white paper: smart materials in the construction sector

An n-tech Research White Paper

Smart Materials in the Construction Sector

Issue date: November 2015

n-tech Research PO Box 3840 Glen Allen, VA 23058

Phone: 804-938-0030

Email: [email protected]


Phone: 804-938-0030

Email: [email protected] Web: www.ntechresearch.com

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Smart Materials in the Construction Sector

1 Why Smart Materials in Construction Make Sense

Smart materials, surfaces and coatings that respond to external stimuli to deliver specific

“intelligent” functions—self-dimming, self-healing, self-cleaning, etc.—are increasingly

being adopted across major industries. Among those n-tech Research views with the

highest commercial potential is construction, both because many of them fit well across

several building applications, and because immense surfaces are involved.

Numerous products with such smart materials functionalities already are commercially

available, from self-dimming and self-cleaning glass to self-healing paints and

antimicrobial coatings. We expect further penetration of such products and capabilities—

and especially their evolution into products combining complementary smart functions,

such as self-cleaning smart windows.

In this white paper we analyze the different use cases and motivations for adopting smart

materials in construction and buildings, defining where, why, and when these

technologies and products will present revenue opportunities in this market.

1.1 Use Cases: Here and Now, Where and How

Many types of smart surfaces and coatings have clear or arguable value in the context of

buildings, whether functional or aesthetic, and sometimes both:

Self-dimming windows contribute to energy efficiency and occupant comfort

Cleaner windows allow in more light, and need less frequent cleaning

Electricity generation (PV) on glass, façades, and roofing can offset some—in

some cases, all—of a building's power use

Self-healing coatings on various surfaces promise extended lifetimes and reduced

maintenance

Antimicrobial and self-cleaning surfaces address concerns of hygiene

Color-shifting surfaces offer aesthetic appeal

Exhibit 1 outlines some potential uses for smart coatings in construction markets.


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Exhibit 1: Potential Applications for Smart Coatings and Surfaces in the Building Construction Markets

Property Companies/Research Organizations

Product/Solution Potential Benefits Current Status

Active self-dimming

SAGE (now part of Saint-Gobain), View

Metal oxide/metallic coatings on glass surfaces

Self-tinting windows with tinting functionality triggered by external stimuli; expected to experience increased demand in the future

Commercially available

Self-cleaning

Saint-Gobain (BioClean), Cardinal Glass (Neat)

Coated glass with self-cleaning properties

UV-activated coating surface that decomposes organic dirt molecules and prevents others from sticking to the glass surface


Self-cleaning

Balcony Systems Solutions Ltd. (U.K.)

Double-sided hydrophobic coatings on glass

Hydrophobic coatings ward off dust; available in a convenient do-it-yourself (DIY) format


Self-healing

National Research Foundation of Korea

Self-healing coatings for concrete

Good potential of a novel concept; sunlight exposure controls the release of sealants embedded in the coating to seal cracks

Yet to be commercialized

Color-shifting

Valspar (Kameleon), PPG (Duranar), Alpolic, Alcoa

Pigments and flake paints that passively change colors based on ambient light and viewing angles

Invoke a visual branding message, or comforting aesthetic environment e.g. warm and shifting tones


Source: n-tech Research

Importantly to suppliers—buildings offer large surface areas, so even niche use cases

can require a lot of materials. This represents opportunities both in traditional building

materials (glass, tile, concrete, etc.), increasingly in plastics and polymers, as well as

coatings applied to those surfaces.

One big hurdle to smart materials' proliferation is a clear need to improve many of these

technologies' performance, most especially with durability and lifetimes—although some

of them are quite close to where they need to be, as we discuss below. In the meantime,

we think suppliers of such materials (coatings and surfaces), must embrace new kinds of

messaging around their products, emphasizing benefits of comfort and aesthetics.


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2 Market Traction: Smart Materials' Evolution in Building Products

2.1 Self-Dimming "Smart" Windows

Self-dimming "smart" windows change light transmission properties in response to

voltage, allowing better control over the amount of light and heat passing through them.

For the average residence, that translates to increased comfort (less intense sunlight

means cooler rooms) and energy efficiency benefits. For larger commercial buildings

those improvements can be dramatic, especially paired with new levels of control and

responsiveness.

