white reflectance standard sol marie cruz rivera september 19,2006 inel6088
TRANSCRIPT
WHITE REFLECTANCE
STANDARD
SOL MARIE CRUZ RIVERASeptember 19,2006
INEL6088
WHAT IS WHITE?
An object can be called “white” when, for all the colors (wavelengths) of the visible spectrum, 100% of the light shining on the object is reflectively diffused.
REFLECTIVELY DIFFUSED
Diffused Ideal White
Reflectively diffused mean that light is reflected back uniformly in all directions.
WHITE REFLECTANCE STANDARD 99% Ideal for Calibration and Standardization Durable and Waterproof Highly Diffuse and Lambertian Consistent Reflectance Over Time Thermally Stable Specifications:
Overall Dimensions: 1.50” Dia. x 0.55”T Reflectance Area: 1.25” Dia . Max. Operating Temp.: 400°C Diffuse Reflection Std: ±4% over 200-2500nm
CALIBRATE AN IMAGE – VALUE OF THE CORRECTED PIXEL
blackave
whiteave
blackave
pixelreal
pixelcorrected VV
VV
V
255
whiteaveV Average value of the white
reflectance target
blackaveV Average value of the
black target
pixelrealV Value of a specific pixel of
the reference image.
0 whiteaveV _blackaveV _
255
pixelrealV _
pixelcorrectedV _
HOW TO CALIBRATE AN IMAGE USING THE WHITE REFLECTANCE STANDARD Take an image of the white reflectance standard
and a black object. Take the average of the pixels of the white
reflectance standard. Take the average of the pixels of the black
object. Subtract the average of the pixels of the black
object to all the pixels of the Reference Image. Multiply all the pixels of the resultant image by
the ratio : blackave
whiteave VV
255
REFERENCE IMAGE
Figure 1: Reference Image
HISTOGRAM REF. IMAGE
Figure 2: Histogram of the Reference Image
AVERAGE VALUES-REF.IMAGE
0.2294arg
arg
ettblacktotal
pixelsettblackVblackave
230.78arg
arg
ettwhitetotal
pixelsettwhiteVwhiteave
CALIBRATED IMAGE
Figure 3: Calibrated Image
HIST CORRECTED IMAGE
Figure 4: Histogram of the Corrected Image
AVERAGE VALUES-NEW.IMAGE
0.2465arg
arg
ettblacktotal
pixelsettblackV
newblackave
253.37arg
arg
ettwhitetotal
pixelsettwhiteV
newwhiteave
REAL vs. CORRECTED IMAGE
The white is more brilliant in the corrected image.
0.2465 253.37 0.2294 230.78 newblackave
newwhiteave
blackave
whiteave VVVV
UNDERSTANDING WHITE BALANCE – DIGITAL WORLD
We can use filters to correct for incandescent or fluorescent lighting.
In the digital world these correction filters are replaced by a feature called “White Balance”.
WHITE BALANCE
The purpose of the WB is to make sure that the imaged white corresponds to the required white
LIGHT COLOUR TEMPERATURE The reason that pictures turn out with a
yellow/orange cast in incandescent (tungsten) lighting and bluish in fluorescent lighting is because light has a colour temperature.
Low colour temp shifts light toward the red. A high colour temp shifts light toward the
blue. Different light sources emit light at different
colour temperatures.
MANUAL WHITE BALANCE
Tell the camera which object in the room is white and supposed to come out white in the picture. Point to a white object, filling the screen completely with it.
The camera calculate the difference between the current colour temperature of that object and the correct colour temperature of a white object.
Then shift all colours by that difference.
PRESET WHITE BALANCE
Cameras provide preset white balance settings such as: Tungsten, Fluorescent, Cloudy, Sunny, etc.
Preset WB can improve the image specially under indoors lighting.
AUTO WHITE BALANCE
Selected by default Appropriate for general snapshots, and
where the illumination is principally from a single type.
AWB works very well in sunny and cloudy outdoors.
Works fine for most indoors situations.
EXAMPLES
Auto White Balance
Preset White Balance - Tungsten
•Indoor lighting: two incandescent (tungsten) bulbs.
•By a preset Tungsten WB, the image gives a truer representation of the scene. Fan is really white.
© Danny Pascale and The Babel Color Company
REFERENCES
[1]Edmund Optics, 2005 Optics and Optical Instruments Catalog
[2] http://www.gigahertzoptik.com [3] http://www.photoxels.com/tutorial_white-
balance.html [4] http://www.BabelColor.com