A Time to Review – The TwentiesUS History/Napp Name: _________________

1. The Scopes trial and the Sacco and Vanzetti case both involved(1) disputes over the death penalty(2) clashes over cultural values(3) protests by temperance leaders(4) challenges to search and seizure protections

2. The prosperity of the United States in the mid-1920s resulted in part from

(1) increased demand for new consumer goods(2) high-wage contracts negotiated by labor unions(3) record-high farm prices(4) increased government regulation of theEconomy

3. After World War I, one way in which the Red Scare, the passing of the Quota Acts, and the growth of the Ku Klux Klan were similar is that they all(1) exploited fears about people who were considered un-American(2) encouraged the assimilation of new immigrants into American society(3) supported the goals of the suffrage movement(4) exhibited prejudice against African Americans

4. What was one feature of the United States economy during the 1920s that contributed to the Great Depression?

(1) increase in federal regulation(2) expansion of easy credit(3) growth of the trade deficit(4) influence of foreign corporations

5. Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes, and Bessie Smith are most closely associated with efforts to

(1) expand the Back to Africa movement(2) fight discrimination through the judicialsystem(3) promote the cultural identity of AfricanAmericans through the arts(4) establish the National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People

6. The Red Scare, the growth of the Ku Klux Klan, and the murder convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti were influenced by

(1) the rise of organized crime(2) the passage of immigration quota acts(3) a distrust of foreigners(4) an effort to stop fascism

7. “…Our whole system of self-government will crumble either if officials elect what laws they will enforce or citizens elect what laws they will support. The worst evil of disregard for some law is that it destroys respect for all law.…”~ President Herbert Hoover, 1929Which issue is President Hoover discussing in this statement?(1) national Prohibition(2) environmental conservation(3) Social Security taxes(4) voting rights for women

8. The division in public opinion over the Scopes trial and Prohibition demonstrates which characteristic of the 1920s?

(1) discrimination against immigrants(2) clash of cultural values(3) fear of international communism(4) opposition to the Ku Klux Klan

9. During the 1920s, much of the debt accumulated by consumers was due to(1) installment buying of manufactured goods(2) overproduction of farm products(3) long strikes by labor unions(4) rising income taxes

10. What was the primary reason many African Americans migrated to the North both during and after World War I?(1) More economic opportunities existed in the North.(2) Few chances to gain political office were available in the South.(3) Racism and discrimination had been eliminated in the North.(4) Southern cities were overcrowded.

11. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s most enhanced American culture by(1) pressuring southern states to extend voting rights(2) expanding African American access toeducation(3) popularizing African American contributions to the arts(4) convincing the Supreme Court to allowaffirmative action

12. Which development most clearly illustrates the nativist attitudes that existed in the United States in the 1920s?(1) limits on immigration established by theQuota Acts(2) pro-business policies of the federalgovernment(3) artistic and literary achievements of theHarlem Renaissance(4) conflicts between religion and science asshown in the Scopes Trial

13. Which movement’s primary goal was the ratification of a constitutional amendment authorizing Prohibition?(1) abolitionist (3) temperance(2) Populist (4) settlement house

14. The main reason for the increased migration of African Americans out of the rural South during and following World War I was the(1) availability of cheap farmland in the West(2) opportunity for factory jobs in the North(3) chance to escape racial segregation by joining the military(4) elimination of the Ku Klux Klan in the northern states

15. National attention was drawn to the Scopes trial of 1925 because the case(1) represented a conflict between science and religion(2) reversed a previous Supreme Court decision on free speech(3) upheld the right of veterans to protest inWashington, D. C.(4) revealed the extent of prejudice againstImmigrants

16. The economic boom of the 1920s was fueled in part by(1) government subsidies paid to farmers(2) tariff reductions on European goods(3) increased investment in the stock market(4) construction by the Tennessee ValleyAuthority (TVA)

17. Which American author was part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s?(1) F. Scott Fitzgerald (3) Langston Hughes(2) Ernest Hemingway (4) John Steinbeck

