Who can define “imperialism?”Who can define “imperialism?”The policy in which stronger The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic,nations extend their economic, political, or military control political, or military control over weaker territories. over weaker territories.

By the late 19By the late 19thth century, what century, what region, or continent, was the region, or continent, was the major focus of imperialistic major focus of imperialistic nations and who were those nations and who were those nations?nations?

Who can define “imperialism?”Who can define “imperialism?”The policy in which stronger The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic,nations extend their economic, political, or military control political, or military control over weaker territories. over weaker territories.

By the late 19By the late 19thth century, what century, what region, or continent, was the region, or continent, was the major focus of imperialistic major focus of imperialistic nations and who were those nations and who were those nations?nations?

•Precedent for exerting colonial control: Precedent for exerting colonial control: experience subjugating Native Americansexperience subjugating Native Americans•Fears that natural resources would Fears that natural resources would dwindledwindle•Outlet for frustrations regarding Outlet for frustrations regarding domestic problemsdomestic problemsForeign trade: increasingly important to Foreign trade: increasingly important to U. S. economy U. S. economy Exports:Exports:

1870--$392 million1870--$392 million1890--$857 million1890--$857 million1900--$1.4 billion1900--$1.4 billion

Imperialism based on economy Imperialism based on economy American business & industry American business & industry producing more than Americans producing more than Americans could consumecould consume—needed new —needed new markets. markets.

American business & industry American business & industry neededneeded raw materials not raw materials not available in the U. S. available in the U. S. By 1900, U. S. had favorable By 1900, U. S. had favorable balance of tradebalance of trade: economic : economic power. power.

Albert BeveridgeAlbert Beveridge

Target: Africa Target: Africa

Nations competing: Britain, Nations competing: Britain, FranceFrance, , BelgiumBelgium, , ItalyItaly, , GermanyGermany,,PortugalPortugal, and Spain. , and Spain.

Great Britain also Great Britain also had colonies in had colonies in Asia and the Asia and the Pacific region.Pacific region.

The The sun sun never set on the British never set on the British Empire.Empire.

During the reign of During the reign of Queen Victoria . . . Queen Victoria . . . the British Empirethe British Empireincluded 25% of included 25% of the world’s land the world’s land and people. and people.

In Asia, Japan competed with In Asia, Japan competed with European powers for colonies European powers for colonies and trading opportunities in and trading opportunities in China. China.

Most Americans gradually warmedMost Americans gradually warmedto the idea of overseas expansionto the idea of overseas expansion

Three factors: Three factors: Economic competition among Economic competition among industrial nations industrial nations

Political and military competition,Political and military competition,including creation of a strong including creation of a strong navy navy

Belief in racial & cultural Belief in racial & cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxon people superiority of Anglo-Saxon people

New military power New military power Key advocate of U. S.Key advocate of U. S. military expansionmilitary expansion:: Capt. Alfred T. MahanCapt. Alfred T. Mahan

Mahan argued for a strong U. S. Mahan argued for a strong U. S. navynavy defend peacetime defend peacetime shipping lanes crucial to U. S. shipping lanes crucial to U. S. economic growth. economic growth.

Nations with sea power Nations with sea power were history’s great were history’s great nations. To be great, nations. To be great, the U. S. would need to the U. S. would need to become a sea power.become a sea power.

Mahan’s Principles (1890)Mahan’s Principles (1890)

U. S. needed strategically U. S. needed strategically located refueling bases located refueling bases

U. S. needed a modern fleet U. S. needed a modern fleet

U. S. needed U. S. needed naval bases in naval bases in the Caribbean the Caribbean SeaSea

Mahan’s Principles (1890)Mahan’s Principles (1890)

U. S. needed to construct U. S. needed to construct a canal across the Isthmus of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama Panama

