where are the elements
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Where are the elements. How did they form?. Air. Earth. Water. Living Things. Air. SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3. Radioactive decay of Uranium and Radon. N 2 & O 2. Earth. Water. Living Things. H 2 O. Radioactive decay of Radium. Living Things. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Where are the elements
How did they form?
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Earth
Water
AirAir
Living Living ThingsThings
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Earth
Water
AirAir
Radioactive decay of Radium.
Radioactive decay of Radioactive decay of Uranium and RadonUranium and Radon
N2 & O2
Living Living ThingsThings
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
H2O
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Living Living ThingsThings
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All alkali (Group 1A) compounds are soluble.
Sodium & Potassium
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All halogen compounds are soluble except those containing Ag+, Hg2+, or Pb+2)
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All nitrates (NO3-), chlorates (ClO3-) and
perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble.
Most sulfates (SO42-)
are soluble.
Calcium sulfate is slightly soluble.
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All carbonates (CO3-2), phosphates
(PO4+3), sulfides(S-2) are
insoluble.
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LIMESTONE (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
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Nearly all metal oxides are insoluble.
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Abundance in ppb by wt % Log ppb by atoms %
Universe 10,000,000 1 7 800,000 .08
Earth’s crust 460,000,000 46 8.7 600,000,000 60
Sea water 857,000,000 86 8.9 331,000,000 33
Human 610,000,000 61 8.8 240,000,000 24
10,000,000 1,000,000,000
1071100 107
X
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$10$100
$1000
$1
103
102
101100
$.10
10-1 10-2
$.01
3-
2-
1-
0-
-1-
-2-
-3-
$10
$100
$1
$.10
$.01
$1000
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Abundance in ppb by wt % Log ppb by atoms %
Universe 750,000,000 75 8.88 930,000,000 93
Earth’s crust 1,500,000 0.15 6.18 310,000,000 31
Sea water 107,800,000 11 8.03 662,000,000 66
Human 100,000,000 10 8.00 620,000,000 62
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Do the abundance of the elements change? In other words, do elements change into other elements?
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Geiger Counter
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Are elements formed in the caldron of a volcano?
Are elements changed to other elements in the intense heat of a volcano (about 1,000oC for lava and 2,000oC for inside volcano)?
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Elements may separate from other elements or combine with certain elements. There is not enough heat in a volcano to change an element into another element.
Here is silicon and oxygen with trace amount of metals (darkening) to form a mineral called…
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about 7,000oC 57million psi
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SUN EARTH
Mass (Earths) 332,000 1
Volume (Earths) 1,300,000 1
Diameter 870,000 miles 8,000 miles
Mass conversion rate (106 kg/s)
Central temperature: 16 million deg K 7,000 est.
Central density: 162 g/cm3 12g/cm3
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56Fe 13 4He +4n
26n
13 4He 26e- + 26p+ + 26n +4n
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The core with a mass of ½ million Earths shrinks from 1000 km (600 mi.) to about 50 km (31 mi.) in 1 second. Implosion velocity reaches 170 million mph...about 1/4 c or 50,000 miles per second.
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The outward moving matter is moving so fast that it compresses and heats whatever it collides with to temperatures of 1010 to 1011 K... much hotter than anything we have encountered in our studies of stars so far.
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Such enormously high temperatures generates nuclear reactions. Below the neon shell source, the oxygen and silicon is converted to iron plus less massive nuclei such as argon, calcium, potassium, titanium, copper, and zinc. By the time the blast reaches the outer shell sources, the collisions are less violent and the temperatures reached are too low for nuclear reactions.
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• Thus, nuclear reactions account only for elements less massive than iron. What about the rest of the periodical table? Where do the other elements with more than 25 or so protons in their nuclei come from?
• The source of neutrons for neutron capture is the outer half of the collapsing neutron core that was ejected.
• The environment for neutron capture only last a short time. Consequently, not many of the heavy elements arecreated.
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Supernovas often become black holes. The remaining core of neutrons with about the weight of 3 to 15 of our suns has gravity so strong that light cannot exit.
There is one black hole in our galaxy that has the mass of 2.6 million Suns.
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Where did hydrogen come from?
• It all depends on how good your math is.
• Test: How far do you travel in 2 ½ hours, if you are going 120 mph?
• If you left home at noon and traveled 60 mph, how long would it take you to drive 300 miles?
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2:30 pm
1:30pm
12:30pm
120 mph
120 mph
120 mph
1:00pm
1:30pm
170 mph
170 mph
120 mi
120 mi
170 mi
85 mi
60 mi Noon
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Train PlaneDoppler effect
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3,000 deg radiation
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More light elements fused as neutrons compresses layers that reach temperatures up to 100 billion degrees. Heavy elements form as nuclei absorb neutrons.
Fused for Nuclear Fuel Main Products TemperatureHydrogen (H) 4He 4 million KHelium (4He) 12C 150 million KCarbon (12C) 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg 1 billion KNeon (20Ne) 24Mg 2 billion K
Oxygen (16O) 28Si, 32S 3 billion KSilicon(28Si) 56Fe, 56Ni 4 billion K