where islam started the religion of islam whose followers are called muslims, emerged in the arabian...
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Where Islam StartedWhere Islam Started
The religion of Islam whose followers The religion of Islam whose followers are called Muslims, emerged in the are called Muslims, emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. Arabian Peninsula.
Region is mostly desertRegion is mostly desert Around 500 A.D., home to nomadic Around 500 A.D., home to nomadic
herders called Bedouins. herders called Bedouins.
Mecca- a thriving townMecca- a thriving town
Mecca becomes a booming oasis Mecca becomes a booming oasis town and a center for trade located town and a center for trade located at the cross-section of caravan at the cross-section of caravan routes.routes.
Also a thriving pilgrimage town for Also a thriving pilgrimage town for Pagans. Pagans.
Mecca became rich from religious Mecca became rich from religious pilgrimages and trade.pilgrimages and trade.
Muhammad hears the callMuhammad hears the call
The prophet Muhammad was born in The prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in A.D. 570.Mecca in A.D. 570.
In Mecca, he is a merchant and In Mecca, he is a merchant and becomes known for his honesty in becomes known for his honesty in business.business.
Muhammad becomes troubled by the Muhammad becomes troubled by the moral ills of Mecca, specifically with moral ills of Mecca, specifically with the other merchants. the other merchants.
Muhammad the prophetMuhammad the prophet
One day, while meditating, he hears One day, while meditating, he hears the voice of the angel Gabriel calling the voice of the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God.him to be the messenger of God.
He is terrified and feels unworthy He is terrified and feels unworthy because he is just an illiterate because he is just an illiterate merchant.merchant.
His wife Khadija encourages him to His wife Khadija encourages him to accept the call. accept the call.
Khadija will be the first person to Khadija will be the first person to convert to Islam.convert to Islam.
The BeginningThe Beginning
““Islam” means to “submit to God.” Islam” means to “submit to God.” Muhammad spends the rest of his life Muhammad spends the rest of his life
trying to convert the pagans to trying to convert the pagans to believe in one god, Allah. believe in one god, Allah.
Profession of Faith
Pray 5 times per day
Alms for the
poor
Fasting during
Ramadan
Hajj
There is no god but God,
Muhammad is the
messenger of God.
Must pray in the direction of the holy
city of Mecca.
Give charity to those less fortunate
Do not eat from
sunrise to sunset
during the holy month
of Ramadan.
If financially able, make the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in a lifetime.
The Five Pillars of Islam
The HijraThe Hijra
Muhammad fled to Muhammad fled to Medina to escapeMedina to escape persecution in Mecca. This became persecution in Mecca. This became known as the known as the hijrahijra..
All observant Muslims perform five basic All observant Muslims perform five basic duties known as the duties known as the Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam..
The The QuranQuran is the sacred text of Islam is the sacred text of Islam and teaches that there is and teaches that there is one Godone God who who is all-powerful and compassionate. is all-powerful and compassionate.
Rules to FollowRules to Follow
The Quran is written in The Quran is written in ArabicArabic and and this shared language has helped to this shared language has helped to unite Muslimsunite Muslims from many different from many different regions of the world. regions of the world.
Islamic religious law is contained in Islamic religious law is contained in the the ShariaSharia, which regulates moral , which regulates moral conduct, family life, business conduct, family life, business practices, and practices, and governmentgovernment..
No SecularismNo Secularism
It does It does not separate religionnot separate religion from law, but from law, but applies religious principles to all legal applies religious principles to all legal situations.situations.
OriginOrigin Saudi Arabia in the Middle Saudi Arabia in the Middle EastEast
FounderFounder MuhammadMuhammad
Holy CityHoly City MeccaMecca
Holy TextHoly Text Qur’anQur’an
House of WorshipHouse of Worship mosquemosque
LeaderLeader Imam (caliph)Imam (caliph)
BranchesBranches Sunni and Shiite (Shia)Sunni and Shiite (Shia)
Holy DayHoly Day Raamadan- whole Raamadan- whole monthmonth
Religious StruggleReligious Struggle Another duty is the Another duty is the jihadjihad, a , a
personal duty for Muslims, personal duty for Muslims, to struggle in god’s service. to struggle in god’s service. At times, it may be At times, it may be interpreted as a interpreted as a holy warholy war to to defend Islam and the defend Islam and the Muslim community.Muslim community.