U. S. needed to U. S. needed to acquire Hawaii acquire Hawaii and other Pacificand other Pacific islands islands

New military power New military power Between 1883 and 1890, U. S. Between 1883 and 1890, U. S. built nine steel-hulled cruisers—built nine steel-hulled cruisers— the “A, B, C, D Ships”the “A, B, C, D Ships”With construction of U. S. S. With construction of U. S. S. Maine and Oregon, U. S. became Maine and Oregon, U. S. became world’s third largest naval power world’s third largest naval power

Belief in Anglo-Saxon Superiority Belief in Anglo-Saxon Superiority

Many Americans combined Many Americans combined philosophy of Social Darwinism philosophy of Social Darwinism with belief in racial superiority with belief in racial superiority of Anglo-Saxonsof Anglo-Saxons

Shared European belief in “the Shared European belief in “the white man’s burden”—must white man’s burden”—must spread Christianity and spread Christianity and “ “civilization” to world’s civilization” to world’s “ “inferior” peoples. inferior” peoples.

James G. Blaine James G. Blaine Secretary of StateSecretary of State in 2 Republican in 2 Republican administrations administrations in 1880sin 1880s

Interest in South Interest in South America America

Pan-American Conference –1889 Pan-American Conference –1889

ClevelandCleveland Administration Administration also interested also interested In South Amer.In South Amer.

Supported Supported Venezuela Venezuela in a border in a border dispute with dispute with Great Britain Great Britain over British Guiana over British Guiana

U. S. Annexes Hawaiian Islands U. S. Annexes Hawaiian Islands

HawaiiHawaii had been had been economically economically important to the U. S.important to the U. S. since since 1790s 1790s

Stopping point Stopping point for merchants for merchants en routeen route to Asia to Asia

Missionaries Missionaries since 1820s since 1820s

Later, sugar merchants Later, sugar merchants

U. S. Annexes Hawaiian Islands U. S. Annexes Hawaiian Islands 1875—treaty: sale of Hawaiian 1875—treaty: sale of Hawaiian sugar in U. S. without a duty sugar in U. S. without a duty

1887—U. S. business leaders in 1887—U. S. business leaders in Hawaii forced King Kalakaua to Hawaii forced King Kalakaua to change constitution: only change constitution: only wealthy landowners could vote. wealthy landowners could vote.

Next (1887) U. S. “persuaded” Next (1887) U. S. “persuaded” King Kalakaua to allow the U. S.King Kalakaua to allow the U. S. toto construct a navy base at construct a navy base at Pearl Harbor on OahuPearl Harbor on Oahu..

U. S. Annexes Hawaiian Islands U. S. Annexes Hawaiian Islands

1890—McKinley Tariff eliminated 1890—McKinley Tariff eliminated duty-free status of Hawaiian duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar sugar

Hawaiians facedHawaiians faced competitioncompetition fromfrom Cuban sugar Cuban sugar

American planters in Hawaii American planters in Hawaii called for U. S. annexation of called for U. S. annexation of HawaiiHawaii—so would not have duty—so would not have duty

Liliuokalani Liliuokalani became became queen when her queen when her brother, Kalakaua, brother, Kalakaua, died in 1891 died in 1891

Proposed a newProposed a new constitutionconstitution removing property removing property qualifications for votingqualifications for voting. .

American businessmen led a American businessmen led a revoltrevolt backed by a U. S. warship. backed by a U. S. warship.

A volunteer army,A volunteer army, backed by U. backed by U. S. S. Marines,Marines, took over the took over the government building;government building; placed placed queen under house arrest.queen under house arrest.

American businessmanAmerican businessmanSanford B. DoleSanford B. Dole (Dole (Dole Pineapple)Pineapple) proclaimed proclaimed himself presidenthimself president of a of a provisional governmentprovisional government

President GroverPresident GroverCleveland directed Cleveland directed that Queen that Queen LiliuokalaniLiliuokalanibe restored to throne be restored to throne

Dole refused to yield power Dole refused to yield power

Cleveland unwilling to use force Cleveland unwilling to use force

Recognized Republic of Hawaii;Recognized Republic of Hawaii; refused to annexrefused to annex

William McKinley, a William McKinley, a Republican, became Republican, became President 1897.President 1897.

