where do our ideas come from?
DESCRIPTION
Where do our ideas come from?. Make Your Own Observations. Take 10 minutes to observe people outside Come up with 3 research questions Write down the 3 questions on a piece of paper Write down the observation that led to these question OBSERVATIONQUESTION. Make Your Own Observations. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Where do our ideas come from?
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Make Your Own Observations• Take 10 minutes to observe people outside• Come up with 3 research questions• Write down the 3 questions on a piece of
paper • Write down the observation that led to these
questionOBSERVATION QUESTION
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Make Your Own Observations
• What did you come up with?
OBSERVATION QUESTION
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What's next?
• Plausibility stage– Is the idea worthy of actual testing?
• Acceptability stage– Mold the plausible idea into a working
hypothesis
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Statistics
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Correlation
Smile TalkJerry 10 5Elan 6 1George 8 3Newman 9 4Kramer 7 2
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Positive Correlation
Smile TalkJerry 10 5Elan 6 1George 8 3Newman 9 4Kramer 7 2
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Positive Correlation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
Talk
Smile
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Positive Correlation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
Talk
Smile
r = 1.00
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Positive Correlation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
Talk
Smile
. .. .
r = .64
.
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Frown TalkJerry 10 2Elan 6 6George 8 4Newman 9 3Kramer 7 5
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Frown TalkJerry 10 2Elan 6 6George 8 4Newman 9 3Kramer 7 5
Negative Correlation
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Negative Correlation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2 3 4 5 6
Talk
Frow
n
r = - 1.00
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Negative Correlation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
Talk
Frow
n
.
.
. .. r = - .85
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Gas in car TalkJerry 10 8Elan 6 9George 8 3Newman 9 4Kramer 7 3
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Gas in car TalkJerry 10 8Elan 6 9George 8 3Newman 9 4Kramer 7 3
Zero Correlation
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Zero Correlation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Talk
Gas
in c
ar
.
... .r = .00
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Correlation Coefficient
• The sign of a correlation (+ or -) only tells you the direction of the relationship
• The value of the correlation only tells you about the size of the relationship (i.e., how close the scores are to the regression line)
• Correlations and cause and effect
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Excel Example
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• Which is a bigger effect?r = .40 or r = -.40
How are they different?
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Practice
• Do you think the following variables are positively, negatively or uncorrelated to each other?
• Alcohol consumption & Driving skills• Miles of running a day & speed in a foot race• Height & GPA• Forearm length & foot length
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Project I – Data Entry and Analysis
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Practice
• 1) Complete Questionnaire #1
• Do you like going to art museums?
• Do you talk to a lot of different people at parties?
• What time did you wake up this morning (the hour)?
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Big-Five Inventory
• Big-Five Inventory
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E1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31
A7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37
C3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43
N4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34
O5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41
R1 = 52 = 43 = 34 = 25 = 1
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Agreeableness
TrustStraightforwardness
AltruismCompliance
ModestyTender-mindedness
Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man.
Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.
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Extraversion
WarmthGregariousnessAssertiveness
ActivityExcitement seekingPositive emotions
Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled.
Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence
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Conscientiousness
CompetenceOrder
DutifulnessAchievement striving
Self-disciplineDeliberation
Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon.
Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.
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Neuroticism
AnxietyAngry hostility
DepressionSelf-consciousness
ImpulsivenessVulnerability
Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace).
Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.
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Openness to Experience
FantasyAestheticsFeelingsActionsIdeas
Values
Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways.
C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.
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The Big Five• Also known as the Five-Factor Model
• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Conscientiousness• Neuroticism• Openness to Experience
• OCEAN
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NextCollect data
Enter data
Analyze data
=CORREL(Array1, Array2)
=CORREL (A2:A9, G2:G9)
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Observational Research• Steps
• 1) Limit your observations• What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.?
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• How will you quantify your data?
• 5) Analyze your data• What do the data tell you?
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Observational Research
• Types of Observational Research
• Laboratory Research• Internet Research• Naturalistic Research
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Observational Research in the Laboratory
• Pros:• Controlled environment• Can control for extraneous variables
(random assignment)
• Cons:• Not realistic
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Outline
• Observational Research in the Laboratory
• 1) Examples of observational lab research• 2) P II: Single behavior studies• 3) P III: Multiple behavior studies
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Observational Research• Steps
• 1) Limit your observations• What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.?
