which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the dutch republic of the...

• Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century?

• (A) Popular democracy• (B) Rule by an absolute monarch• (C) Rule by wealthy merchants• (D) Control by feudal lords• (E) Rule by yeoman farmers

• Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century?

• (A) Popular democracy• (B) Rule by an absolute monarch• (C) Rule by wealthy merchants• (D) Control by feudal lords• (E) Rule by yeoman farmers

• .In the 17th century, the Netherlands became a haven for

• Former monarchs• Religious minorities• Political radicals• Those seeking relief from high taxation• Former mercenaries

• .In the 17th century, the Netherlands became a haven for

• Former monarchs• Religious minorities• Political radicals• Those seeking relief from high taxation• Former mercenaries

• The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the following factors?

• • (A) Its agricultural innovations• (B) Its military strength• (C) Its literary creativity• (D) Its religious unity• (E) Its shipping and commerce

• The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the following factors?

• • (A) Its agricultural innovations• (B) Its military strength• (C) Its literary creativity• (D) Its religious unity• (E) Its shipping and commerce

• In the late 17th century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?

• a. France • b. Russia• c. The Netherlands• d. Denmark • e. Spain

• In the late 17th century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?

• a. France • b. Russia• c. The Netherlands• d. Denmark • e. Spain

• By the early 17th century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

• a. England • b. France• c. The Netherlands• d. Spain• e. Sweden

• By the early 17th century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

• a. England • b. France• c. The Netherlands• d. Spain• e. Sweden

• The leadership of the Dutch revolts(1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT

• a. an alliance with the English Catholics• b. the end of the Inquisition• c. the end of excessive taxation • d. the elimination of the rule of foreign

officials• e. an alliance with French Protestants

• The leadership of the Dutch revolts(1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT

• a. an alliance with the English Catholics• b. the end of the Inquisition• c. the end of excessive taxation • d. the elimination of the rule of foreign

officials• e. an alliance with French Protestants

• The 16th century revolt in the Netherlands was largely inspired by

• a. an economy that was mire in recession• b. English support for the Dutch rebels• c. strict language laws imposed by the Spanish that

blocked the use of Dutch for correspondence• d. the failure of the Netherlands and Spain to agree on

how best to use the vast Spanish overseas empire• e. economic, political, and religious tensions in the

relations between the Netherlands and Spain

• The 16th century revolt in the Netherlands was largely inspired by

• a. an economy that was mire in recession• b. English support for the Dutch rebels• c. strict language laws imposed by the Spanish that

blocked the use of Dutch for correspondence• d. the failure of the Netherlands and Spain to agree on

how best to use the vast Spanish overseas empire• e. economic, political, and religious tensions in the

relations between the Netherlands and Spain

• In the 1600s, the Dutch Republic differed from its neighbors in all the following ways EXCEPT that it had

• No king• A higher standard of living• Religious toleration• A thriving textile industry• Reliable banking

• In the 1600s, the Dutch Republic differed from its neighbors in all the following ways EXCEPT that it had

• No king• A higher standard of living• Religious toleration• A thriving textile industry• Reliable banking

• . ______________ developed a large cash crop out of tulip cultivation

• The Netherlands• Belgium• France• Germany• Switzerland• England

• . ______________ developed a large cash crop out of tulip cultivation

• The Netherlands• Belgium• France• Germany• Switzerland• England

• Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation?

• a. immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in England• b. establishment of the English monarch as head of the

Church of England• c. the pope’s naming of Henry VIII as “Defender of the Faith”• d. papal recognition of the English church as independent,

but still affiliated with Rome• e. a revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to

the Reformation

• Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation?

• a. immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in England• b. establishment of the English monarch as head of the

Church of England• c. the pope’s naming of Henry VIII as “Defender of the Faith”• d. papal recognition of the English church as independent,

but still affiliated with Rome• e. a revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to

the Reformation

• A majority consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was

• a. assured independence of the Union of Utrecht• b. freedom of the seas for the English and Dutch • c. security of Protestantism in the Dutch republic

and in England• d. major expenses for Spain to rebuild her fleet• e. all of the above

• A majority consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was

• a. assured independence of the Union of Utrecht• b. freedom of the seas for the English and Dutch • c. security of Protestantism in the Dutch republic

and in England• d. major expenses for Spain to rebuild her fleet• e. all of the above

• Which of the following was a major characteristic of the English monarchy in the 18th century

• a. a return to its “divine right” position of the 17th century

• b. a steadily widenening discrepancy between it theoretical and its real powers

• c. its growth in power because of its many victories over the French

• d. it refusal to support the emerging cabinet system• e. its growing wealth due to effective taxation policies

• Which of the following was a major characteristic of the English monarchy in the 18th century

• a. a return to its “divine right” position of the 17th century

• b. a steadily widenening discrepancy between it theoretical and its real powers

• c. its growth in power because of its many victories over the French

• d. it refusal to support the emerging cabinet system• e. its growing wealth due to effective taxation policies

• After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by

• (A) a democratic republic with universal suffrage• (B) a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his

son• (C) a constitutional monarchy under King James II• (D) the king of Scotland• (E) a parliamentary council dominated by egali tarians

• After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by

• (A) a democratic republic with universal suffrage• (B) a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his

son• (C) a constitutional monarchy under King James II• (D) the king of Scotland• (E) a parliamentary council dominated by egali tarians

• .James I agreed to a new translation of the Bible in his one concession to the

• Catholics• Puritans• Levellers• House of Commons• Arminians

• .James I agreed to a new translation of the Bible in his one concession to the

• Catholics• Puritans• Levellers• House of Commons• Arminians

• The the Anglican Church broke from Rome before altering Roman Catholic dogma indicates that

• Henry started the English Reformation because he . couldn’t get a divorce sanctioned by the Pope