August 12, 1898—August 12, 1898—Congress proclaimedCongress proclaimedHawaii a U. S. territory Hawaii a U. S. territory

Hawaiians not given Hawaiians not given opportunity to vote opportunity to vote on annexation. on annexation.

Samoa:Samoa:3000 miles south of 3000 miles south of HawaiiHawaiiWay station for U. S. Way station for U. S. merchant shipsmerchant ships1878—Pres. Hayes 1878—Pres. Hayes treaty for navy station treaty for navy station at Pago Pago ( U. S., U. K., Germanyat Pago Pago ( U. S., U. K., Germany

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War centered around the island of centered around the island of CubaCuba

Late 1800s, Cuba one of the few Late 1800s, Cuba one of the few possessions of dwindling Spanishpossessions of dwindling SpanishEmpire. Empire.

Since 1850s, people in the U. S. Since 1850s, people in the U. S. had had an interest in Cuba. had had an interest in Cuba.

Spaniards tended to treat CubansSpaniards tended to treat Cubans with cruelty.with cruelty.

1868-1878—unsuccessful war 1868-1878—unsuccessful war for independence.for independence.

Did force Spaniards Did force Spaniards to end slavery on to end slavery on the islandthe island

Following emancipation of Cuba’s Following emancipation of Cuba’s slaves in 1886, slaves in 1886, U. S. businesses U. S. businesses invested heavily invested heavily in sugar cane in sugar cane in Cuba.in Cuba.

1884, U. S. 1884, U. S. abolished the abolished the tariff on Cuban sugar—productiontariff on Cuban sugar—productionsoared.soared.U. S. restored tariff 1894—Cuban U. S. restored tariff 1894—Cuban economy ruinedeconomy ruined (Wilson-Gorman (Wilson-Gorman.).)

1895, Jose Marti 1895, Jose Marti launched secondlaunched secondrevolution against revolution against Spain. Spain.

Guerrilla warfare Guerrilla warfare

““Cuba Libre!” Cuba Libre!”

American public opinion split. American public opinion split. American business interests American business interests favored Spain to protect favored Spain to protect investments investments

1896, 1896, Spain sent Spain sent Valeriano Weyler Valeriano Weyler to be new governor to be new governor of Cuba. of Cuba.

Weyler moved all of Weyler moved all of the rural population the rural population into concentration into concentration camps. camps.

During next two During next two years, thousands years, thousands died from hunger died from hunger and disease. and disease.

Weyler’s actions fueled a news-Weyler’s actions fueled a news-paper war in the U. S. paper war in the U. S.

William R. HearstWilliam R. HearstNew York Journal New York Journal

Joseph PulitzerJoseph PulitzerNew York World New York World

Engaged in Yellow Journalism—Engaged in Yellow Journalism—exaggerating legitimate reports exaggerating legitimate reports of Cuban suffering to lure new of Cuban suffering to lure new readers.readers.

Hearst sent Frederick Remington,Hearst sent Frederick Remington,a famous artist, a famous artist, to illustrate stories.to illustrate stories.

““You furnish the You furnish the pictures, I’ll pictures, I’ll furnish the war” furnish the war”

President McKinley President McKinley sought diplomatic sought diplomatic solution.solution.Some success Some success

February 1898, a February 1898, a Cuban rebel stole aCuban rebel stole a letter written by Enrique letter written by Enrique Dupuy De Lome, the Dupuy De Lome, the Spanish ambassador to the Spanish ambassador to the U. S. criticizing McKinley. U. S. criticizing McKinley.

Sent to/published by Hearst’s Sent to/published by Hearst’s New York JournalNew York Journal..

Publication of Publication of de Lome letterde Lome letter caused American outrage towardcaused American outrage towardSpain.Spain.

McKinley responded by sending McKinley responded by sending the U.S.S. Maine to Havana to the U.S.S. Maine to Havana to protect American lives & property protect American lives & property

February 15, 1898February 15, 1898, explosion , explosion sent U.S.S. Maine to bottom of sent U.S.S. Maine to bottom of Havana Harbor.Havana Harbor.