Control for active smart-dimming windows is provided mainly by electronics. We can

envision, eventually, smart coated glass being replaced by an active smart surface, more

responsive than passive self-dimming windows and at a lower cost than active self-

dimming coatings.

2.1.1 Technology and Supplier Status

At the moment electrochromic (EC) glass and film is the technology of choice and we

don’t see that changing much in the near term, despite other options jostling for position

such as thermochromic, photochromic, and suspended particle device (SPD). On the

other hand, no manufacturers (or technology) have established a strong enough lead as

yet to constitute a significant barrier to entry.

Sage Electrochromics (part of Saint-Gobain) and View are two market leaders with

installations in various commercial buildings around the world; other firms are also active

in and moving into the space, such as Research Frontiers (RFI) and Pleotint.

The presence of very large glass firms bodes well for future development (and funding)

in this space, although to date these firms have pursued various roles and levels of

involvement. In n-tech’s view, the role of specialty chemical firms has been surprisingly

circumscribed; we think most will bide their time until this market fully matures before

supporting any one kind of materials platform.

2.1.2 n-tech's Take

Smart windows have yet to take off in any big way, partly due to challenges in retrofitting

and the prohibitive cost of rolling out large-scale production of smart coating materials.

In n-tech's view, smart windows materials in buildings are poised to become a sizeable

market—but this will depend upon embracing strategies that combine relatively mature

smart windows technologies and consumer-friendly messaging. We note that smart

windows suppliers lately have shifted their attention from technical matters to marketing

efforts, which suggests that early technical issues have been fixed or at least ameliorated.


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In our relevant reports outlining our smart windows forecasts, "Smart Windows Materials

Markets: 2015-2022" (July 2015) and "Smart Coatings Markets 2015 – 2022" (January

2015), we project the total revenue for all self-dimming window coatings at roughly $27

million in 2015, but surging past $200 million by 2017 and topping $1.0 billion by 2020.

2.2 Building-integrated PV (BIPV)

Photovoltaic capabilities is another arguably "smart" function that can be added to

building materials; primarily this is on glass (windows, skylights, and walls/façades) but

various other building materials also are being explored, from concrete to metal and even

wood. Compared with installing solar modules onto rooftop racking systems or ground-

mount arrays, the vision here is that PV products integrated into a building envelope, or

building-integrated PV (BIPV), blends function (electricity generation) and form

(aesthetically pleasing).

2.2.1 Moving Toward Monolithic

Most of what was called BIPV initially was simply standard PV modules shoehorned into

a building's envelope somehow. In the past few years, BIPV products have arrived that

rework PV technologies into functional products that can stand alongside and even

replace conventional building materials. Such solar shingles and roofing tiles are

commercially available today from Dow, CertainTeed, Solarcentury, and many others.

What n-tech Research sees as the next important stage for this sector—and a major trend

emerging in building construction—is in monolithic integration of BIPV. This will involve

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© n-tech Research 2015

Forecast of Self-Dimming Window Coatings in the Construction Sector ($ Millions)

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/smart-windows-materials-markets-2015-2022

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/smart-windows-materials-markets-2015-2022

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/smart-coatings-markets-2015-2022


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depositing PV materials onto various substrates used in building components (glass, tile,

metal, concrete) as a "smart" material option for windows, walls/façades, and roofing.

Heliatek, for example, is not only developing BIPV for glass and façades, it's also working

with German company Reckli to merge organic PV films with concrete structures.

2.2.2 Prestige, and Beyond

Prestige buildings have long been the target market for BIPV; design is central to these

buildings, and owners and architects typically desire to make a stylistic statement above

considerations of costs. In our view, BIPV's best chance to break out of this niche and

take off commercially is for vendors to emphasize not just energy generation or energy

efficiency, but the aesthetics and even the "smarts" of BIPV. This will allow them to do

just that, especially in the U.S., Germany, Japan and China, where the demand for solar

panels is already large.

This depends upon crafting a supply chain to move BIPV down-market to systems

integrators, construction firms, installers and retailers which leaves architects out of the

picture. We are already seeing examples of the latter, notably from Dow and Hanergy.