• b. Henry’s lust for Anne Bolyn motivated him to reject his devout Catholicism

• c. Because Henry was eager to have a male heir, he urged Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy

• d. Thomas Cranmer issued the divorce that precipitated the Reformation in return for his appointment as Archbishop of Cantabury

• e. Many factors, including resentment of papal states , contributed to the English Reformantion

• The the Anglican Church broke from Rome before altering Roman Catholic dogma indicates that

• Henry started the English Reformation because he a. couldn’t get a divorce sanctioned by the Pope

• b. Henry’s lust for Anne Bolyn motivated him to reject his devout Catholicism

• c. Because Henry was eager to have a male heir, he urged Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy

• d. Thomas Cranmer issued the divorce that precipitated the Reformation in return for his appointment as Archbishop of Cantabury

• e. Many factors, including resentment of papal states , contributed to the English Reformantion

• The period of British history 1649-1660, in which Britain was ruled without a monarch is known as

• The Restoration• The Glorious Revolution• The Commonwealth• The English Civil War• e.The Norman Conquest

• The period of British history 1649-1660, in which Britain was ruled without a monarch is known as

• The Restoration• The Glorious Revolution• The Commonwealth• The English Civil War• e.The Norman Conquest

• . The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell’s

• (A) ineffective mercantilist policy• (B) inability to establish broad popular support

for his government• (C) inability to impose religious uniformity• (D) ineffective foreign policy• (E) inability to control dissidents in the army

• . The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell’s

• (A) ineffective mercantilist policy• (B) inability to establish broad popular support

for his government• (C) inability to impose religious uniformity• (D) ineffective foreign policy• (E) inability to control dissidents in the army

• The Restoration of Charless II to the throne in 1660 indicates that many Englishmen

• Hoped that Calvinism would remain a viable part of English religious life

• Were unsympathetic to the ideas of john Locke• Had never chosen sides in the struggle between King

and Parliament• Had a deep affection for the Stuart dynasty• Were tired of what they perceived to be the

anarchism of the English Republic

• The Restoration of Charless II to the throne in 1660 indicates that many Englishmen

• Hoped that Calvinism would remain a viable part of English religious life

• Were unsympathetic to the ideas of john Locke• Had never chosen sides in the struggle between King

and Parliament• Had a deep affection for the Stuart dynasty• Were tired of what they perceived to be the

anarchism of the English Republic

• The Bristish seemed to profit LEAST in 1713 from the settlement of the War of Spanish Succession in which of the following ways

• They got Gibraltar• Theygot the asiento, the slave trade with

Spanish America• The Southern Netherlands went to Austria• The throne of Spain went to the Bourbons• They got Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

• The Bristish seemed to profit LEAST in 1713 from the settlement of the War of Spanish Succession in which of the following ways

• They got Gibraltar• Theygot the asiento, the slave trade with

Spanish America• The Southern Netherlands went to Austria• The throne of Spain went to the Bourbons• They got Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

• Probably the most significant long tern result of the Puritan Revolution (11643-1660) was

• The restoration of the Stuarts to the throne • The issuance of the Petition of Rights• The increased authority of Parliiament• The vindication of the divine right of the

onarchy • The recognition of Calvinism as England’s official

religion

• Probably the most significant long tern result of the Puritan Revolution (11643-1660) was

• The restoration of the Stuarts to the throne • The issuance of the Petition of Rights• The increased authority of Parliiament• The vindication of the divine right of the

onarchy • The recognition of Calvinism as England’s official

religion

• Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Declaration of Rights, 1689?

• Only Parliament can levy taxes • The king may maintain a standing army without

the consent of Parliament• All laws must be made of the consent of the

Parliament• The right of trial by jury is guaranteed• Due process of law is guaranteed

• Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Declaration of Rights, 1689?

• Only Parliament can levy taxes • The king may maintain a standing army without

the consent of Parliament• All laws must be made of the consent of the

Parliament• The right of trial by jury is guaranteed• Due process of law is guaranteed

• Wllian and Mary’s ascension to the English thro of Parliament to oraise taxesne in 1689

• Restricted the right of Parliament to raise taxes

• Nullified the Declaration of Rights • Was founded on the divine-right theory • Indicated the supremacy of Parliament • Restored the Tudor dynasty

• Wllian and Mary’s ascension to the English thro of Parliament to oraise taxesne in 1689

• Restricted the right of Parliament to raise taxes

• Nullified the Declaration of Rights • Was founded on the divine-right theory • Indicated the supremacy of Parliament • Restored the Tudor dynasty

• That England developed a constitutional government that can be explained by all of the following EXCEPT

• The English kins rejected the divine right theory• The Tudor monarchs, lacking a legitimate claim to the throne

, had to cooperate with Parliament• The English gentry blurred the sharp class distinction s

between the nobility and middle classes that existed elsewhere in Europe

• Revolution strengthened the role of Parliament• a tradition of individual rights served as the basis for

constitituionalism

• That England developed a constitutional government that can be explained by all of the following EXCEPT

• The English kins rejected the divine right theory• The Tudor monarchs, lacking a legitimate claim to the throne

, had to cooperate with Parliament• The English gentry blurred the sharp class distinction s

between the nobility and middle classes that existed elsewhere in Europe

• Revolution strengthened the role of Parliament• a tradition of individual rights served as the basis for

constitituionalism

• The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a turning point in British history because

• The Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers and executed the king making Parliament the supreme power in the nation

• It marked Roman Catholicism’s return to both England and Scotland as an official state religion

• The French vowed to stay out of British international affairs as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688

• Puritans gained supreme power throughout the country and they threatened another civil war if Oliver Cromwell’s reforms were not reinstated

• It was accompanied by the English Bill of Rights that limited monarchial authority significantly

• The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a turning point in British history because