18. What was a major cause of the Great Depression?(1) overproduction and underconsumption(2) a decrease in the supply of consumer goods(3) an increase in demand for imported products(4) an increase in the price of wheat on the world market

19. The conflict between science and religion in the 1920s was most clearly shown in the(1) trial of John Scopes(2) arrest of Sacco and Vanzetti(3) nativist reactions to immigration(4) poetry of the Harlem Renaissance

20. One of the major causes of the stock market crash of 1929 was(1) excessive buying of stocks on margin(2) overconsumption of goods and services(3) failure of international banking systems(4) low prices of stocks and bonds

21. In the mid-1920s, the immigration policy of the United States was mainly designed to(1) deport illegal immigrants(2) continue the traditional policy of openimmigration(3) establish quotas for immigrants from certain nations(4) favor immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

22. What was the major problem facing American farmers during the 1920s?(1) shortage of fertile land(2) overproduction of crops(3) low prices of imported farm products(4) limited labor supply

23. The contributions of Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington illustrate the importance of the Harlem Renaissance to(1) economic growth(2) educational reform(3) the creative arts(4) political leadership

24. Between 1880 and 1920, the majority of the “new” immigrants to the United States came from(1) northern and western Europe(2) southern and eastern Europe(3) Canada and Latin America(4) China and Southeast Asia

25. Why did many United States farmers fail to benefit from the economic prosperity of the 1920s?(1) No technological advances were made in agriculture.(2) Levels of farm production declined.(3) Farm exports were heavily taxed.(4) Agricultural goods were overproduced.

26. The Scopes trial of the 1920s dealt with a conflict between(1) communism and capitalism(2) Protestants and Catholics(3) science and religion(4) labor and management

27. Which economic factor contributed most directly to the start of the Great Depression?(1) low worker productivity(2) high income taxes(3) decreasing tariff rates(4) buying stocks on margin

28. The convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti in the 1920s most closely reflected the(1) increase in nativist attitudes(2) federal government’s war on crime(3) corruption of political machines(4) rise in labor unrest

29. What was one cause of the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed?(1) Costs associated with World War I had bankrupted the economy.(2) Speculators had purchased shares of stock on margin with borrowed funds.(3) Federal tax cuts had caused high inflation.(4) Low farm production had weakened banks.

30. National Prohibition, as authorized by the 18th amendment, stated that(1) Americans must be 18 years old to purchase alcoholic beverages(2) only imported alcoholic beverages would be sold(3) alcoholic beverages could be sold only ingovernment-run stores(4) the manufacture and sale of alcoholicbeverages was banned

31. During the 1920s, Congress passed a series of immigration laws that were primarily designed to(1) increase immigration from Asia(2) expand the workforce for the growingeconomy(3) limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe(4) prohibit immigration from Latin America

32. During the second half of the 1920s, which economic trend was a major cause of the Great Depression?(1) deficits in the federal budget(2) reductions in tariff rates(3) creation of national and state sales taxes(4) overproduction and underconsumption

33. President Herbert Hoover’s response to the Great Depression was often criticized because it(1) wasted money on new social programs(2) caused widespread rioting and looting inmajor cities(3) raised taxes on businesses and the wealthy(4) failed to provide direct relief for the neediest persons

34. The Harlem Renaissance promoted African American culture by(1) increasing factory employment opportunities for minorities(2) encouraging immigration from Africa(3) focusing attention on artistic contributions(4) bringing an end to legalized racial segregation

35. During the 1920s, the United States changed its immigration policy by passing new laws that(1) provided incentives to attract moreimmigrants to factory jobs(2) encouraged Chinese immigrants to enter the country(3) allowed unrestricted immigration of warrefugees from Vietnam(4) established quotas that reduced the number of immigrants from certain countries

36. What was a main result of national Prohibition during the 1920s?(1) Respect for the law decreased.(2) Woman’s suffrage was restricted.(3) Racial prejudice increased.(4) Religious tolerance grew.

