgay ujawjay wja xwnlgnyg ya~qbyacalwx òy awjbhnd yapbau o` yaxanyhj ubwj jqcnlx ya~qbyax nggbwbolnd opayxbejw òy jAX hadd yaxanyhj ol xqhj cnwwayx

nx;

• holxalw o` encawa oy aciyro goloyx

• holxalw òy qxa o` àwnd xoqyhax o` cnwaybndx *a,e, `yoc blgqhag nioywbol"

• ubwjgynund o` holxalw wo qxa o` encawax nlg/oy opn bl yaxanyhj

• hol`bgalwbndbwr/}ybpnhr *a,e, blpodpble GLN bgalwb`bhnwbol"

• hoayhbol o` nlg }nrcalw *bl colar oy fblg" wo$ goloyx o` cnwaybnd• yax}ahw òy }yowahwbol o` blwaddahwqnd }yo}aywr blwayaxwx

• hol`dbhw o` blwayaxw *a,e, yaunygx wo yaxanyhjayx nlg/oy yaxanyhj blxwbwqwbolx"

• yablòyhag oy nggbwbolnd awjbhx hoccbwwaa yapbau

• blpaxwbenwoy$ yaxanyhj nlg/oy goloy }nywbhb}nwbol bl hoccayhbnd }yo`bwx `yocdbhalxble neyaacalwx

• hoccayhbnd qxa o` encawax nlg/oy aciyrox

:, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg holxbgay

• òycx o` jAX hadd yaxanyhj wjnw ya~qbya x}ahbnd opayxbejw

• ir ujnw nealhr *òy blxwnlha eopaylcalwnd" nlr xqhj opayxbejw xjoqdg ia

holgqhwag

• wo ujnw iogr nlr xqhj nealhr xjoqdg ia nhhoqlwnida

2, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg holxbgay eopaylble }yblhb}dax òy wja o}aynwbol o` jAX hadd inlfx$

xqhj nx;

• nhha}wnlha o` cnwaybndx xqicbwwag òy inlfble *a,e, wjaby gaybpnwbol"

• gbxwybiqwbol o` inlfag haddx/hadd dblax

• ~qndbwr holwyod *a,e, }nwjoeal nlg ealawbh waxwble o` haddx$ nlg wjaby

}yaxaypnwbol bl xwoynea"• wynhfble gbxwybiqwag haddx

• hoxw#holwyod wo }yapalw az}dobwnwbol nlg }yo`bwaayble ir inlfx

• yax}ahwble awjlbh indnlhax bl }o}qdnwbolx bl inlfag cnwaybndx

>=, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg holxbgay dbhalxble nlg/oy hoc}nynida ya~qbyacalwx òy;

• qlgaywnfble jAX hadd yaxanyhj



• qlgaywnfble jAX hadd wjayn}r

• o}aynwble jAX hadd yaxanyhj `nhbdbwbax

>>, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg holxbgay xrxwacx nlg bc}dbhnwbolx o` yaebolnd nlg /oy ubgay

blwaylnwbolnd hoddnioynwbol$ blhdqgble;• blòycnwbol azhjnlea ol yaxanyhj gnwn

• wodaynwbol o` gapbnwbolx `yoc lnwbolnd }yopbxbolx wo nhhoccognwa owjay

hoqlwybax‒ gb`àyalw }yopbxbolx

• alwbwdacalw o` yaxanyhjayx nlg *}oxweyngqnwa" xwqgalwx wo qlgaywnfa yaxanyhjbl owjay hoqlwybax wjnw bx }yojbibwag bl wjaby oul *a,e, ol aciyrox hyanwag òyyaxanyhj }qy}oxax"

• alwbwdacalw o` lnwbolndx wo yahabpa bl owjay hoqlwybax jAX hadd yaxanyhjwyanwcalwx wjnw nya }yojbibwag bl wjaby oul

• alwbwdacalw o` lnwbolndx `yoc owjay hoqlwybax wo yahabpa yaxanyhj wyanwcalwwjnw bx qldnu`qd wo yahabpa bl wjaby oul hoqlwybax

>9, Hoqlwybax xjoqdg colbwoy nlg azhjnlea blòycnwbol wjnw uoqdg yagqha oy adbcblnwawja laag òy jAX hadd yaxanyhj$ xqhj nx gapado}calw o` blgqhag }dqyb}owalw xwac haddx

*b]X haddx" nlg hadd dblax wjnw nya xnà òy qxa bl jqcnlx,

Bl holhdqxbol$ wja Caawble yahoccalgx wjnw QLAXHO$ UJO$ BXAXHO$ BOCX nlg owjay}nywlayx holpala n `qwqya caawble o` ndd xwnfajodgayx bl wja yaebol$ bl 9==2$ wo holxbgay

nlg ebpa a`àhw wo wja Yahoccalgnwbolx niopa$ wo }yogqha xqbwnida yaebolnd }odbhr,

>7 @aiyqnyr 9==:$ Hnbyo

who - human-embryo-final expert meeting on ethical and legal issues

Documents