• The Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers and executed the king making Parliament the supreme power in the nation

• It marked Roman Catholicism’s return to both England and Scotland as an official state religion

• The French vowed to stay out of British international affairs as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688

• Puritans gained supreme power throughout the country and they threatened another civil war if Oliver Cromwell’s reforms were not reinstated

• It was accompanied by the English Bill of Rights that limited monarchial authority significantly

• Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

• (A) The establishment of universal male suffrage

• (B) The restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England and Scotland

• (C) The limitation of monarchical power• (D) The execution of Charles I• (E) The triumph of Puritanism

• Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

• (A) The establishment of universal male suffrage

• (B) The restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England and Scotland

• (C) The limitation of monarchical power• (D) The execution of Charles I• (E) The triumph of Puritanism

• Which of the following is most true of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

• It represents the triumph of constitutionalism in Britain

• It brought democracy to Britain• It began the Restoration Period in Britain• It began the Commonwealth Period in Britain• It ended the Commonwealth Period in Britain

• Which of the following is most true of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

• It represents the triumph of constitutionalism in Britain

• It brought democracy to Britain• It began the Restoration Period in Britain• It began the Commonwealth Period in Britain• It ended the Commonwealth Period in Britain

• Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army differed from the Cavalier forces under Charles I by

• Its emphasis on cavalry• Deemphasizing the role of religion• Its recruitment of continental mercenaries• Providing regular pay for soldiers and for

paying for supplies taken from farmers• Remaining on the defensive

• Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army differed from the Cavalier forces under Charles I by

• Its emphasis on cavalry• Deemphasizing the role of religion• Its recruitment of continental mercenaries• Providing regular pay for soldiers and for

paying for supplies taken from farmers• Remaining on the defensive

• The relative peace of the Restoration Period in England broke down when

• Oliver Cromwell• James II ascended to the throne• Charles II ascended to the throne• Elizabeth I ascended to the throne• A Protestant fleet invaded form the

Netherlands

• Oliver Cromwell• James II ascended to the throne• Charles II ascended to the throne• Elizabeth I ascended to the throne• A Protestant fleet invaded form the

Netherlands

• Which of the following would NOT be included in a list of the causes kof the English Civil War(1642-1646)

• The religion of Charles I’s wife• Wars with Spain and France• The invasion of a Protestant army form the

Netherlands• The invasion of England by the Scots• Parliament’s refusal to fund the war with Scotland

without reform

• Which of the following would NOT be included in a list of the causes kof the English Civil War(1642-1646)

• The religion of Charles I’s wife• Wars with Spain and France• The invasion of a Protestant army form the

Netherlands• The invasion of England by the Scots• Parliament’s refusal to fund the war with Scotland

without reform

• The English Civil War immediately resulted in • An end to the Stuart monarchy• Religious toleration for Catholics• Reopening of the theaters• More power for Parliament• A virtual dictatorship by Oliver Cromwell

• The Enlgish Parliament disagreed with all the following policies of Charles I EXCEPT his

• Claim of divine right• High church religious policy • Demands for money• Authorization of translation of scripture• Refusal to call Parliament

• The Enlgish Parliament disagreed with all the following policies of Charles I EXCEPT his

• Claim of divine right• High church religious policy • Demands for money• Authorization of translation of scripture• Refusal to call Parliament

• During the Interregnum, English Puritans outlawed blood sports such as bearbaiting because the

• Puritans opposed cruelty to animals• Public saw the sports as entertaining • Sports violated the teaching of scripture• Sports drew people away from the theaters• Sports invited sinful gambling and drinking

• During the Interregnum, English Puritans outlawed blood sports such as bearbaiting because the

• Puritans opposed cruelty to animals• Public saw the sports as entertaining • Sports violated the teaching of scripture• Sports drew people away from the theaters• Sports invited sinful gambling and drinking

• Religious toleration by the English government from 1534, when the English Reformation began, to 1689, when Toleration Act was passed

• Guaranteed the right to worship to all Christian sects• Denied the right to worship to all except Anglicans• Denied only the right to worship to atheists• Periodically denied to Catholics the right to worship• Was verified, at times denying then guaranteeing

freedom of worship to different sects

• Religious toleration by the English government from 1534, when the English Reformation began, to 1689, when Toleration Act was passed

• Guaranteed the right to worship to all Christian sects• Denied the right to worship to all except Anglicans• Denied only the right to worship to atheists• Periodically denied to Catholics the right to worship• Was verified, at times denying then guaranteeing

freedom of worship to different sects

• Which of the following is NOT true of the “Glorious Revolution” of 1689?

• It established, once and for all, the right of Parliament to levy taxes

• It established that the monarchy and Parliament ruled England together

• It reflected the theories of government of Thomas Hobbes

• It was supported by the theories of John Locke• It marked the supremacy of constitutionalism in England

• Which of the following is NOT true of the “Glorious Revolution” of 1689?

• It established, once and for all, the right of Parliament to levy taxes

• It established that the monarchy and Parliament ruled England togetherIt reflected the theories of government of Thomas Hobbes

• It was supported by the theories of John Locke• It marked the supremacy of constitutionalism in

England

• .King Charles I of England was forced to call a parliament in 1640 following

• The outbreak of a rebellion in Scotland• The declaration of war between France and England• The demands of Parliament to be called into

session• A mass public outcry demanding that a new

parliamentary session by called• A declaration of royal bankruptcy

• .King Charles I of England was forced to call a parliament in 1640 following

• The outbreak of a rebellion in Scotland• The declaration of war between France and England• The demands of Parliament to be called into

session• A mass public outcry demanding that a new

parliamentary session by called• A declaration of royal bankruptcy

• During the English Revolution, the Levellers advocated the idea that

• All private property should be abolished• The economic playing field needed to be leveled to

allow for greater opportunities for the poor• The monarchy had to be restored • All men should have the vote regardless of whether

they own property • There was a contract between the government and

the people

• During the English Revolution, the Levellers advocated the idea that

• All private property should be abolished• The economic playing field needed to be leveled to

allow for greater opportunities for the poor• The monarchy had to be restored • All men should have the vote regardless of whether

they own property • There was a contract between the government and

the people

• The “Diggers” a group that emerged during the English Revolution, believed that