37. Which foreign policy did Warren G. Harding support when he used the phrase “return to normalcy” during his presidential campaign of 1920?(1) appeasement (3) containment(2) internationalism (4) isolationism

38. Which event led to the start of the GreatDepression?(1) Red Scare (1919–1920)(2) election of President Herbert Hoover (1928)(3) stock market crash (1929)(4) passage of the Emergency Banking Act(1933)

39. The Scopes trial of 1925 illustrated the(1) desire for new voting rights laws(2) need for better private schools(3) conflict between Protestant fundamentalism and science(4) effects of the Red Scare on the legal system

40. What was a major cause of the Great Depression?(1) decrease in the production of goods during most of the 1920s(2) unequal distribution of wealth in the United States(3) overregulation of the banking industry(4) low tariffs on foreign goods

Base your answer to question 41 on the poem below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Mother to Son

Well, son, I’ll tell you:Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.It’s had tacks in it,And splinters,And boards torn up,And places with no carpet on the floor—Bare.But all the timeI’se been a-climbin’ on,And reachin’ landin’s,And turnin’ corners,And sometimes goin’ in the darkWhere there ain’t been no light.So boy, don’t you turn back.Don’t you set down on the steps’Cause you finds it kinder hard.Don’t you fall now—For I’se still goin’, honey,I’se still climbin’,And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.—Langston Hughes, 1922

41. One purpose of this poem, written during the Harlem Renaissance, was to(1) explain the advantages of inner-city life(2) discuss ideas in the language used byimmigrant Americans(3) ask African Americans to accept things as they are(4) encourage African Americans to continue their struggle for equality

Base your answer to question 42 on the poem below and on your knowledge of social studies.

I, TooI, too, sing America.I am the darker brother.They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,But I laugh,And eat well,And grow strong.Tomorrow,I’ll be at the tableWhen company comes.Nobody’ll dareSay to me,“Eat in the kitchen,”Then.Besides,They’ll see how beautiful I amAnd be ashamed —I, too, am America. ~ Langston Hughes, in Rampersad and Roessel, eds., The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Alfred A. Knopf

42. This Langston Hughes poem illustrates a major theme of the Harlem Renaissance by(1) supporting the creation of colleges operated by African Americans(2) stressing the need for economic reform(3) expressing the pride and hope of manyAfrican Americans(4) detailing mistreatment of African Americans by the music industry

43. One goal of many Harlem Renaissance writers was to(1) increase pride in African American culture(2) support existing racial barriers(3) cut off connections with mainstreamAmerican values(4) encourage African Americans to create their own political party

44. Which statement about the stock market crash of 1929 is most accurate?(1) It was the single cause of the GreatDepression.(2) It was caused by the effects of the GreatDepression.(3) It continued long after the Great Depression ended.(4) It helped lead to the Great Depression.

45. Many farmers failed to share in the general prosperity of the 1920s mainly because they(1) lacked new farm machinery to increaseproduction(2) did not have sufficient numbers of farmlaborers(3) had to pay high wages to their workers(4) received low prices for crops due to overproduction

46. What was a primary reason for the great migration of African Americans to northern cities during World War I?(1) Job opportunities were available in northern factories.(2) Jim Crow laws in the South had been repealed.(3) Voting rights laws had been passed in northern states.(4) The federal government had guaranteed an end to discrimination.

47. Which characteristic of the 1920s is illustrated by the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti?(1) hostility toward woman’s suffrage(2) support for segregation(3) opposition to separation of church and state(4) intolerance toward immigrants

48. During the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, African American authors and artists used literature and art to(1) end segregation of public facilities(2) promote affirmative action programs(3) celebrate the richness of their heritage(4) urge voters to elect more African Americans to political office

49. Which economic condition was a major cause of the Great Depression?(1) high wages of industrial workers(2) deficit spending by the federal government(3) inability of industry to produce enoughconsumer goods(4) uneven distribution of income between the rich and the poor

50. In the 1920s, both Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington made major contributions to(1) economic growth (2) educational reform(3) the creative arts(4) political leadership

51. The changing image of women during the 1920s was symbolized by the(1) passage of an equal pay act(2) drafting of women into the army(3) popularity of the flappers and their style of dress(4) appointment of several women to President Calvin Coolidge’s cabinet