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• How will you quantify your data?
• 5) Analyze your data• What do the data tell you?
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• During interpersonal interactions how does the behavior of a person affect the behavior of another person?
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Concrete examples
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Abstract examples
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Interpersonal Theory• Leary’s complementarity
– Interpersonal behaviors tend to initiate or invite reciprocal interpersonal behaviors from the “other” person in the interaction
• Act the same on “warmth”– Warmth encourages warmth– Coldness encourages coldness
• Act the opposite on “dominance”– Dominance encourages submission– Submission encourages dominance
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Method
• Participates– 79 males; 79 females
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Tasks
• Each participant interacted in three different situations with an opposite sex stranger
Unstructured Cooperative Competitive
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Coding Behaviors• For each interaction, social behaviors were coded by four different judges
• Example: Dominance behaviors– “Expresses warmth”– “Exhibits social skills”– “Expresses criticism”– “Expresses hostility”
• Example: Warmth behaviors– “Tries to control the interaction”– “Speaks in a loud voice”– “Seeks reassurance”– “Expresses insecurity”
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Results
• Warmth r = .45
• Dominancer = -.39
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Observational Research• Steps
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder how our behaviors affect the behaviors of our interaction partners
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I will videotape these behaviors
• 3) Collect your data• Participants came into a lab
• 4) Create a coding system• I will use the RBQ
• 5) Analyze your data
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Project II – Single behavioral observations
• Relating questionnaires to single behavioral observations in the lab.
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Questionnaire
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Data Sheet
Subject SM Score Acting1234567
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Say
• “I am going out now, I won’t be back all day. If anyone comes by, just tell them I’m not here”
• Happy• Sad• Mad
• How good of an actor is this person?– Rate 1-10 (1= bad actor; 10= great actor)
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Self-Monitoring
• How much do you “monitor” your social setting and alter your behaviors accordingly
• High SM – Monitor every situation– Look for cues how to act, alter behavior
• Low SM– Consistent behavior regardless of situation
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Self-Monitoring
• Related to smoking in youths
• Specifically, youths who think it is normal to smoke and are high SM are 3.5 times more likely to smoke!
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Self-Monitoring• Other findings (just for fun):
• Video tapped group discussion• High SM interview better for jobs• High SM more likely to lie to go on dates• High SM pleasure self more often
Current question: Are high self-monitors better actors?
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Current study
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what high SM are better actors?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in the class room and have them self-report
their SM
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• We used a simple one-item code of “acting”
• 5) Analyze the data!
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Excel
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Current study
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what high SM are better actors?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in the class room and have them self-report their SM
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
• 4) Create a coding system• We used a simple one-item code of “acting”
• 5) Analyze your data• What did the data tell us?• Told us if SM was related to acting
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Project III – Multiple Behavioral Observations
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Perceiving Others
• Am I:• Extraverted?• Agreeable?• Conscientious?• Open to experience?• Neurotic?
• A drug user?
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Perceiving Others
• Why do you think that?
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ME YOU
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ME YOUTalkative
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ME YOUTalkative
Hand gestures
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ME YOUTalkative
Hand gesturesEnergetic
Assertive
Sociable
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METalkative
Hand gesturesEnergetic
Assertive
Sociable
What behaviors does an extravert tend to express?
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors an extravert expresses?
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors an extravert expresses?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors an extravert expresses?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in an artificial setting and have
people rate the behaviors they see
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors an extravert expresses?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in an artificial setting and have
people rate the behaviors they see
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
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RBQ questionnaire
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Procedure
• Watch three participants answer several questions
• Obtain each participants BFI scores
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Enter data!
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Analyze data
• Excel
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How can we examine this issue?
• 1) Limit your observations• I wonder what behaviors an extravert expresses?
• 2) Figure out how to code your observations• I think I will code people acting in an artificial setting and
have people rate the behaviors they see
• 3) Collect your data• Just do it!
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How many behaviors do you need to code?
• These previous examples coded many behaviors
• Pro:– Very rich data– Good if your not 100% sure what to expect
• Con– Takes a long time– Can sometimes produce confusing results
• Sometimes – if you have a specific question –you might only need to code a single behavior