Hearst, Hearst, et alet al inflamed the inflamed the American people with the American people with the phrase, “Remember the phrase, “Remember the Maine.”Maine.”Even though Spain agreed to Even though Spain agreed to almost all American demandsalmost all American demands,,Congress declared war on SpainCongress declared war on Spainon April 20, 1898on April 20, 1898..

First battle of the war took place First battle of the war took place in the Philippines. in the Philippines.

Anticipating war withAnticipating war withSpain, Spain, Undersecretary Undersecretary of the Navy, Theodore of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, orderedRoosevelt, orderedthe U. S. Asiatic Fleet the U. S. Asiatic Fleet to sail for the to sail for the PhilippinesPhilippines in Feb. in Feb.

May 1, 1898May 1, 1898, the fleet, , the fleet, under Admiral George under Admiral George Dewey, sunk the SpanishDewey, sunk the SpanishPacific fleet in a few Pacific fleet in a few hours—no U. S. killed.hours—no U. S. killed.

Commander of Spanish army Commander of Spanish army force in Manila refused to force in Manila refused to surrender.surrender.

Dewey blockaded the harbor and Dewey blockaded the harbor and requested Army forces requested Army forces

Army forces Army forces arrived arrived late July (15,000 late July (15,000 troops);troops); linked with linked with Philippine rebels Philippine rebels under Emilio under Emilio Aguinaldo Aguinaldo

Spanish commander, whenSpanish commander, when noting the superior rebel/noting the superior rebel/ American force, agreed to American force, agreed to surrender but wanted to do so surrender but wanted to do so with a “fight” to save face.with a “fight” to save face.

American General Merritt agreed American General Merritt agreed to stage a bloodshed-free battle.to stage a bloodshed-free battle.

Aguinaldo’s rebels would not Aguinaldo’s rebels would not cooperatecooperate; actual battle with ; actual battle with casualties on both sides before casualties on both sides before final Spanish surrender. final Spanish surrender.

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba

Navy was strong and battle-ready. Navy was strong and battle-ready.

Army was poorly prepared Army was poorly prepared

Very small professional force Very small professional force

125,000 volunteers 125,000 volunteers

Poorly equipped, poorly led,Poorly equipped, poorly led, limited transportation,limited transportation, inadequately trained. inadequately trained.

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba

Rear Admiral WilliamRear Admiral WilliamSampsonSampsonCommander of the Commander of the U. S. North Atlantic U. S. North Atlantic Fleet,Fleet, located a located aSpanish fleet in Spanish fleet in Santiago, Cuba,Santiago, Cuba,Harbor. Established Harbor. Established a U. S. blockade a U. S. blockade

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba Although the Army was not ready Although the Army was not ready for battle, for battle, public opinionpublic opinion, due to , due to Hearst’s and Pulitzer’s editorials,Hearst’s and Pulitzer’s editorials,compelled McKinleycompelled McKinleyto send the Army to send the Army to Cubato Cuba..

Sent V Corps underSent V Corps underGeneral William General William ShafterShafter

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba Deployment was a near disaster Deployment was a near disaster Only enough ships in Tampa,Only enough ships in Tampa,FL to move 17,000 of Shafter’s FL to move 17,000 of Shafter’s 80,000 person force 80,000 person force

No deployment plan--“catch as No deployment plan--“catch as catch can”catch can”

Disorganized loading in Tampa Disorganized loading in Tampa and off-loading on Daiquiri andand off-loading on Daiquiri andSiboney beaches Siboney beaches

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba

Terrible foodTerrible food: “embalmed beef” : “embalmed beef”

Wrong uniformsWrong uniforms for the climate for the climate Not prepared for an amphibious Not prepared for an amphibious landinglanding—if Spanish had opposed,—if Spanish had opposed,U. S. may have had to withdraw. U. S. may have had to withdraw.