52. The economic prosperity of the 1920s was mainly the result of the(1) adoption of lower tariff rates(2) stricter enforcement of antitrust laws(3) success of most United States farmers(4) development of new industries for consumer goods

53. The Harlem Renaissance was important to American society because it(1) highlighted the cultural achievements ofAfrican Americans(2) isolated African Americans from mainstream society(3) provided new political opportunities forAfrican Americans(4) brought an end to racial segregation in the North

54. What common problem did farmers of the 1890s and farmers of the 1920s face?(1) failure to plant enough crops to meet local needs(2) government overregulation of farming(3) low tariffs on crops(4) overproduction compared to consumer demand

55. • Teapot Dome Scandal • Harlem Renaissance • Scopes trialDuring which decade did these events occur?(1) 1920s (3) 1940s(2) 1930s (4) 1950s

56. The Red Scare, the National Origins Acts of the 1920s, and the verdict in the Sacco and Vanzetti trial are examples of negative American attitudes toward(1) immigrants(2) business leaders(3) African Americans(4) labor union leaders

57. The Scopes Trial of 1925 is an example of(1) the effects of assimilation on Americanculture(2) a clash between scientific ideas and religious beliefs(3) increase in violence in American society(4) government intervention in racial conflicts

58. Improved mass-production techniques affected the American economy of the 1920s by(1) reducing prices of consumer goods(2) lowering the quality of most products(3) causing higher unemployment(4) decreasing the quantity of manufacturedProducts

59. The influence of nativism during the 1920s is best illustrated by the(1) increase in the popularity of the automobile(2) emergence of the flappers(3) expansion of trusts and monopolies(4) growth of the Ku Klux Klan

60. “Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions” “Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial” “Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce”

What do headlines such as these from the 1920s illustrate?(1) conflict between traditional and modernvalues(2) trend toward mass consumption of consumergoods(3) hostility of certain groups toward ethnicminorities(4) debate over the role of government in theEconomy

61. Which factor contributed most to the growth of nativist attitudes in the United States in the years immediately following World War I?(1) the establishment of national Prohibition(2) a decline of organized religions(3) the increase in the number of settlementhouses(4) the large numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

62. What was a principle reason for rapid economic growth in the United States during the 1920s?(1) prosperity of American agriculture(2) increase of American imports(3) development of many new consumer goods(4) increased spending on defense

63. What was one factor that led to the Great Depression?(1) government limitations on the amount ofmoney in circulation(2) high wages paid by employers(3) increases in the tax rate for corporations(4) excessive speculation in the stock market

64. Much of the economic growth of the 1920s was based on(1) increased trade with other nations(2) the production of new consumer goods(3) rising prices of agricultural products(4) the rapid development of the West

65. Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington are noted for their contributions to the cultural movementof the 1920s known as the(1) Gospel of Wealth(2) Lost Generation(3) Harlem Renaissance(4) Gilded Age

66. The failure of national Prohibition led to a public awareness that(1) crime rates decline when the sale of alcoholic beverages is banned(2) economic prosperity encourages socialconformity(3) unpopular laws are difficult to enforce(4) geographic conditions affect law enforcement

67. Which pair of events illustrates an accurate cause-and-effect relationship?(1) Sacco and Vanzetti trial → ratification of the woman suffrage amendment(2) rebirth of the KKK → formation of thePopulist Party(3) Red Scare → demand for limits onimmigration(4) high food prices → start of the GreatDepression

68. Which situation helped cause the stock market crash of 1929?(1) excessive speculation and buying on margin(2) unwillingness of people to invest in newindustries(3) increased government spending(4) too much government regulation of business

69. In the United States, regional differences in economic development are primarily due to(1) settlement patterns of immigrant groups(2) pressure from various religious groups(3) state and federal election laws(4) geographic factors in various parts of theNation

70. Which event of the 1920s symbolized a conflict over cultural values?(1) election of Herbert Hoover(2) transatlantic flight of Charles Lindbergh(3) Scopes trial(4) stock market crash