Muslims, Jews, and Muslims, Jews, and Christians worship the same Christians worship the same God and Muslims consider God and Muslims consider Jews and Christians to be Jews and Christians to be ““People of the BookPeople of the Book,” who ,” who have enjoyed religious have enjoyed religious freedom in many Muslim freedom in many Muslim societies.societies.
Two sects of IslamTwo sects of Islam There are two major sects, or There are two major sects, or
branches of Islam.branches of Islam.
SunniSunni (approximately 90%)- (approximately 90%)- believe caliph should be believe caliph should be chosen by chosen by leaders of the Muslim community.leaders of the Muslim community.
ShiiteShiite (approx 10%) Shi’a believe (approx 10%) Shi’a believe that only that only descendants of descendants of Muhammad should ruleMuhammad should rule..
Shiite groups have further split Shiite groups have further split into many sub-groups. Most Shiites into many sub-groups. Most Shiites live in live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen.Yemen.
Other MuslimsOther Muslims
A A SufiSufi is a follower of Islam who meditates is a follower of Islam who meditates and is believed to have mystical powers.and is believed to have mystical powers.
The The whirling dervisheswhirling dervishes emphasize dancing, emphasize dancing, chanting and trances to attain unity with chanting and trances to attain unity with Allah. Allah.
The Quran affirms the The Quran affirms the spiritual equalityspiritual equality of of men and women. Education, inheritance, men and women. Education, inheritance, and divorce are allowed in Islam.and divorce are allowed in Islam.
As Islam spread, Arabs absorbed practices As Islam spread, Arabs absorbed practices such as the such as the veiling of womenveiling of women and secluding and secluding them to a separate part of the them to a separate part of the homehome. .
Sufis and Whirling Sufis and Whirling DervishesDervishes
Geography of the RegionGeography of the Region Women in some Islamic Women in some Islamic
countries are subject to countries are subject to unequal treatmentunequal treatment. .
Life in Arabia was Life in Arabia was influenced by the influenced by the harshharsh desert climatedesert climate of the of the region. region.
The Arabian Peninsula lies The Arabian Peninsula lies near the intersection of near the intersection of three continents, three continents, Africa, Africa, Asia, and EuropeAsia, and Europe, so it is a , so it is a crossroads location. crossroads location.
Muslim DressMuslim Dress Muslims generally Muslims generally
observe modest dress, observe modest dress, but the variety of styles but the variety of styles and colors have various and colors have various names depending on names depending on the country. the country.
The hijab is a square or The hijab is a square or rectangular piece of rectangular piece of fabric which is folded, fabric which is folded, placed over the head, placed over the head, and fastened under the and fastened under the chin as a head scarf.chin as a head scarf.
Physical lay of the landPhysical lay of the land Arabia lies in a Arabia lies in a hot, dry hot, dry
regionregion with large sand with large sand dunes shaped by the dunes shaped by the wind, making it difficult for wind, making it difficult for plants and animals to plants and animals to survive.survive.
Sedentary people settled Sedentary people settled in oases, where they could in oases, where they could farm. These settlements farm. These settlements often became towns often became towns which in turn became which in turn became centers of tradecenters of trade. .
How did Islam Spread so Quickly?How did Islam Spread so Quickly?
After Muhammad’s death, Muslims After Muhammad’s death, Muslims chose the caliph, chose the caliph, Abu BakrAbu Bakr and set and set out on a series of military campaigns,out on a series of military campaigns,
They began They began convertingconverting remaining remaining Arabs to Islam, which ended warfare Arabs to Islam, which ended warfare and and united the Arabsunited the Arabs under one under one leader. leader.
The Muslims then defeated the The Muslims then defeated the Byzantine and Persian Empires.Byzantine and Persian Empires.