• The monarchy must be based on popular support

• England needed to become a theocracy • Enclosure laws needed to be enforced • Private ownership of land should be abolished• Property belonging to supporters of Charles I

should be redistributed to the landless

• The “Diggers” a group that emerged during the English Revolution, believed that

• The monarchy must be based on popular support

• England needed to become a theocracy • Enclosure laws needed to be enforced • Private ownership of land should be abolished• Property belonging to supporters of Charles I

should be redistributed to the landless

• Oliver Cromwell did• James II ascended to the throne• Charles II ascended to the throne• Elizabeth I ascended to the throne• A Protestant fleet invaded from the

Netherlands

• Oliver Cromwell did• James II ascended to the throne• Charles II ascended to the throne• Elizabeth I ascended to the throne• A Protestant fleet invaded from the

Netherlands

• The English Parliament during the period from 1600 to 1715

• Was a relatively new institution • Wasa exclusively an institution of the nobility• Was an institution opposed to monarchy • Was the institution in which nobles, merchants, and

professionaliis formed an alliance to oppose the absolutist goals of the Stuart monarchs

• Was in favor of a one-man, one-vote system of democracy

• The English Parliament during the period from 1600 to 1715

• Was a relatively new institution • Wasa exclusively an institution of the nobility• Was an institution opposed to monarchy • Was the institution in which nobles, merchants, and

professionaliis formed an alliance to oppose the absolutist goals of the Stuart monarchs

• Was in favor of a one-man, one-vote system of democracy

• In the 18th century in England was a time when Parliament was able to strengthen its power over the monarchy, mainly because

• Of the documents William and Mary had to sign in 1689• Rich merchants and landowners controlled the House

of Commons• Parliament controlled the government’s purse• The first two Hanover kings hardly spoke English and

were concerned with English affairs• Parliament was elected by universal male suffrage

• In the 18th century in England was a time when Parliament was able to strengthen its power over the monarchy, mainly because

• Of the documents William and Mary had to sign in 1689• Rich merchants and landowners controlled the House

of Commons• Parliament controlled the government’s purse• The first two Hanover kings hardly spoke English and

were concerned with English affairs• Parliament was elected by universal male suffrage

• During the 16th and 17th centures, while France developed absolutism , the English monarchy was check by

• A strong peasantry • A few powerful and independent noble families• A Bill of Rights guaranteeing individual freedoms• The Anglican Church• A strong parliament

• During the 16th and 17th centures, while France developed absolutism , the English monarchy was check by

• A strong peasantry • A few powerful and independent noble families• A Bill of Rights guaranteeing individual freedoms• The Anglican Church• A strong parliament

• In the period 1600-1715, the English had the greatest success in resisting the absolutist designs of their monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• The nobility forged an alliance with a wealthy and powerful merchant and professional class

• The English nobility was the most powerful in all of Europe• The Parliament was an old and respected institution • The Stuart monarchs were perceived to have Catholic

leaning and sympathies• The English economy was weel developed and diversified

• In the period 1600-1715, the English had the greatest success in resisting the absolutist designs of their monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• The nobility forged an alliance with a wealthy and powerful merchant and professional class

• The English nobility was the most powerful in all of Europe• The Parliament was an old and respected institution • The Stuart monarchs were perceived to have Catholic

leaning and sympathies• The English economy was weel developed and diversified

• Which of the following is an accurate characterization of England in the period 1688-1715

• a. a puritan theocracy• b. an absolute monarchy• c. a democracy practicing religious toleration • d. a merchant republic increasingly under Dutch

dominance• e. a constitutional monarchy controlled by an

aristocratic oligarchy

• Which of the following is an accurate characterization of England in the period 1688-1715

• a. a puritan theocracy• b. an absolute monarchy• c. a democracy practicing religious toleration • d. a merchant republic increasingly under Dutch

dominance• e. a constitutional monarchy controlled by an

aristocratic oligarchy

• .“Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power on Earth.”

• Which of the following was most likely to agree with this statement?

• a. Sir Thomas More• b. James I of England• c. Napolean III of France• d. Pope Pius IX• e. George III of England

• .“Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power on Earth.”

• Which of the following was most likely to agree with this statement?

• a. Sir Thomas More• b. James I of England• c. Napolean III of France• d. Pope Pius IX• e. George III of England

• The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-1652 is generally known as

• a. the Mazarinade• b. Colbertism• c. the Fronde• d. the siege of La Rochelle• e. the Pazzi Conspiracy

• The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-1652 is generally known as

• a. the Mazarinade• b. Colbertism• c. the Fronde• d. the siege of La Rochelle• e. the Pazzi Conspiracy

• Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu(1585-1642)?

• a. he led the French church in opposition to the monarchy• b. he expelled the Huguenots from France• c. he strengthened the intendant system method of local

government• d. he effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax

farming in in France• e. he supported the French nobility against the monarchy

• Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu(1585-1642)?

• a. he led the French church in opposition to the monarchy• b. he expelled the Huguenots from France• c. he strengthened the intendant system method of local

government• d. he effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax

farming in in France• e. he supported the French nobility against the monarchy

• Which of the following reforms of Louis XIV most helped him to take direct control of absolute the local political and economic administration?