71. The migration of African Americans to the North during and following World War I was mainly a result of the(1) success of military desegregation(2) efforts of the civil rights movement(3) availability of new factory jobs(4) impact of affirmative action programs

72. Which group of Americans generally failed to experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s?(1) farmers (3) consumers(2) retailers (4) manufacturers

73. During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of “flappers” were all signs of disagreement over(1) the return to normalcy(2) traditional values and changing lifestyles(3) causes of the Great Depression(4) the benefits of new technology

74. A major goal of the immigration acts of the 1920s was to(1) allow unlimited immigration from Southeast Asia(2) assure equal numbers of immigrants from all nations(3) favor wealthy and well-educated immigrants(4) use quotas to limit immigration fromsouthern and eastern Europe

75. The economic boom of the 1920s was primarily caused by the(1) new economic policies of the League of Nations(2) development of new consumer goods industries(3) advent of advertising on radio(4) elimination of barriers to international trade

76. During most of the 1920s, which group experienced the most severe economic problems?(1) owners of small family farms(2) workers in the automobile industry(3) bankers in urban centers(4) entertainers in the field of radio

Base your answers to questions 77 and 78 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

77. What was an effect of the immigration laws of 1921 and 1924?(1) Reduction of immigration from southern and eastern Europe and Asia(2) Establishment of equality among ethnic groups seeking entrance to the United States(3) Increase in the total number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States(4) Removal of restrictions from the nations of northern and western Europe

78. One reason for the passage of the laws shown in this chart was to(1) Limit economic growth(2) Protect the jobs of workers in the United States(3) Improve working conditions in American factories(4) Promote non-European immigration

79. One responsibility of the Federal Reserve System is to(1) Balance the federal budget(2) Raise or lower income taxes(3) Control the supply of money(4) Regulate the stock market

80. President George Washington in his Farewell Address, President James Monroe in the Monroe Doctrine, and the opponents of the League of Nations all wanted the United States to(1) Avoid European conflicts(2) Avoid trade with foreign nations(3) Refuse diplomatic recognition of nondemocratic nations(4) Reduce foreign influence by establishing immigration quotas

81. The works of Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes reflected the(1) Expanding role of women in the 1920s(2) Achievements of the Harlem Renaissance(3) Architectural innovations of the 1930s(4) Influence of southern European immigrant groups

Base your answers to questions 82 and 83 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

82. The data in the chart support the idea that the immigration laws of 1921 and 1924 were primarily designed to(1) Stop illegal entry into the country(2) Admit skilled workers(3) Encourage immigration from southern Europe(4) Reduce immigration from specific regions

83. The United States adopted the immigration policies shown in the chart mainly because of(1) Pressures from nativists and labor unions(2) Hardships caused by the Great Depression(3) Prejudices generated during World War II(4) Threats from other nations to stop migration to the United States

84. What was a major result of Prohibition in the United States during the 1920s?(1) Restriction of immigration(2) Growth of communism(3) Destruction of family values(4) Increase in organized crime

85. Which statement most accurately describes conditions of American farmers during the economic boom of the mid-1920s?(1) Shortages of fertile land and farm equipment lowered farm income.(2) Overproduction helped keep farmers from participating in the prosperity of the times.(3) Subsidies and other government programs dramatically increased farmers’ incomes.(4) Higher prices for farm products resulted in a higher standard of living for farmers.

Base your answers to questions 86 and 87 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

86. The main purpose of this map is to illustrate the(1) Sources of important natural resources(2) Development of United States imperialism(3) Growth of the Atlantic slave trade(4) Results of the Spanish-American War

87. The conclusion that can best be supported by the information on this map is that construction of the Panama Canal was motivated by the desire of the United States to(1) Raise the living standards of Latin American people(2) Increase naval mobility and expand overseas markets(3) Improve relations with Latin American and Asian nations(4) Maintain a policy of collective security

88. Which economic trend of the 1920s helped cause the Great Depression?(1) Rising cost of mass-produced goods(2) Increasing income tax rates(3) Falling tariff rates(4) Widening income gap between the rich and the poor

Base your answer to question 89 on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

89. Which statement about population distribution in the United States between 1860 and 1920 is best supported by the graph?(1) Rural population declined after 1910.(2) Many Americans migrated from urban to rural areas.(3) Immigration played a limited role in urban growth.(4) The population of cities grew at a faster rate than that of rural areas.