How it spread (continued)How it spread (continued)
Common Common faith (Islam)faith (Islam) and and language language (Arabic). (Arabic).
Religious toleranceReligious tolerance lessened tensions lessened tensions with the Christians & Jews whom the with the Christians & Jews whom the Muslims considered “people of the Muslims considered “people of the book.”book.”
Equality of believersEquality of believers in terms of race in terms of race class, and wealth. class, and wealth.
WarfareWarfare exhausted the enemy exhausted the enemy (Byzantine & Persia). (Byzantine & Persia).
New Empires AriseNew Empires Arise
Desert warfare Desert warfare easier for the easier for the experienced Muslim armies. experienced Muslim armies.
After the early spread of Islam, three After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires large Islamic empires formed—the formed—the Ottoman, Safavid, and MughalOttoman, Safavid, and Mughal..
The Sunni, The Sunni, UmayyadUmayyad caliphate ruled caliphate ruled form their capital in Damascus form their capital in Damascus following the death of Ali. following the death of Ali.
Muslim achievementsMuslim achievements
Conquests spread Muslim faith, while Conquests spread Muslim faith, while allowing religious freedom for People allowing religious freedom for People of the of the BookBook; some restrictions, taxed ; some restrictions, taxed non-Muslims.non-Muslims.
Established Established ArabicArabic as the official as the official language.language.
The Umayyad began first great work The Umayyad began first great work of Islamic architecture, of Islamic architecture, Dome of the Dome of the RockRock in Jerusalem. in Jerusalem.
Dome of the RockDome of the Rock
The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
AbbasidAbbasid was the dynastic name was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs who generally given to the caliphs who moved the capital to moved the capital to BaghdadBaghdad, , known as the “City of Peace.” known as the “City of Peace.” Muslim influence can still be seen in the Muslim influence can still be seen in the
architecture of Islamic centers of architecture of Islamic centers of learning in learning in Cordoba and GranadaCordoba and Granada..
Islam experienced a Islam experienced a golden agegolden age during during the Abassid caliphate. the Abassid caliphate.
Muslim influence in Cordoba, SpainMuslim influence in Cordoba, Spain
The Great Mosque 784The Great Mosque 784 ADAD
Trade Boosts the EmpireTrade Boosts the Empire Muslims under the Abbasid Muslims under the Abbasid
dynasty established an dynasty established an international trade international trade network.network.
Merchants were looked Merchants were looked upon in high regards upon in high regards because Muhammad had because Muhammad had been a been a merchantmerchant..
Muslim merchants used Muslim merchants used camel caravans camel caravans “ships of “ships of the desert” to travel the the desert” to travel the Sahara into West Africa Sahara into West Africa and used the and used the Silk Road Silk Road to to get to China in East Asia.get to China in East Asia.
Camel CaravanCamel Caravan
Muslim AchievementsMuslim Achievements The Quran strictly banned The Quran strictly banned
the worship of the worship of idolsidols, and , and religious leaders forbade religious leaders forbade artists to artists to portray God portray God or or human figures in religious human figures in religious art.art.
Muslim artists perfected Muslim artists perfected calligraphy calligraphy and verses from and verses from the Quran turned decorated the Quran turned decorated buildings.buildings.
The The poet Firdawski poet Firdawski wrote wrote the the Shah NamahShah Namah, or the , or the Book of KingsBook of Kings, which tells , which tells the history of Persia.the history of Persia.
Muslim AchievementsMuslim Achievements Arab stories include, The Arab stories include, The
Thousand and One Thousand and One NightsNights, Aladdin and his , Aladdin and his Magic Lamp Magic Lamp and Ali baba and Ali baba and the and the Forty Thieves.Forty Thieves.
The philosopher The philosopher Ibn Ibn RushdRushd, know as , know as Averroes Averroes in Europe, based his in Europe, based his writings on those of writings on those of Aristotle. His writings Aristotle. His writings were translated into Latin were translated into Latin and later influenced and later influenced Christian scholastics in Christian scholastics in medieval Europe.medieval Europe.