• a. the intendant administrative system• b. the Palace of Versailles as a “gilded cage”for the

nobility• c. a policy for regional war for state aggrandizement• d. the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to establish a

state religion• e. creation of a powerful standing army

• Which of the following reforms of Louis XIV most helped him to take direct control of absolute the local political and economic administration?

• a. the intendant administrative system• b. the Palace of Versailles as a “gilded cage”for the

nobility• c. a policy for regional war for state aggrandizement• d. the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to establish a

state religion• e. creation of a powerful standing army

• Louis XIV built his great palace of Versailles for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• a. to control the aristocracy• b. to show on a grand scale the wealth and

power of the French monarchy• c. the rule outside the confines of Paris• d. to make it a center of French culture• e. to allow for better communications with his

people

• Louis XIV built his great palace of Versailles for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• a. to control the aristocracy• b. to show on a grand scale the wealth and

power of the French monarchy• c. the rule outside the confines of Paris• d. to make it a center of French culture• e. to allow for better communications with his

people

• The degree of absolutism achieved by the 17th century Bourbon monarchy in France is best explained by

• a. relatively low degree of religious turmoil in 17th century France

• b. the fact that 17th century France was a republic• c. the series “little ice ages” that characterized the

climate of the 1600s• d. the availability of cheap housing for the rural poor

• The degree of absolutism achieved by the 17th century Bourbon monarchy in France is best explained by

• a. relatively low degree of religious turmoil in 17th century France

• b. the fact that 17th century France was a republic• c. the series “little ice ages” that characterized the

climate of the 1600s• d. the availability of cheap housing for the rural poor

• The later baroque style is known for • a. its retrained use of color• b. its minimalist aesthetic• c. it rigorous realism • d. its soothing contemplative qualities• e. its extreme ornamentation

• In France, in the 17th century, “nobles of the sword” differed from “nobles of the robe” in that the former were

• a. wealthier• b. part of the old traditional landed nobility dating

back to the middle ages• c. given special privileges in the Estates General • d. all to maintain manorial courts on their estates• e. banned from engaging in commerce

• In France, in the 17th century, “nobles of the sword” differed from “nobles of the robe” in that the former were

• a. wealthier• b. part of the old traditional landed nobility dating

back to the middle ages• c. given special privileges in the Estates General • d. all to maintain manorial courts on their estates• e. banned from engaging in commerce

• Cardinal Richelieu extended the power French royalty with the intendant system

• a. a centralized administrative system• b. a medal of honor for the musketeers• c. a series of fortified cities in France• d. a tax that local nobles could levy• e. a standing army of 400000 trained troops

• Cardinal Richelieu extended the power French royalty with the intendant system

• a. a centralized administrative system• b. a medal of honor for the musketeers• c. a series of fortified cities in France• d. a tax that local nobles could levy• e. a standing army of 400000 trained troops

• As chief minister to Louis XIII of France, Cardinal Richelieu was able to

• a. disband the private armies of the great French aristocrats

• b. strip away the autonomy of the few remaining Portestant towns

• c. build a strong administrative bureaucracy • d. strip provincial aristcrats and elites of their

administrative power• e. all of the above

• As chief minister to Louis XIII of France, Cardinal Richelieu was able to

• a. disband the private armies of the great French aristocrats

• b. strip away the autonomy of the few remaining Portestant towns

• c. build a strong administrative bureaucracy • d. strip provincial aristcrats and elites of their

administrative power• e. all of the above

• In 17th century France, the intendants were• a. archbishops of certain diosceses• b. representatives of the king who governed

each district• c. delegates to the Estates General • d. judges in the parlements• e. Huguenots military leaders

• In 17th century France, the intendants were• a. archbishops of certain diosceses• b. representatives of the king who governed

each district• c. delegates to the Estates General • d. judges in the parlements• e. Huguenots military leaders

• The system of intendants was established in 17th century France primarily to

• a. empower the French nobility • b. implement royal policies locally • c. make the peasantry return to the land• d. collect taxes from the towns• e. improve France’s ability to fight foreign wars

• The system of intendants was established in 17th century France primarily to

• a. empower the French nobility • b. implement royal policies locally • c. make the peasantry return to the land• d. collect taxes from the towns• e. improve France’s ability to fight foreign wars

• In the second half of the 17th century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy?

• a. England • b. the Netherlands• c. Russia• d. France• e. Prussia

• In the second half of the 17th century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy?

• a. England • b. the Netherlands• c. Russia• d. France• e. Prussia

• In 1713 Emperor Charles VI sought approval of the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee the

• a. indivisibility of the Hapsburgs’ lands• b. border between Holland and the Austrian

Netherlands• c. dynastic union of the Hapsburgs and the Romanovs• d. succession of the Bourbons to the Spanish thrones• e. succession of the English throne to the Hanover

family

• In 1713 Emperor Charles VI sought approval of the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee the

• a. indivisibility of the Hapsburgs’ lands• b. border between Holland and the Austrian

Netherlands• c. dynastic union of the Hapsburgs and the Romanovs• d. succession of the Bourbons to the Spanish thrones• e. succession of the English throne to the Hanover

family

• As allies in the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War, the English and the Dutch were somewhat limited in the they

• a. were not wealthy enough to contribute large sums of money• b. were too far away to be useful • c. were not terribly interested in the politics of Continental

Europe• d. were primarily naval powers, so they could offer only limited

army support• e. changed sides between wars, so their loyalties were

somewhat confused

• As allies in the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War, the English and the Dutch were somewhat limited in the they

• a. were not wealthy enough to contribute large sums of money• b. were too far away to be useful • c. were not terribly interested in the politics of Continental

Europe• d. were primarily naval powers, so they could offer only limited

army support• e. changed sides between wars, so their loyalties were

somewhat confused

• After the War of Succession, Maria Theresa was disappointed because

• a. Austria lost the Southern Netherlands, which she owned since 1713

• b. Austria was forced to pay indemnities to Prussia• c. the nations of Europe turned on Austria and allied

with Frederick of Prussia• d. Frederick kept Siliesia, which he had seized in 1740• e. Hungary revolted against Austria