Not prepared for jungle warfare Not prepared for jungle warfare

Not prepared for insect-borne Not prepared for insect-borne diseasesdiseases native to tropics native to tropics

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba Shafter’s force consisted ofShafter’s force consisted of regular troops, African-Americanregular troops, African-AmericanBuffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers (White officers),(White officers), and volunteers and volunteers under Colonel under Colonel Leonard Wood. Leonard Wood.

Despite the many Despite the many problems, U. S. problems, U. S. forces movedforces movedinland, June 23inland, June 23

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba

Most famous volunteer force: Most famous volunteer force: Rough RidersRough Riders

Led by Wood & Teddy Roosevelt Led by Wood & Teddy Roosevelt

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba First skirmish: 24 June at Las First skirmish: 24 June at Las Guasimas Guasimas

U. S. twice as many casualties U. S. twice as many casualties as Spaniards as Spaniards

Major battle: Battle of San Juan Major battle: Battle of San Juan Heights—1 July 1898. Heights—1 July 1898.

Preceded by victory at El Caney. Preceded by victory at El Caney.

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba

Kettle Hill Kettle Hill San Juan HillSan Juan Hill

Rough Riders Rough Riders Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers

99thth & 10 & 10thth Cavalry Cavalry U. S. Regulars U. S. Regulars

The War in Cuba The War in Cuba

Costly American victory: 1,600 Costly American victory: 1,600 casualties. casualties.

But, U. S. now had Santiago in But, U. S. now had Santiago in danger. danger.

3 July, Spanish governor ordered 3 July, Spanish governor ordered Spanish fleet to try to “run” the Spanish fleet to try to “run” the U. S. blockade.U. S. blockade.

All Spanish ships sunk or All Spanish ships sunk or beached; no U. S. ship damaged.beached; no U. S. ship damaged.

17 July: Spanish surrendered17 July: Spanish surrenderedSantiago, ending war in Cuba Santiago, ending war in Cuba 25 July, U.S. force, under 25 July, U.S. force, under General Nelson Miles General Nelson Miles invaded Puerto Rico invaded Puerto Rico

Little Spanish resistanceLittle Spanish resistance; ; hostilities cease August 1898 hostilities cease August 1898

August 12, 1898, the U. S. and August 12, 1898, the U. S. and Spain signed an armistice ending Spain signed an armistice ending the war.the war.

Secretary of State Secretary of State John Hay: “A splendid John Hay: “A splendid little war.”little war.”

Fighting: 16 weeks Fighting: 16 weeks 300,000 Americans 300,000 Americans served; 5,400 died but only 460served; 5,400 died but only 460in battle; the rest from disease in battle; the rest from disease and other causes.and other causes.

Results of Dec. 10 Peace Treaty Results of Dec. 10 Peace Treaty

Cuba gained independence Cuba gained independence

Spain gave U. S. Puerto Rico & Spain gave U. S. Puerto Rico & Pacific island of Guam Pacific island of Guam

U. S. paid Spain $20 millionU. S. paid Spain $20 millionto annex Philippine Islands to annex Philippine Islands

Spanish-American war, plus the Spanish-American war, plus the annexation of Hawaii, began the annexation of Hawaii, began the Age of U. S. Imperialism. Age of U. S. Imperialism.

The Foraker ActThe Foraker Act

Joseph B. ForakerJoseph B. ForakerPuerto Rico Puerto Rico

Ended military rule Ended military rule Established a formal colonial government Established a formal colonial government U. S. governor; 2-chamber legislatureU. S. governor; 2-chamber legislatureU. s. could amend or veto local legislationU. s. could amend or veto local legislation

What to do regarding the Philippines? What to do regarding the Philippines? McKinley’s options McKinley’s options 1.1. Turn PI back to Turn PI back to Spain Spain (“Cowardly (“Cowardly and dishonorable”)and dishonorable”)2. Give to another 2. Give to another imperialist powerimperialist power ““Bad business and discreditable”Bad business and discreditable”3. Grant independence3. Grant independence ““Irresponsible” (felt Filipinos not Irresponsible” (felt Filipinos not capable of self-government)capable of self-government)4. Annex4. Annex Educate, uplift and ChristianizeEducate, uplift and Christianize Chosen option; Treaty of ParisChosen option; Treaty of Paris