Messaging the multifunctionality of BIPV also will be important, a theme we will address

later in this paper.

2.2.3 n-tech’s View: Roofing Now, Glass Later

As we discuss in our recent report, "BIPV Technologies and Markets: 2015-2022" (August

2015), initial expectations of monolithically integrated BIPV arriving by 2017 might be a

little optimistic, as much depends on the promised progress in some of the

aforementioned non-silicon PV technologies. BIPV roofing as still the largest segment of

this market throughout our forecast period, although we expect significant growth in both

glass and walling applications. For monolithic and multifunctional BIPV, however, we see

the real opportunities in the glass sector in particular.

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/bipv-technologies-and-markets-2015-2022


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2.3 Self-Cleaning Surfaces

Self-cleaning surfaces for construction applications are at a relatively early stage of

development. Nevertheless, there is already a class of niche self-cleaning products

available for buildings, at various stages of development and commercial readiness.

2.3.1 Ranking the Use Cases: Glass, Exteriors, and Interiors

Self-cleaning glass promises some highly marketable benefits including low

maintenance, reduced cleaning time, and reduced cost. Self-cleaning windows initially

were introduced by Pilkington/NSG but other glass manufacturers (Saint-Gobain,

Cardinal Glass) have followed with their own proprietary versions, and small coating firms

have emerged as well (Balcony Systems, nanoShell). We note, however, that Pilkington

still narrows its focus to European residential markets, while PPG recently discontinued

its SunClean product.

Self-cleaning products for architectural components such as building panels have arrived

in the market over the past few years in a range of ways, from metal building panels

(Alcoa) to cement and concrete (Italcementi/Essroc, Guard Industrie) and even self-

cleaning paints (from Sto in Germany and Haruna in Singapore, for example). Their

general function is the same: a hydrophobic or hydrophilic mechanism, and/or

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Summary of BIPV Market by Product Segment ($ Millions)

Roofing

Walling

Glass


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photocatalysis (TiO2), to help prevent buildup of organic material and proactively

neutralize it in the surrounding environment, with just occasional rainwater to finish the

job.

For interior use, arguments for self-cleaning involve contributing to a (real or perceived)

level of cleanliness, or convenience of avoiding some manual cleaning routines—neither

of which is as compelling as the case for windows, or even external surfaces. Likely use

cases will be heavily used surfaces in high-traffic environments, such as counters, door

handles, bathroom and kitchen areas, etc.

2.3.2 Biggest Need: Better Performance

Self-cleaning functionalities whether glass or non-glass will require a leap forward in

technology and functionality of efficiency, durability, and longevity to take them to the next

stage and address mass markets. The way forward is to make coatings more effective,

i.e. "superhydrophobic." Even more important, however, is making such coatings and

surfaces more durable to mechanical stresses and abrasions, and making them last

longer either between applications—or not needing them at all.

Alcoa advises against power-washing its metal panels, for example, which we believe

reduces the addressable market for such products. And until lifetimes for self-cleaning

glass are the same as for regular IGUs, it is unlikely to break out of its niche in the

residential building sector and make serious inroads into the commercial sector.

2.3.3 Market Forecast: Sky’s the Limit

As outlined in greater depth in our report, "Markets for Self-Cleaning Coatings and

Surfaces: 2015-2022" (October 2015), we think that while this market is already

established, we also expect this to grow to be quite sizeable by the end of the forecast

period given the overall size of the addressable market.

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/markets-for-self-cleaning-coating-and-surfaces-2015-to-2022

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/markets-for-self-cleaning-coating-and-surfaces-2015-to-2022


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2.4 Self-Healing Surfaces

Coatings and fillers to fix scratches, holes and chips in glass, brick, concrete and wood

have been available for many years. Self-healing coatings for wood and metal have been

sold for indoor surfaces for some time, and could easily be extended to outdoor surfaces

over time. We expect activity for self-healing brick and similar popular building materials

these materials will open up over the next five years or so.

In our view, a new class of building surface is emerging that will be genuinely self-healing,

and potentially represent a genuinely disruptive technology. These surfaces will most

likely be based on self-repairing “vascular” systems and reversible polymers, but we

expect to see other varieties using embedded healing agents and shape memory

materials.