• After the War of Succession, Maria Theresa was disappointed because

• a. Austria lost the Southern Netherlands, which she owned since 1713

• b. Austria was forced to pay indemnities to Prussia• c. the nations of Europe turned on Austria and allied

with Frederick of Prussia• d. Frederick kept Siliesia, which he had seized in 1740• e. Hungary revolted against Austria

• .The War for Spanish Succession (1740-1748) was caused by

• a. Prussian expansionist aims• b. a revolt of Austrian nobles• c. The Pragmatic Sanction • d. French aggression • e. all of the above

• .The War for Spanish Succession (1740-1748) was caused by

• a. Prussian expansionist aims• b. a revolt of Austrian nobles• c. The Pragmatic Sanction • d. French aggression • e. all of the above

• The Hapsburg Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to

• a. provide for the division of his territories after his death

• b. allow him to partition Poland• c. allow him to trade Protestant lands that he ruled in

Germany for Catholic lands elsewhere• d. guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to

the throne• e. eliminate serfdom in his territories

• The Hapsburg Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to

• a. provide for the division of his territories after his death

• b. allow him to partition Poland• c. allow him to trade Protestant lands that he ruled in

Germany for Catholic lands elsewhere• d. guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to

the throne• e. eliminate serfdom in his territories

• Which of the following was the primary cause of the Hapsburg-Valois feud, which dominated European international politics in the 16th century?

• a. the differences in the religious positions taken by the two families during the Protestant Reformation

• b. the refusal of Charles of Hapsburg to marry a Valois princess

• c. competition for colonies overseas • d. the conflicting political ambitions of the two families• e. clashing territorial interests in southern Germany•

• The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by

• a. checking French expansion • b. decreasing Austrian territorial holdings• c. decreasing England’s colonial empire• d. granting sovereignty over Belgium to the

Netherlands• e. granting independence to Spain’s New World

Colonies

• The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by

• a. checking French expansion • b. decreasing Austrian territorial holdings• c. decreasing England’s colonial empire• d. granting sovereignty over Belgium to the

Netherlands• e. granting independence to Spain’s New World

Colonies

• Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht(1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution?

• a. standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals • b. citizens armies fighting for their native lands• c. feudal armies fighting for their lords• d. mass armies pursuing global strategies• e. highly mobile armies unhampered by traditional

defenses•

• Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht(1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution?

• a. standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals • b. citizens armies fighting for their native lands• c. feudal armies fighting for their lords• d. mass armies pursuing global strategies• e. highly mobile armies unhampered by traditional

defenses•

• Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht(1713)?

• a. it allowed the unification of the thrones of France and Spain• b. it weakened Great Britain’s effort to replace France as the

leading colonial power• c. it divided the Spanish colonial empire between the French

and the British• d. it dealt a blow to the Austrian Hapsburgs, who had

expected to acquire Gibraltar• e. it ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate contintental

European politics

• Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht(1713)?

• a. it allowed the unification of the thrones of France and Spain• b. it weakened Great Britain’s effort to replace France as the

leading colonial power• c. it divided the Spanish colonial empire between the French

and the British• d. it dealt a blow to the Austrian Hapsburgs, who had

expected to acquire Gibraltar• e. it ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate contintental

European politics

• The source of Prussian power in the 18th century was

• Bismark’s genius• Prussia’s industrial strength• Prussia’s diplomatic alliances• Prussia’s geographical position• Prussia’s powerful military

• The source of Prussian power in the 18th century was

• Bismark’s genius• Prussia’s industrial strength• Prussia’s diplomatic alliances• Prussia’s geographical position• Prussia’s powerful military

• Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussia during the 17th century

• a. they patterned their society after that of the Ottoman Empire

• b. they succeeded in avoiding war for most of the century

• c. they created centralized, unified nation-states• d. they abolished serfdom• e. they maintained permanent standing armies

• Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussia during the 17th century

• a. they patterned their society after that of the Ottoman Empire

• b. they succeeded in avoiding war for most of the century

• c. they created centralized, unified nation-states• d. they abolished serfdom• e. they maintained permanent standing armies

• Which of the following is true of Frederick William I , king of Prussia from 1713-1740?

• a. he lived lavishly off the taxes this his bureaucracy collected

• b. he built a first-rate army and infused Prussian society with military values

• c. he refused to employ commoners in his bureaucracy• d. he recruited tall soldiers from all of Europe to fight in his

frequent wars• e. he encouraged the development of local self-

government

• Which of the following is true of Frederick William I , king of Prussia from 1713-1740?

• a. he lived lavishly off the taxes this his bureaucracy collected

• b. he built a first-rate army and infused Prussian society with military values

• c. he refused to employ commoners in his bureaucracy• d. he recruited tall soldiers from all of Europe to fight in his

frequent wars• e. he encouraged the development of local self-

government

• Prussia has been called “a state built around an army”, meaning that

• a. the kings were recruited form the High Command

• b. in a nation of separate states, the army was a unifying force

• c. the Junkers were militarists• d. the army ruled the monarchy• e. universal conscription was the rule

• Prussia has been called “a state built around an army”, meaning that

• a. the kings were recruited form the High Command

• b. in a nation of separate states, the army was a unifying force

• c. the Junkers were militarists• d. the army ruled the monarchy• e. universal conscription was the rule

• Prussian power in the 18th century was primarily based on its

• a. standing army • b. geographic location • c. well-trained diplomatic corps• d. military alliance with Great Britain • e. economic right

• Prussian power in the 18th century was primarily based on its

• a. standing army • b. geographic location • c. well-trained diplomatic corps• d. military alliance with Great Britain • e. economic right