90. Which event represents an expression of nativism during the 1920s?(1) Trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution(2) Adoption of a quota system to limit immigration(3) Charles Lindbergh’s solo transatlantic flight(4) Rise in popularity of spectator sports

91. Which generalization can best be drawn from the experiment with national Prohibition (1919–1933)?(1) Social attitudes can make laws difficult to enforce.(2) Americans resent higher taxes.(3) Morality can be legislated successfully.(4) People will sacrifice willingly for the common good.

92. Which situation is associated with the trends in agriculture shown in these tables?(1) Farm foreclosures decreased.(2) Farm size was substantially reduced.(3) Farm output declined.(4) Farmers became a smaller percentage of the labor force.

93. Which conclusion is best supported by the information on the graph?(1) The level of automobile production remained constant.(2) The average American family found the automobile too expensive to purchase.(3) By 1929, most of the automobiles in the world were produced in the United States.(4) Changes in economic conditions led to changes in automobile production.

Base your answers to questions 94 and 95 on the song excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The Farmer is the Man

When the farmer comes to townWith his wagon broken down,Oh, the farmer is the manWho feeds them all…The farmer is the man,The farmer is the man,Lives on credit till the fall;Then they take him by the handAnd they lead him from the land,And the middleman’s the manWho gets it all…~ American folk song

94. The problem identified by this folk song was a result of(1) Farm productivity declining for several decades(2) Too many Americans entering the occupation of farming(3) Poor farming practices destroying cropland(4) Low profits forcing many people out of farming

95. Which political party focused most of its efforts on the problem identified in this song?(1) Bull Moose(2) Free Soil(3) Populist(4) Progressive

96. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s can best be described as(1) An organization created to help promote African-American businesses(2) A movement that sought to draw people back to the inner cities(3) A relief program to provide jobs for minority workers(4) A period of great achievement by African-American writers, artists, and performers

97. What was a major reason American farmers failed to obtain a fair share of the economic prosperity of the 1920s?(1) Crops failed due to poor weather conditions.(2) The government controlled food prices.(3) Farm crops were overproduced.(4) Banks refused to lend money to farmers.

Base your answer to question 98 on the poem below and on your knowledge of social studies.

One Way Ticket

I am fed upWith Jim Crow laws,People who are cruelAnd afraid,Who lynch and run,Who are scared of meAnd me of them.I pick up my lifeAnd take it awayOn a one-way ticketGone Up NorthGone Out WestGone! ~ Langston Hughes, 1926

98. The author states that he has “Gone” because(1) Jobs were available in northern industries(2) There was no racial prejudice in the West(3) Farmland was more available in the North(4) Racial discrimination drove him away

99. In the 1920s, which economic factor led to the Great Depression?(1) Lack of investment in the stock market(2) Attempt by the United States to promote free trade(3) Failure to develop new consumer goods industries(4) Overproduction of farm products and manufactured goods

100. A result of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was the(1) Restoration of buildings and the infrastructure in New York City(2) Increased recognition of African-American writers and musicians(3) End of racial segregation laws in New York State(4) Appointment of several African Americans as presidential advisors

101. A study of the “flappers” of the 1920’s would indicate that (1) Some women rejected traditional feminine roles(2) Many women were elected to national political office(3) Women were fired from traditionally male occupations(4) The earning power of women was equal to that of men in the same occupation

Word Bank: Sacco and Vanzetti, Immigration Acts, Harlem Renaissance, Red Scare, Flappers, Isolationism, Stock Market Crash, Monkey Trial, Lost Generation, Teapot Dome Scandal, Calvin Coolidge

1- The “Roaring Twenties” were good times for many Americans. During the Twenties, Republicans regained the presidency and ushered in a new era of pro-business policies. Government policies, progress in technology, and a new consumer society produced a booming economy. Radio helped transform the U.S. into a single national market, and a mass popular culture developed based largely on the consumption of luxury items. To take full advantage of the profits to be made, businesses merged and grew ever larger. Tired from the war and disillusioned by Wilson’s failure with the League of Nations, America entered a period of ___________. The U.S. aimed to stay out of European affairs and severely limited immigration.