2.4.1 Two Areas of Emphasis: Concrete and Paints

Some of the biggest opportunities in self-healing materials are in self-healing concrete.

The focus of current R&D is on infrastructure (roads, tunnels and bridges), although

certainly it is extendable to buildings. Work in this area covers a number of technologies,

including plastic-based materials, shape memory materials, and even bacteria that

excrete limestone—none of which is ready to leap beyond the laboratory at the present

time.

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Forecast of Self-Cleaning Building Surfaces--Market Value ($ Millions)

Interior wall surfaces

Exterior wall surfaces


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Although self-healing paints are most relevant for the automotive, aerospace, marine, and

oil and gas industries, we believe they have strong potential to penetrate the construction

market in the medium to long term. Indeed, self-healing coatings for metal (including

aluminum) already have found some use in the construction industry.

2.4.2 Outlook: Roll out the Welcome mat

n-tech believes self-healing materials can tap into reasonably bullish prospects for new

building materials in general, offering some plain vanilla advantages such as longer-

lasting buildings and reduction in maintenance costs. Our revenue forecasts, which we

discuss in greater detail in our report "Markets for Self-Healing Materials: 2015-2022"

(June 2015), illustrate that these materials are still at a very early stage of development,

and extensive use in the construction industry lies sometime off.

2.5 Antimicrobial Applications in Buildings

Antimicrobial coatings or surfaces in a sector like buildings is a much tougher sell than it

is in healthcare, where lives literally could depend on establishing and maintaining a high

level of sanitary condition serve a obvious valuable need: to. where there is a narrower

scope of need. Nevertheless, there are some very specific use cases: items in high-use

and high-traffic interior areas, and areas within the building infrastructure that are difficult

or impossible to access for manual cleaning protocols.

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Worldwide Market for Self-Healing Materials in the Construction Industry ($ Millions)

Metal and wood treatments

Self-healing concrete

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/markets-for-self-healing-materials-2015-2022


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Exhibit 2 outlines some of these use cases for antimicrobial coatings in buildings. These

are all areas where antimicrobial coatings already find use, and where some additional

smart antimicrobial functionality might be of particular use.

Exhibit 2: Opportunities for Smart Antimicrobial Coatings in Buildings

Application Business Case Examples

Public buildings Surfaces and equipment, heavily handled or in high-traffic areas

Kiosks, railings, furniture, door handles/panels

Commercial buildings

Equipment and items in common areas

Flooring, counters, highly-used items (e.g. hotel TV remotes), HVAC

Residential buildings

Items and surfaces involving humidity and sanitation

Bathroom and kitchen accessories, counters, shower enclosures, flooring, air filters

Source: n-tech Research

2.5.1 Hidden Dangers and the Ick Factor

One use case for antimicrobials in buildings is to target inaccessible or hidden areas

wherein biological contaminants (bacteria, molds, pollens and viruses) can breed, but

cleaning protocols and reapplication are essentially not feasible. This involves ducts,

humidifiers, attics, cellars, and crawlspaces, and even building materials themselves

(walls, ceiling tiles, insulation, and carpeting).

That said, we believe that one area where a smart antimicrobial should find a lot of appeal

among builders is in smart antifungals that target molds, which is a huge issue in

construction. The case is not only about degradation of materials, but there's a significant

health risk attached to mold growth which ups the ante. Builders will pay a premium for

smart antifungals that target the most threatening molds.

Alternatively, lots of products now include descriptions of antibacterial coatings and

surfaces as part of their feature list, mainly appealing to consumers' repugnancy and

distaste of (real or imagined) contamination and unknown dirtiness. Many antimicrobials

have gone this route; Microban is the most well-known, marketed within more than 1,000

products.

2.5.2 Prognosis: Uncertain

n-tech's view is that acceptance of smart antimicrobials in most building contexts will rely

on marketing strategies showing that a particular smart antimicrobial is more potent than

a conventional "dumb" equivalent. Life Materials, for example, has pitched its technology

in the past for "sick building syndrome."