• The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid 18th century helped to establish Prussia as a great power

• a. Bohemia• b. Bavaria• c. Brandenburg• d. Silesia• e. Saxony

• The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid 18th century helped to establish Prussia as a great power

• a. Bohemia• b. Bavaria• c. Brandenburg• d. Silesia• e. Saxony

• In 17th and 18th century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for

• a. the right to sell their lands• b. control of an independent national

parliament• c. toleration of their religious diversity• d. exemption from all taxes• e. virtually absolute power over their serfs

• In 17th and 18th century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for

• a. the right to sell their lands• b. control of an independent national

parliament• c. toleration of their religious diversity• d. exemption from all taxes• e. virtually absolute power over their serfs

• .In the 16th and 17th centuries Prussia expanded its territory mainly through

• Marriage and inheritance• War against it neighbors• The building of a huge military force as threat• Papal decrees• All of the above

• .In the 16th and 17th centuries Prussia expanded its territory mainly through

• Marriage and inheritance• War against it neighbors• The building of a huge military force as threat• Papal decrees• All of the above

• . Poland’s decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to

• • (A) the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of

the Polish kings• (B) a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years’ War• (C) the conquest o• f the kingdom by the Ottoman Turks• (D) failure of the universities to create a literate aristocracy• (E) the absence of a powerful central authority

• . Poland’s decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to

• • (A) the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of

the Polish kings• (B) a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years’ War• (C) the conquest o• f the kingdom by the Ottoman Turks• (D) failure of the universities to create a literate aristocracy• (E) the absence of a powerful central authority

• Poland disappeared as an independent nation on the 18th century due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• a. Russian, Prussian, and Austrian annexation of Polish territories

• b. the Polish nobility reduced the monarchy to a powerless institution

• c. France refused to intervene on behalf of the Poles• d. the nation was vulnerable due to its exposed lands

without natural borders• e. the Catholic Church was unsympathetic to Polish

statehood

• Poland disappeared as an independent nation on the 18th century due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• a. Russian, Prussian, and Austrian annexation of Polish territories

• b. the Polish nobility reduced the monarchy to a powerless institution

• c. France refused to intervene on behalf of the Poles• d. the nation was vulnerable due to its exposed lands

without natural borders• e. the Catholic Church was unsympathetic to Polish

statehood

• Political problems in Poland around 1750 included all of the following EXCEPT

• a. the nobility paid no taxes• b. the king was elected• c. the national diet could be shut down by the

veto of any member• d. the king was often a foreigner• e. the king was a powerful dictator

• Political problems in Poland around 1750 included all of the following EXCEPT

• a. the nobility paid no taxes• b. the king was elected• c. the national diet could be shut down by the

veto of any member• d. the king was often a foreigner• e. the king was a powerful dictator

• The expansion of Austrian Hapsburg land in the late 17th century resulted primarily from

• a. victories over the Prussians• b. victories over the Ottoman Turks• c. a series of advantageous treaties• d. a political vacuum in France• e. the support of England

• The expansion of Austrian Hapsburg land in the late 17th century resulted primarily from

• a. victories over the Prussians• b. victories over the Ottoman Turks• c. a series of advantageous treaties• d. a political vacuum in France• e. the support of England

• The landholding nobles of Central and Eastern Europe differed from those in Western Europe in the period 1600-1715 in that they

• a. drastically reduced in number• b. made an alliance with the middle classes• c. triumphed in their struggle with the monarchs• d. lost control of their lands• e. retained control of vast estates worked by serfs

• The landholding nobles of Central and Eastern Europe differed from those in Western Europe in the period 1600-1715 in that they

• a. drastically reduced in number• b. made an alliance with the middle classes• c. triumphed in their struggle with the monarchs• d. lost control of their lands• e. retained control of vast estates worked by serfs

• .During the 16th century, which dynasty ruled a dominion that stretched for the Atlantic to Eastern Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean?

• a. Valois• b. Hohenzollern• c. Bourbon• d. Tudor• e. Hapsburg

• .During the 16th century, which dynasty ruled a dominion that stretched for the Atlantic to Eastern Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean?

• a. Valois• b. Hohenzollern• c. Bourbon• d. Tudor• e. Hapsburg

• Which of the following is NOT true of the Holy Roman Empire about 1600?

• a. it was made up of about 300 states• b. the Holy Roman Emperor exercised tight control

over member states• c. the Holy Roman Emperor was from the Austrian

Hapsburg family• d. the individual states took pride in their

independence• e. they was a central diet(parliament) of the Empire

• Which of the following is NOT true of the Holy Roman Empire about 1600?

• a. it was made up of about 300 states• b. the Holy Roman Emperor exercised tight control

over member states• c. the Holy Roman Emperor was from the Austrian

Hapsburg family• d. the individual states took pride in their

independence• e. they was a central diet(parliament) of the Empire

• In the first half of the 17th century , the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following

• a. emancipating the peasantry and encouraging agricultural development

• b. allying with the urban middle classes and encouraging commercial development

• c. establishing a national church headed by the Hapsburg emperor and redistributing former church properties

• d. creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring new territories to supply merchants with raw materials

• e. waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation

• In the first half of the 17th century , the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following

• a. emancipating the peasantry and encouraging agricultural development

• b. allying with the urban middle classes and encouraging commercial development

• c. establishing a national church headed by the Hapsburg emperor and redistributing former church properties

• d. creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring new territories to supply merchants with raw materials

• e. waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation

• c. competition for colonies overseas • d. the conflicting political ambitions of the two families• e. clashing territorial interests in southern Germany

• The expansion of the Austrian Hapsburg land in the late 17th century resulted primarily from

• a. victories over the Prussians• b. victories over the Ottoman Turks• c. a series of advantageous treaties• d. a political vacuum of Europe• e. the support of England

• The expansion of the Austrian Hapsburg land in the late 17th century resulted primarily from

• a. victories over the Prussians• b. victories over the Ottoman Turks• c. a series of advantageous treaties• d. a political vacuum of Europe• e. the support of England

• The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the 19th century created the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following?