2- During the Twenties, the younger generation rebelled against traditional morals. College students took to drinking and throwing wild parties. Women became more forward in dress and behavior. The two symbols of this new, looser social behavior were jazz and the “flapper.” __________ were young women in the twenties who showed freedom from conventions (as in conduct).

3- At first, the nation faced the difficult task of adjusting to peace – the government stopped its wartime spending and soldiers returned home looking for jobs, creating a recession from 1919 to 1921. There were also attacks on civil liberties. When a wave of strikes hit the nation in 1919, citizens feared they were seeing the beginning of a Communist revolution. This “_________” led Attorney General Palmer to arrest radicals accused of plotting to overthrow the government. During the Scare, civil liberties were sometimes grossly violated and many innocent aliens were deported.

4- Soon after the “Red Scare,” two Italian immigrants, __________ were convicted of murder to get funds for an anarchist revolution. Although the evidence was insufficient, they were found guilty and executed. Socialists and radicals protested the men’s innocence. Many people felt that the trial had been less than fair and that the defendants had been convicted for their radical, anarchist beliefs rather than for the crime for which they had been tried. All attempts for retrial on the ground of false identification failed.

5- The “Red Scare” and the Sacco and Vanzetti trial greatly contributed to the rise of nativism – a dislike of foreigners. The ____________ of 1921, 1924, and 1929 restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”) by establishing quotas for each nationality based on America’s existing ethnic composition.

6- Religious Fundamentalists in Tennessee brought to trial in 1925 John C. Scopes for breaking a Tennessee state law forbidding the teaching of evolution. These

Fundamentalists advocated traditional values and condemned Darwin and evolution as against the Bible’s story of creation in seven days. They saw a breakdown in the traditional attitudes and believed these had been brought about because Darwinian philosophy made people doubt the truths of the Bible. The Scopes trial (nicknamed the _________ by the press because evolution suggested humans were descended from monkeys and not created by God) attained national prominence. William Jennings Bryan, Fundamentalist and three-time presidential candidate, testified as an expert on the Bible. Scopes was found guilty, but the trial lawyers made Bryan appear ridiculous, and the Fundamentalist cause was temporarily set back nationally.

7- During the Twenties, Republicans regained the Presidency. In general, Presidents Harding, Coolidge and Hoover supported laissez-faire economic policies, with minimal interference in business activities. President Warren Harding (1921 – 1923) captured the national spirit by calling for a “return to normalcy.” However, the ___________ revealed that a high-ranking administration official had been bribed to lease oil-rich government lands at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to businessmen.

8- President _________ (1923 – 1929) symbolized old-fashioned values like honesty and thrift. Continuing Harding’s policies, Coolidge’s motto embodied his philosophy: “The business of America is business.”

9- A new group of writers, known as the ___________, rejected the desire for material wealth. Novelists such as Sinclair Lewis in Main Street and Babbitt, ridiculed the narrowness and hypocrisy of American life. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald hinted that the search for purely material success often led to tragedy.

10- The 1920s is often referred to as the Jazz Age, reflecting the greater importance of African-American music. The migration of African Americans to Northern cities increased in the 1920s. The center of African-American lie at that time was Harlem, where jazz flourished. An awakening of African-American culture in these years became known as the “___________.” African-American writers such as Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen expressed a new pride in their heritage, while attacking racism.

11- On October 29, 1929, prices on the New York Stock Exchange began to plunge, and soon hit all-time lows (the ____________). Corporations could no longer raise funds. People were unable to repay their loans or rents, leading to bank failures. Thousands of people lost their life savings. In this new economic climate, the demand for goods decreased sharply. As prices fell, factories closed and workers lost their jobs. Demand was reduced still further, causing prices to fall more. Other factories closed, and the country became caught in the grip of a vicious downward spiral.