Ibn RushdIbn Rushd
The philosopher The philosopher Ibn Ibn RushdRushd, known as , known as AverroesAverroes in Europe, in Europe, based his writings on based his writings on those of Aristotle (Greek). those of Aristotle (Greek). His writings were His writings were translated into Latin and translated into Latin and later influenced Christian later influenced Christian scholastics in medieval scholastics in medieval Europe.Europe.
Ibn KhaldunIbn Khaldun
Considered the Considered the father of economics father of economics and of the social and of the social sciences, sciences, Ibn Ibn KhaldunKhaldun warned warned about bias, about bias, exaggeration and exaggeration and overconfidence in overconfidence in the accuracy of the accuracy of sources.sources.
al-Khwarizmi al-Khwarizmi The astronomer, The astronomer, al-al-
Khwarizmi, mayKhwarizmi, may best best be known for be known for pioneering the study pioneering the study of of algebra and algebra and trigonometrytrigonometry. .
al-Kwarismi wrote a al-Kwarismi wrote a book that became a book that became a standard standard mathematics mathematics textbooktextbook in Europe. in Europe.
Muhammad al-RaziMuhammad al-Razi Considered the father of Considered the father of
pediatrics, Persian physician pediatrics, Persian physician Muhammad al-Razi also Muhammad al-Razi also wrote many books on wrote many books on medicinemedicine..
He also was instrumental in He also was instrumental in pioneering the study of pioneering the study of measles and smallpoxmeasles and smallpox. .
al Razi believed that the al Razi believed that the mindmind, as well as the body , as well as the body should be treatedshould be treated..
Ibn SinaIbn Sina Another famous Another famous
Persian physician, Persian physician, Ibn SinaIbn Sina (a.k.a. (a.k.a. Avicenna) wrote the Avicenna) wrote the Canon on MedicineCanon on Medicine, , a huge a huge encyclopediaencyclopedia that included that included diagnosing and diagnosing and treating diseases.treating diseases.
Medical advancesMedical advances Considered the father of pediatrics, Considered the father of pediatrics,
Persian physician Muhammad al-Razi Persian physician Muhammad al-Razi also wrote many books on also wrote many books on medicinemedicine..
He also was instrumental in pioneering He also was instrumental in pioneering the study of the study of measles and smallpox.measles and smallpox.
Al-Razi believed that the Al-Razi believed that the mindmind, as well , as well as the body should be treated.as the body should be treated.
Cultural Diffusion of Islamic IdeasCultural Diffusion of Islamic Ideas Another famous Persian, Another famous Persian, Ibn Sina Ibn Sina (aka (aka
Avicenna) wrote the Canon on Medicine, a Avicenna) wrote the Canon on Medicine, a huge huge encyclopedia encyclopedia that included that included diagnosing and treating diseases.diagnosing and treating diseases.
Eventually, European physicians began to Eventually, European physicians began to attend attend Muslim Muslim universities in Spain. universities in Spain.
Arabic medical texts were translated into Arabic medical texts were translated into Latin and the works of Avicenna and al-Razi Latin and the works of Avicenna and al-Razi became the standard became the standard medical textbooks medical textbooks at at European schools for 500 years. European schools for 500 years.
Islam Spreads to the Indian Islam Spreads to the Indian PeninsulaPeninsula
Muslim armies overran Muslim armies overran northern India during northern India during violent onslaughts. The violent onslaughts. The widespread destruction widespread destruction of of Buddhist Buddhist monasteries monasteries contributed to the contributed to the drastic drastic decline of decline of Buddhism Buddhism as a major as a major religion in India.religion in India.
Hindus were allowed to Hindus were allowed to practice their religion practice their religion (Hinduism) as long as (Hinduism) as long as they paid a they paid a poll tax.poll tax.
Islam in IndiaIslam in India
During the Delhi sultanate, many Hindus During the Delhi sultanate, many Hindus converted to converted to IslamIslam..