• a. Austria and Prussia• b. Austria and Russia• c. France and Prussia• d. Russia and Greece• e. Russia and Prussia

• The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the 19th century created the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following?

• a. Austria and Prussia• b. Austria and Russia• c. France and Prussia• d. Russia and Greece• e. Russia and Prussia

• Which of the following was accomplished by Peter the Great of Russia(1682-1725)?

• He abolished serfdom• He expanded the Russian Empire• He launched the industrialization of Russia• He curbed the power of the nobility• He provided tax relief for the peasantry

• .Compared with the Romanov Tsars, the Bourbon monarchs of France in the period 1600-1715

• Maded less use of the Church and its expertise and influence

• Were less reliant on the nobility for their power• Were more absolutist in their style of government• Sought to expand their empire to a larger extent• Were more committed to the primacy of the

privileges and prerogatives of the nobility

• .Compared with the Romanov Tsars, the Bourbon monarchs of France in the period 1600-1715

• Maded less use of the Church and its expertise and influence

• Were less reliant on the nobility for their power• Were more absolutist in their style of government• Sought to expand their empire to a larger extent• Were more committed to the primacy of the

privileges and prerogatives of the nobility

• The reign of Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725) resulted in

• The abolition of the Russian Orthodox Church • The territorial expansion of the Russian

Empire• The weakening of serfdom • A decrease in the tax burden on poor peasants• The emergence of a wealthy middle class

• The reign of Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725) resulted in

• The abolition of the Russian Orthodox Church • The territorial expansion of the Russian

Empire• The weakening of serfdom • A decrease in the tax burden on poor peasants• The emergence of a wealthy middle class

• Russia participated in the expansionist trend of the late 18th century by

• Defeating the Ottoman Turks in 1774• Single-handedly conquering Poland in 1775• Invading Prussia in 1770 • Enacting the Pragmatic Sanction• Invading Finland in 1774

• Russia participated in the expansionist trend of the late 18th century by

• Defeating the Ottoman Turks in 1774• Single-handedly conquering Poland in 1775• Invading Prussia in 1770 • Enacting the Pragmatic Sanction• Invading Finland in 1774

• The Law Code of 1649 is an example of the Romanov tsars’

• Policy of enlightened despotism• Expansionist aims• Willlinginess to give the nobility complete

control over the classes of people below them • Incompetence• Commitment to liberal reform

• The Law Code of 1649 is an example of the Romanov tsars’

• Policy of enlightened despotism• Expansionist aims• Willlinginess to give the nobility complete

control over the classes of people below them • Incompetence• Commitment to liberal reform

• One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to

• a. decrease the tax burden on his poorer subjects• b. build a new capital where his nobles and

merchants were obliged to settle• c. abolish serfdom• d. encourage national pride by using his subjects

to retain traditional dress and customs• e. introduce military conscription for all adult male

• One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to

• a. decrease the tax burden on his poorer subjects• b. build a new capital where his nobles and

merchants were obliged to settle• c. abolish serfdom• d. encourage national pride by using his subjects

to retain traditional dress and customs• e. introduce military conscription for all adult male

• In the 18th century, the effectiveness of the Russian monarchy was limited by

• a. the enormous land area of the country• b. the independent position o the Orthodox

church• c. a united, rebellious nobility • d. a prosperous middle class located in fortified

towns• e. a newly free class of former serfs

• In the 18th century, the effectiveness of the Russian monarchy was limited by

• a. the enormous land area of the country• b. the independent position o the Orthodox

church• c. a united, rebellious nobility • d. a prosperous middle class located in fortified

towns• e. a newly free class of former serfs

• The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early 18th century was part of Peter the Great’s attempt to do which of the following ?

• a. strengthen his alliances with the Baltic states• b. improve relations with the Orthodox church• c. remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in

Western Europe• d. reduce the high cost of government in the old capital

Moscow• e. discourage further Russian expansion eastward into Asia

• The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early 18th century was part of Peter the Great’s attempt to do which of the following ?

• a. strengthen his alliances with the Baltic states• b. improve relations with the Orthodox church• c. remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in

Western Europe• d. reduce the high cost of government in the old capital

Moscow• e. discourage further Russian expansion eastward into Asia

• Peter the Great of Russia incorporated all of the following in his effort to modernize his states EXCEPT

• a. a standing professional army• b. new taxation policies• c. a bureaucracy based on merit• d. a disbanding of the Cossacks• e. a new capital city with a port• .In the 16th and 17th centuries Prussia expanded its

territory mainly through

• Peter the Great of Russia incorporated all of the following in his effort to modernize his states EXCEPT

• a. a standing professional army• b. new taxation policies• c. a bureaucracy based on merit• d. a disbanding of the Cossacks• e. a new capital city with a port• .In the 16th and 17th centuries Prussia expanded its

territory mainly through

• Tsar Peter the Great of Russian forced his nobles to shave their beards because he wanted

• a. to be the only one in Russia with facial hair• b. to tax them for shaving implements• c. his nobles to be prepared for war• d. them to look like nobles of Western Europe• e. to prepare them for a more modern

constitutional monarchy

• Tsar Peter the Great of Russian forced his nobles to shave their beards because he wanted

• a. to be the only one in Russia with facial hair• b. to tax them for shaving implements• c. his nobles to be prepared for war• d. them to look like nobles of Western Europe• e. to prepare them for a more modern

constitutional monarchy

which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the dutch republic of the...

Documents