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The broader opportunities, as we see it, is in developing longer-lasting coatings, and in

improving them as "smart" coatings by adding complementary functionality such as self-

cleaning and self-healing capabilities. We'll describe that latter trend later in this paper.

Sourced from: Markets for Smart Antimicrobial Coatings and Surfaces – 2015 to 2022

2.6 Color-Shifting Surfaces

n-tech views color-shifting in buildings as applicable in three areas: smart windows,

exterior walls, and interior walls. In all three cases the main selling point is aesthetic value,

although arguments are being made by vendors for various functional values.

2.6.1 Windows: Get Rid of the Gray

Many smart windows technologies in their "transparent" phase actually have a dullish

gray tint, which understandably might have limited appeal—who wants a window that

makes it look gray outside? Offering different color options would be appealing, so long

as they don't significantly hamper a window's light-filtering ability.

Recent research into EC glass has explored new iterations that create more appealing

tones of blues, yellows, reds, etc. rather than gray or brown. Research Frontiers

International, which largely controls the IP for SPD technology, also is keen to develop

different colors as a potential selling point against EC glass.

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Smart Antimicrobials in Building and Construction ($ Millions)

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/markets-for-smart-antimicrobial-coatings-and-surfaces-2015-to-2022


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2.6.2 Walls Inside and Out: Delivering a Message

Color-shifting paints, siding, wall treatments, etc. are likely to find traction primarily for

prestige buildings where visual statements are appreciated and owners will pay extra for

it. Adding such a unique visual effect could elicit a kind of corporate branding—a company

wants to be associated with being dynamic, for example—or provide pleasing aesthetics

of warmly shifting colors in, say, an office lobby. Note that a lot of paint might be used in

such applications.

Technologies for color-shifting wall and roof coatings have been almost exclusively

pigments and flake paints that passively change colors based on ambient light and

viewing angles. Suppliers include Valspar PPG, Alcoa, and Alpolic (Mitsubishi Plastics

Composites America). Other options for walls include embedded lighting, and even

electrophoretic/e-ink—an intriguing technology desperately seeking alternative end-

markets besides dwindling e-paper displays.

2.6.3 Outlook: Life Beyond Prestige Projects

Color-shifting paints can cost 20 percent more than a regular fluoropolymer finish.

Customers need to gauge whether a mostly—perhaps purely—aesthetic feature is worth

it, especially for exteriors where a lot of the paint might be used.

The big strategic issue here is the same as with smart windows and BIPV: how to move

beyond the prestige market? The best solution is to expand the functionality of color-

shifting, producing and marketing such surfaces as having practical use and not just

aesthetic merit. For example, color-shifting exterior walls might be said to serve to

enhance energy efficiency, and therefore have some value in the sustainable construction

market.

We further discuss the opportunities and market drivers for color-shifting materials in our

August 2015 report, "Color Shifting Materials Market Opportunities: 2015-2022." We are

quite optimistic that this will become quite a large-sized business by the end of our eight-

year forecast period.

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/color-shifting-materials-market-opportunities-2015-to-2022


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3 Multifunctional Smart Materials: The Way Forward

n-tech believes the way forward for all the smart surfaces and coatings for building

applications point in one evolutionary direction: combining complementary functionalities.

This will both create extra value (and higher margins) for materials companies and

product developers, and strengthen the value proposition for their use.

Multifunctional smart materials for the construction sector are only just beginning to

emerge. However, in many cases, the technology is not fraught with major technological

challenges. Moreover, some combinations demonstrate performance that is quite close

to being product-ready, thanks to various trends in wet coating and nano-patterning, and

increased use of polymers.

3.1 Multifunctional Glass: Closest to Reality

Self-dimming and self-cleaning windows have been around for years, but these are mono-

functional. A self-dimming window‘s value becomes greater if other smart functionalities

such as PV, self-cleaning, self-healing, etc. can be incorporated. Similarly, a BIPV glass

façade is even more functional and valuable with added self-cleaning and self-healing

capabilities.

Besides the usual glass and windows companies, we also are paying attention to SLIPS

Technologies whose technology is (1) inherently multifunctional, and (2) is specifically

targeting the construction sector. The startup claims to have talked to both glass makers

and window companies about putting films on windows, and it envisions other usage

examples including combatting graffiti and corrosion of building materials.