It rejected the It rejected the caste systemcaste system It was It was monotheisticmonotheistic They wanted to work in They wanted to work in governmentgovernment There was a strong There was a strong Muslim trade Muslim trade
network.network. A new language evolved, Urdu, it was a A new language evolved, Urdu, it was a
blend of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi blend of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi languages.languages.
So…what do you get when you So…what do you get when you blend Hinduism and Islam??? blend Hinduism and Islam???
Sikhism!Sikhism!
SikhismSikhism
There are 20 There are 20 million Sikhs in the million Sikhs in the world, most of who world, most of who live in the live in the Punjab Punjab province of province of IndiaIndia..
It was founded in It was founded in the 16th century the 16th century by the by the Guru NanakGuru Nanak..
The Sikh place of The Sikh place of worship is called a worship is called a GurdwaraGurdwara..
5 K’s (Articles of Faith)5 K’s (Articles of Faith) Kesh- Kesh- uncut hairuncut hair (God’s perfection)(God’s perfection)
Kanga- Kanga- wooden combwooden comb (hygiene)(hygiene)
Kuru- Kuru- steel braceletsteel bracelet (binds one to the guru)(binds one to the guru)
Kachera- Kachera- white undergarmentswhite undergarments (modesty)(modesty)
Kirpan- Kirpan- strapped swordstrapped sword (defend faith & the weak)(defend faith & the weak)
The MughalsThe Mughals
Babur (1483-1530) was a Babur (1483-1530) was a sultan who set up the sultan who set up the Mughal Mughal dynasty in India. dynasty in India. Mughal is the Persian word Mughal is the Persian word MongolMongol..
Akbar the Great, grandson Akbar the Great, grandson of Babur, was the chief of Babur, was the chief builder of the builder of the Mughal Mughal Empire.Empire.
Akbar was a Muslim who, Akbar was a Muslim who, like the early Indian leader, like the early Indian leader, AsokaAsoka, promoted , promoted religious religious harmony through tolerance harmony through tolerance in diversity.in diversity.
Akbar the GreatAkbar the Great
He treated Hindu princes as business He treated Hindu princes as business partners, ended taxes for partners, ended taxes for non-Muslimsnon-Muslims, , opened merit-based government jobs to opened merit-based government jobs to Hindus of all castes Hindus of all castes and married a and married a Hindu Hindu princess.princess.
The high point of Mughal literature, art, The high point of Mughal literature, art, and architecture came with the reigh of and architecture came with the reigh of Shah Jahan.Shah Jahan.
The Muslim tomb, the The Muslim tomb, the Taj Mahal Taj Mahal was built was built for his wife, Mumtaz Muhal. for his wife, Mumtaz Muhal.
Akbar the Great: Builder of the Akbar the Great: Builder of the Mughal DynastyMughal Dynasty
The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire
The Islamic The Islamic Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire lasted lasted from 1299 until 1922 and spanned from 1299 until 1922 and spanned three continents. three continents.
The empire was at the center of The empire was at the center of interactions between the interactions between the Eastern and Eastern and Western Western worlds for six centuries. worlds for six centuries.
The Empire prospered under the rule The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective of a line of committed and effective sultanssultans..
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Suleiman the MagnificentSuleiman the Magnificent
The Ottoman state, like the Turkish, The Ottoman state, like the Turkish, Mongol, and Mesopotamian states rested Mongol, and Mesopotamian states rested on a principle of on a principle of absolute ruleabsolute rule..
The longest-reigning Sultan of the The longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was Ottoman Empire was Suleiman the Suleiman the Magnificent Magnificent who ruled from 1520 to his who ruled from 1520 to his death in 1566.death in 1566.
In the East, he was known as In the East, he was known as Suleiman the Suleiman the LawgiverLawgiver, for his complete reconstruction , for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. of the Ottoman legal system.
Ottoman LawOttoman Law
Ottoman law was based on the Sharia Ottoman law was based on the Sharia (Islamic Law) and was supplemented by (Islamic Law) and was supplemented by royal royal edicts edicts (orders or commands).(orders or commands).