December 1898; $20 million to Spain December 1898; $20 million to Spain

The Anti-Imperialists The Anti-Imperialists

Carnegie Clemens Gompers J. ShermanCarnegie Clemens Gompers J. Sherman (Twain)(Twain)Some: immoral and a repudiation of Some: immoral and a repudiation of the U. S. commitment to human freedomthe U. S. commitment to human freedomSome feared introducing “inferior” AsianSome feared introducing “inferior” Asian races to American societyraces to American societyIndustrial workers: feared cheap labor Industrial workers: feared cheap labor

The Imperialists The Imperialists

Lodge RooseveltLodge RooseveltAn American empire would reinvigorate An American empire would reinvigorate the U. S. the U. S. Strongest argument: ease of annexation Strongest argument: ease of annexation Some: opportunities for profit Some: opportunities for profit

The Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris William Jennings Bryan, a William Jennings Bryan, a fervent anti-imperialist, fervent anti-imperialist, backed ratification because backed ratification because it would be a subject of the it would be a subject of the 1900 election. 1900 election. (It wasn’t)(It wasn’t)

Cuba Cuba Leonard Wood: Leonard Wood: Governor to 1902Governor to 1902

Platt Amendment (1901)Platt Amendment (1901) Barred Cuba from makingBarred Cuba from making treatiestreaties U. S. right to intervene inU. S. right to intervene in Cuba to “preserve Cuba to “preserve independence independence Permit U. S. naval stations (Guantanamo)Permit U. S. naval stations (Guantanamo)Cuba: only nominal independenceCuba: only nominal independence

Philippine-American Philippine-American War War

1898-1902 1898-1902 200,000 U. S. 200,000 U. S. troopstroops4,300 US deaths4,300 US deaths

At least 50,000 Filipino deaths At least 50,000 Filipino deaths U. S. same pattern of brutality as Weyler U. S. same pattern of brutality as Weyler in Cubain Cuba

Philippine-American War Philippine-American War

Arthur MacArthur Arthur MacArthur Summary executionsSummary executionsConcentration campsConcentration campsU. S. troops destroyed U. S. troops destroyed villages, farms, crops & villages, farms, crops & livestocklivestockGrowing spirit if savagery Growing spirit if savagery 15 Filipino KIA/1 WIA15 Filipino KIA/1 WIA

Philippine-American War Philippine-American War

Aguinaldo capturedAguinaldo capturedDeclared allegiance to Declared allegiance to

the U. S.the U. S.Civilian governor: Civilian governor:

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard TaftBroad local autonomy Broad local autonomy U.S. built roads, schools, U.S. built roads, schools, bridges and sewersbridges and sewersPublic health systemPublic health systemEconomy linked to that of U. S. Economy linked to that of U. S.

China China

Europeans & Europeans & Japanese carving upJapanese carving upMany in U. S. feared Many in U. S. feared the U. S. would be the U. S. would be cut out cut out

John HayJohn Hay: “Asking only the open : “Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to to accord the open door to others.”others.”

Open Door Notes Open Door Notes

Each nation with a sphere of Each nation with a sphere of influence in China: respect the influence in China: respect the Rights and privileges of other Rights and privileges of other Nations in its sphereNations in its sphere

Chinese officials: continue to collect Chinese officials: continue to collect tariffs in all spheres tariffs in all spheres (existing tariff (existing tariff favored the U. S.)favored the U. S.)

No discrimination in levying port dues No discrimination in levying port dues and railroad ratesand railroad rates

Elihu RootElihu Root Secretary of WarSecretary of War Overhauled armed forcesOverhauled armed forces Regular Army:Regular Army: 75,000 to 100,00075,000 to 100,000 National Guard: federal National Guard: federal Army standardsArmy standards System of officer training schoolsSystem of officer training schools 1903: General Staff 1903: General Staff