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Forecast of Market Value Color-Shifting Building Surfaces ($ Millions)

Interior wall surfaces

Exterior wall surfaces


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3.2 Interior Walls and Surfaces: A Stronger Case for Cleanliness

Materials that are both self-cleaning and anti-microbial can make a more compelling

argument for building surfaces that have heavy use and where cleanliness is a primary

concern: door handles/panels, counters, railings, kitchen and bathroom fixtures, etc.

Adding self-cleaning or self-healing would further prevent buildup of dirt and pathogens

as well as protect damaged areas where they might collect.

Several firms are already offering flooring materials that also function as “air purifiers,”

and it is easy to see how these could be extended to anti-microbial action. This

combination is especially important in contemporary airtight buildings, such as those

specified for zero-energy construction.

3.3 Exteriors: Clean and Heal Thyselves

The obvious opportunity for multi-functional concrete and cement is to combine self-

healing and self-cleaning functionalities on a concrete substrate. This represents a

technologically realistic direction for R&D, although currently we are not seeing much

activity in this space.

One also can easily imagine multifunctional building panels that are self-cleaning, self-

healing and have PV capabilities, for example. This takes us back to our previous

discussion about BIPV, where the theoretical idea is a panel that is a true hybrid between

PV and a tile or shingle made from a solar material; or, alternatively, organic films affixed

to glass or other substrates (e.g. Heliatek and Reckli concrete).

3.4 Outlooks for Multifunctional Smart Materials

Although there will certainly be technical challenges, the main challenges to

multifunctional smart coatings in this sector is likely to be price. While the cost of

multifunctional coatings for the construction industry are likely to decline, we also think it

is likely that suppliers will have to emphasize impressive price performance/ratios to gain

market acceptance.

Moreover, multifunctional smart materials in the glass sector can leverage the existing

smart windows sector, there is little by comparison in other parts of the smart building

products space.

4 Summary: A Multi-Faceted Future for Smart Materials in Buildings

In summary, smart materials and coatings are expanding their footprint in the buildings

and construction sector, thanks to improvements both in terms of technology and

performance/lifetimes. Moreover, suppliers are refining their product messaging to


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emphasize the aesthetic appeal of smart materials and the value of that appeal—because

in some cases that may be the main selling point for the foreseeable future.

Ultimately, n-tech Research believes both functional and aesthetic value will be delivered

through value-added multifunctional smart materials, complementary combinations that

can address specific use cases in buildings, such as monolithic smart windows for

building efficiency and control, building-integrated PV for visually appealing electricity

generation, or multi-tiered strategies to fight unseen hazards of mold.

Smart Materials Market Research and Analysis from n-tech Research

Multifunctional Smart Coatings and Surfaces: 2016-2023

Markets for Metamaterials 2016-2023

Markets for Shape Memory Alloys and Polymers: 2016-2023

Hydrophobic Coatings and Surfaces: 2016-2023

Smart Textiles Markets 2016-2023

Markets for Smart Composites: 2015 to 2022

Markets for Self-Cleaning Coatings and Surfaces: 2015 to 2022

Color-Shifting Materials Market Opportunities – 2015 to 2022

Markets for Smart Antimicrobial Coatings and Surfaces – 2015 to 2022

Smart Windows Materials Markets 2015-2022

Smart Coatings Markets: An Emerging Opportunity

Markets for Self-Healing Materials: 2015–2022

Smart Mirrors Technologies and Markets, 2015-2022

Smart Surfaces Markets 2015-2022

Smart Coatings Markets 2015-2022

Electrochromic Glass and Film Markets – 2014-2021

Smart Clothing Markets: Opportunities for Sensors and Smart Materials

See more at www.ntechresearch.com

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/category/smart_materials

http://ntechresearch.com/market_reports/category/smart_materials


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Acronyms and Abbreviations Used In this White Paper

BIPV Building-integrated Photovoltaics

EC Electrochromic

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System

IP Intellectual Property

PV Photovoltaic

SPD Suspended Particle Device

TiO2 Titanium Dioxide

UV Ultraviolet