where are we in the text? lecture 2 covers and expands upon the material in chapter 1 because of...

Where are we in the text?

• Lecture 2 covers and expands upon the material in Chapter 1

• Because of copyright issues, some of the overheads I’ll use in class are not included here.

OVERVIEW- Lecture 2

• Adult Development? – Forces of Development – Biopsychosocial Perspective

• Principles of Adult Development and Aging– Lifespan Perspective

• Meaning of “age”

Overview continued

• What is it like being old? – Ageism

• The old in Canada: Demographics

• Myth busting…– Facts on Aging Quiz (Palmore, 1998) Revisited

OVERVIEW- Lecture 2




Adult Development?

• Development means “change”

• “Development” after adolescence is a relatively new concept

Forces of Development

• Biological

• Psychological

• Sociocultural

• Life-cycle influences

BioBioBioBio PsychoPsychoPsychoPsycho

SocialSocialSocialSocial

IdentityIdentityIdentityIdentity

The Biopsychosocial PerspectiveThe Biopsychosocial Perspective

Forces of DevelopmentForces of Development

Personal agingPersonal agingPersonal agingPersonal aging

VS.VS.VS.VS.

Social agingSocial agingSocial agingSocial aging

= due to ontogenetic factors

= due to historical change

Source of Changes Over TimeSource of Changes Over Time

•Normative age-graded: Normative age-graded: experiences that experiences that culture and historical period attach to certain culture and historical period attach to certain agesages

such as marriagesuch as marriage

Influences on DevelopmentInfluences on Development

•Normative history-graded: Normative history-graded: events that occur events that occur to everyone within a certain culture or to everyone within a certain culture or countrycountry


such as the Depressionsuch as the Depression

•Non-normative influences: Non-normative influences: Random events Random events that occur due to coincidence, earlier that occur due to coincidence, earlier decisions, and other peopledecisions, and other people


such as winning the lotterysuch as winning the lottery

OVERVIEW- Lecture 2




Principles of Development

• 4 principles

Principles of Development (1)

• Changes Occur in Continuous Changes Occur in Continuous FashionFashion– Changes in old age occur against the Changes in old age occur against the

backdrop of prior historybackdrop of prior history

– People feel they are the “same” inside People feel they are the “same” inside even though they change on the outsideeven though they change on the outside


• Older Adults Have Avoided Older Adults Have Avoided DeathDeath– Older adults have survived threats to Older adults have survived threats to

lifelife

– Samples in old age become increasingly Samples in old age become increasingly unlike those tested in young adulthoodunlike those tested in young adulthood


• People Become More Different People Become More Different as They Ageas They Age– Increased variability in many studies Increased variability in many studies

of aging with increasing age of samplesof aging with increasing age of samples

– People’s lives become increasingly People’s lives become increasingly different as they move through different as they move through adulthoodadulthood

Remember….

• Heterogeneity is the hallmark of aging

People Become More Different as They AgePeople Become More Different as They Age

Inter-individual Inter-individual differencesdifferences

Intra-individual Intra-individual differencesdifferences

Differences from Differences from person to personperson to person

Differences within Differences within each personeach person

multidirectionality of multidirectionality of developmentdevelopmentmultidirectionality of multidirectionality of developmentdevelopment

Principles of Development (4)Principles of Development (4)

Normal Aging is different from diseaseNormal Aging is different from disease

Normal agingNormal aging Changes built into Changes built into the aging processthe aging process

Changes due to Changes due to diseasedisease

Primary agingPrimary aging

Impaired agingImpaired aging Secondary Secondary agingaging

Optimal agingOptimal aging

ProcessProcess Alternate termAlternate term DefinitionDefinition

Successful Successful agingaging

Using compensation Using compensation and preventionand prevention

The Lifespan Perspective (e.g.Baltes, 1987)

• Human development

– early phase (childhood & adolescence)– later phase (young adulthood, middle age, old

age)

The Lifespan Perspective

• Multidirectionality

• Plasticity

• Historical context

• Multiple causation

OVERVIEW- Lecture 2




The Meaning of AgeThe Meaning of Age

Using Age to Define “Adult”Using Age to Define “Adult”

•Physical developmentPhysical development

•Voting ageVoting age

•Driving ageDriving age

•Age of consentAge of consent

•Drinking ageDrinking age

Best to use 1818or 2222 forcollege grads

Best to use 1818or 2222 forcollege grads

(still not perfect)(still not perfect)

What is Maturity?What is Maturity?

The Meaning of Age

• So what do we mean by older adult?

• So what do we mean by old?

