Where are the other language Where are the other language families?families?

Indo-European—48% of world Indo-European—48% of world Sino-Tibetan—26% (Mandarin)Sino-Tibetan—26% (Mandarin) Afro-Asiatic—6% (Arabic)Afro-Asiatic—6% (Arabic) Austronesian—5% (SE Asia)Austronesian—5% (SE Asia) Dravidian—4% (India)Dravidian—4% (India) Altaic—3% (Asia)Altaic—3% (Asia) Niger-Congo—3% (Africa)Niger-Congo—3% (Africa) Japanese—(2%)Japanese—(2%) 3% speak a language belonging to 1 of 3% speak a language belonging to 1 of

100 smaller families100 smaller families

Sino-Tibetan FamilySino-Tibetan Family Sinitic Branch—There is no single Chinese Sinitic Branch—There is no single Chinese

language. Mandarin is most widely spoken. language. Mandarin is most widely spoken. Several other languages , spoken differently but Several other languages , spoken differently but written the same. UNITYwritten the same. UNITY

Chinese—420 one syllable wordsChinese—420 one syllable words Shi—lion, corpse, poetry, house, ten, swear or dieShi—lion, corpse, poetry, house, ten, swear or die

—inference and tone—two word combinations. —inference and tone—two word combinations. Kan jian look seeKan jian look see

Writing uses ideograms, representing ideas or Writing uses ideograms, representing ideas or concepts rather than specific sounds—16% can’t concepts rather than specific sounds—16% can’t read or write more than a few charactersread or write more than a few characters

Austro-Thai (Thai in Laos, Thailand and parts of Austro-Thai (Thai in Laos, Thailand and parts of Vietnam) Tibeto-Burman BurmeseVietnam) Tibeto-Burman Burmese

Families of Korean and JapaneseFamilies of Korean and Japaneseand Austro-Asiaticand Austro-Asiatic

Korea and Japan are isolatedKorea and Japan are isolated Japanese uses Chinese ideograms I part Japanese uses Chinese ideograms I part

and also phonetic symbols used in place of and also phonetic symbols used in place of the ideograms or along side them.the ideograms or along side them.

Korean is usually a separate language but Korean is usually a separate language but sometimes considered Altaic. Written in sometimes considered Altaic. Written in system where a letter represents a soundsystem where a letter represents a sound

Austro-Asiatic—Vietnamese is the most Austro-Asiatic—Vietnamese is the most spoken of these languages based in spoken of these languages based in Southeast Asia. They use the Roman Southeast Asia. They use the Roman alphabet devised by missionaries in the 7alphabet devised by missionaries in the 7thth centurycentury

Afro-Asiatic FamilyAfro-Asiatic Family

World’s fourth largestWorld’s fourth largest Include Arabic and Hebrew as well as other Include Arabic and Hebrew as well as other

languages mostly from northern Africa and languages mostly from northern Africa and southwestern Asia.southwestern Asia.

Significance has to do with holy booksSignificance has to do with holy books A number of Arabic dialects exist but has A number of Arabic dialects exist but has

been standardized because of Quran and been standardized because of Quran and other news programsother news programs

Altaic FamilyAltaic Family Spoken across a band of Asia between Spoken across a band of Asia between

Turkey and Mongolia and ChinaTurkey and Mongolia and China Turkish most common—was once written Turkish most common—was once written

with Arabic letters but Ataturk (1928) with Arabic letters but Ataturk (1928) ordered Roman letters usedordered Roman letters used

Soviets forced countries to use Russian Soviets forced countries to use Russian and use Cyrillic alphabetand use Cyrillic alphabet

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s, Altaic languages became the early 1990’s, Altaic languages became official in countries such as Azerbaijan, official in countries such as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistanand Uzbekistan

Uralic FamilyUralic Family

Every European country is dominated Every European country is dominated by Indo-European languages except by Indo-European languages except Estonia, Finland, and Hungary.Estonia, Finland, and Hungary.

Hearth is believed to be Ural Hearth is believed to be Ural mountains of present day Russia mountains of present day Russia north of the Kurgan homeland.north of the Kurgan homeland.

African Language FamiliesAfrican Language Families

Niger-Congo Language Family—95% Niger-Congo Language Family—95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak a language in this family. speak a language in this family. Includes 6 branches, largest branchIncludes 6 branches, largest branch—Benue-Congo 3 languages spoken —Benue-Congo 3 languages spoken by at least 10 million people (Yoruba, by at least 10 million people (Yoruba, Igbo, and Shona) also, Swahili, the Igbo, and Shona) also, Swahili, the official language of Tanzania and a official language of Tanzania and a language used as to communicate as language used as to communicate as a wholea whole

Nilo-Saharan language family—spoken by Nilo-Saharan language family—spoken by a few million people in north-central Africaa few million people in north-central Africa

Khoisan language family—concentrated in Khoisan language family—concentrated in the southwest clicking sounds (Hottentot)the southwest clicking sounds (Hottentot)

Austronesian—6% of the world speak a Austronesian—6% of the world speak a language from this family mostly in language from this family mostly in Indonesia, first used is Javanese and the Indonesia, first used is Javanese and the second is Indonesian, Malay from second is Indonesian, Malay from Malaysia, Malagasy in Madagascar Malaysia, Malagasy in Madagascar indicating migrationindicating migration

NigeriaNigeria Problems from so many speakersProblems from so many speakers 493 distinct languages493 distinct languages Only 3 of which have widespread use: Afro-Asiatic Only 3 of which have widespread use: Afro-Asiatic

language, Hausa (15% Hausa and Fulani in the language, Hausa (15% Hausa and Fulani in the North), a Niger-Congo language Yoruba(15% in North), a Niger-Congo language Yoruba(15% in the southwest), and Igbo (15% in south)the southwest), and Igbo (15% in south)

Southern Ibos attempted to secede in the 60s. Southern Ibos attempted to secede in the 60s. Northerners claim the Yorubas discriminate Northerners claim the Yorubas discriminate against themagainst them

Government moved capital to ease tensions from Government moved capital to ease tensions from the Yoruba dominated southwest to Abuja in the the Yoruba dominated southwest to Abuja in the centercenter