Ottoman society was divided into Ottoman society was divided into classesclasses, each with its appointed role. , each with its appointed role.
Non-Muslims lived in religious Non-Muslims lived in religious communities called communities called milletsmillets, who had , who had their own leaders who were responsible their own leaders who were responsible for education and some legal matters.for education and some legal matters.
The Ottoman Social Class The Ottoman Social Class systemsystem
Men of the swordMen of the sword- soldiers, always - soldiers, always MuslimsMuslims
Men of the penMen of the pen- lawyers, judges, - lawyers, judges, scientists, and poets.scientists, and poets.
Men of the negotiationMen of the negotiation- merchants, - merchants, artisans, tax collectors.artisans, tax collectors.
Men of husbandryMen of husbandry- farmers and - farmers and herders. herders.
Ottoman MilitaryOttoman Military
Enslaved Enslaved Christian boysChristian boys, from conquered , from conquered territories in the Balkans, converted to territories in the Balkans, converted to IslamIslam, were educated, and were put , were educated, and were put through rigorous through rigorous military military training at the training at the palace school.palace school.
The best of these soldiers won a prized The best of these soldiers won a prized place in the elite Ottoman fighting force place in the elite Ottoman fighting force called the called the janissariesjanissaries..
After Sulieman’s After Sulieman’s death death in 1566, the in 1566, the Ottoman Empire began a slow decline.Ottoman Empire began a slow decline.
The SafavidsThe Safavids
By the 1700’s European advances in By the 1700’s European advances in both commerce and military both commerce and military technology technology were leaving the Ottomans behind.were leaving the Ottomans behind.
By the early 1500’s Shiite Muslims, the By the early 1500’s Shiite Muslims, the Safavids Safavids united an empire in Persia, united an empire in Persia, modern day Iran.modern day Iran.
The Safavid king was called the The Safavid king was called the shahshah. . The best known king was the The best known king was the Shah Shah AbbasAbbas, who revived the glory of ancient , who revived the glory of ancient Persia. Persia.
Ottomans as the Middle MenOttomans as the Middle Men
Abbas built a new capital at Abbas built a new capital at IsfahanIsfahan, which , which became a center of the international became a center of the international silk silk trade. trade.
The economic structure of the Ottoman The economic structure of the Ottoman Empire was defined by its ability to Empire was defined by its ability to block block land routes for trade between the East and land routes for trade between the East and the West.the West.
The Ottomans stood as the The Ottomans stood as the middle men middle men for for trade between the West (Europe) and the trade between the West (Europe) and the East (China). East (China).
New DynastiesNew Dynasties The Armenians controlled the trade, so The Armenians controlled the trade, so
Abbas brought thousands to Isfahan and Abbas brought thousands to Isfahan and built a settlement for these built a settlement for these ChristiansChristians, , whom he allowed to govern themselves.whom he allowed to govern themselves.
The Safavid Empire slowly faded after the The Safavid Empire slowly faded after the death death of Shah Abbas and continuing of Shah Abbas and continuing pressure from the Ottoman armies. pressure from the Ottoman armies.
Still, the Safavid Empire, firmly established Still, the Safavid Empire, firmly established Shiism Shiism in Iran.in Iran.
In the 1700’s a new dynasty, the In the 1700’s a new dynasty, the QajarsQajars, , won control of Iran and made won control of Iran and made Tehran Tehran their their capital.capital.
Shiites in Iran still TodayShiites in Iran still Today
The Shiite-Muslims who eventually take over The Shiite-Muslims who eventually take over a commercially and militarily backward a commercially and militarily backward Ottoman empire were the Ottoman empire were the SafavidsSafavids..
Persian culture flourished from 1588-1629 Persian culture flourished from 1588-1629 under the shah, under the shah, Abbas the Great.Abbas the Great.
In 1722, the Qajars won control of Iran, made In 1722, the Qajars won control of Iran, made Tehran their capital and ruled until Tehran their capital and ruled until 19251925..
The Safavids planted a firm The Safavids planted a firm Shiite tradition in Shiite tradition in Iran.Iran.