» Being over the age of 65

The Meaning of AgeThe Meaning of AgeDivisions by Age of the Over-65 PopulationDivisions by Age of the Over-65 Population

Young-oldYoung-old

Old-oldOld-old

Oldest-oldOldest-old

65-7465-74

75-8475-84

85+85+

Newest category= Newest category= Centenarians Centenarians (100 year olds)(100 year olds)

Categories of Over-65Categories of Over-65

Centenarian study: Behind the research

• “Aging has too often been seen as a time of sickness, and inevitable dementia. The discovery that people can be physically and cognitively healthy at the age of 100 is turning this perception around” (p. 19 in your text)

The Meaning of AgeThe Meaning of AgeAlternative Indices of Chronological AgeAlternative Indices of Chronological Age

•Biological age- Biological age- functioning of organ systemsfunctioning of organ systems

•Psychological age- Psychological age- functioning on psychological testsfunctioning on psychological tests

•Social age- Social age- social roles occupied by the personsocial roles occupied by the person

Three Indices:Three Indices:

Overview continued




What is it like being old?AgeismAgeism

Stereotyped views of individualsbased on AGEAGE

Stereotyped views of individualsbased on AGEAGE

These may beThese may be

PositivePositivePositivePositive NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeOROR

kindlykindlywisewisesweetsweet

crankycranky““senile”senile”incompetentincompetent

Definition of AgeismDefinition of Ageism

Ageism: Basis?Ageism: Basis?

Modernization hypothesisModernization hypothesis

Proposes that ageism is caused by Proposes that ageism is caused by increased urbanization and increased urbanization and industrializationindustrialization

Proposes that ageism is caused by Proposes that ageism is caused by increased urbanization and increased urbanization and industrializationindustrialization

Disengagement theoryDisengagement theory

Proposes that older individuals voluntarily Proposes that older individuals voluntarily withdraw from society.withdraw from society.

Contrasts with Contrasts with activityactivity and and continuitycontinuity theories.theories.

Proposes that older individuals voluntarily Proposes that older individuals voluntarily withdraw from society.withdraw from society.

Contrasts with Contrasts with activityactivity and and continuitycontinuity theories.theories.

Ageism: Basis?Ageism: Basis?

Youth/Life CultureYouth/Life Culture

Focus on youth and strength.Focus on youth and strength.Aging associated with illness and Aging associated with illness and death.death.

Focus on youth and strength.Focus on youth and strength.Aging associated with illness and Aging associated with illness and death.death.

Age-segregationAge-segregation

Lack of intergenerational interaction.Lack of intergenerational interaction.Lack of intergenerational interaction.Lack of intergenerational interaction.

Reinforcing the stereotypes

• Media portrayals



• Patronizing speech (e.g., Ryan, Hamilton, & Kwong See, 1993)



• Patronizing speech (e.g., Ryan, Hamilton, & Kwong See, 1993)

• Age excuses (e.g., Ryan, Bieman-Copland, Kwong See, Ellis, & Anas (2002))

Consequences of Ageism

• Age- Bias– work setting

– health care settings

– eyewitness setting

Consequences of Ageism

• Age bias against older people– work setting– medical encounters– eyewitness setting

• Self-fulfilling Prophecy for the older person

Ageism, sexism, racismAgeism, sexism, racism

AgedAged MinorityMinority

Multiple jeopardyMultiple jeopardyMultiple jeopardyMultiple jeopardy

Multiple Jeopardy HypothesisMultiple Jeopardy Hypothesis

AgedAged MinorityMinority

Multiple jeopardyMultiple jeopardyMultiple jeopardyMultiple jeopardy

Alternatives:Alternatives:

•Age-as-levelerAge-as-leveler•Inoculation hypothesisInoculation hypothesis

Overview continued




The old in Canada: Demographics

• Baby-Boomers (generation born between 1945-1964)

• Life-expectancy

• Life-span

Population Aging (65+)Provinces, Territories, & Canada

Growth of Population Age 65+Canada, 1951-2031

Canada’s Population Pyramid 1951 & 1991

Life Expectancy, by Age1920-1991

Changing demographics

• Has led to the rise of Gerontology

» need to know» need to prepare» need to train

Overview continued




Myth BustingFacts on Aging Revisited

• #15 In general old people tend to be pretty much alike

• FALSE

Myth BustingFacts on Aging Quiz Revisited

• #19 Over 20% of the population are now age 65 or over

• False

Myth BustingFacts on Aging Quiz Revisited

• #20 The majority of medical practictioners tend to give low priority to the aged.

• True

where are we in the text? lecture 2 covers and expands upon the material in chapter 1 because of...

Documents

principles of development

age slide

development means

hallmark of aging slide

time slide

revisited slide

depression slide

lottery slide