when the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases
TRANSCRIPT
When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.
Shield volcanoes are made of thousands of thin basalt lava flows. Because the lava has a relatively low viscosity (low resistance to flow) the lava can travel far from the vent, the location where the lava reaches the surface. The resulting volcanic landform has a broad base and very gentle slopes, much like a warrior's inverted shield.
Eruptions at shield volcanoes are only explosive if water somehow gets into the vent, otherwise they are characterized by low-explosive fountaining that forms cinder cones and spatter cones at the vent. In a shield volcano, 90% of the volcano is lava rather than pyroclastic material. Due to high magma supply rates, the lava is hot and changes very little after it is generated. A common product of hotspot volcanism, shield volcanoes can also be found along subduction-related volcanic arcs or all by themselves.
The Big Island of Hawaii is composed of five coalesced volcanoes of successively younger ages, with the older ones apparently extinct. Mauna Loa, one of the main volcanoes on the Big Island, has a higher elevation than any mountain on Earth: 30,000 feet from the floor of the ocean to its highest peak.
Lava domes result from the slow extrusion of highly viscous silica-rich magma. Most domes are rather small, but can exceed 6 cubic miles in volume. Extrusions from the dome may end up as rather slow-moving lava, but many begin explosively, forming explosion pits blanketed by pyroclastic debris.
A dome has been growing slowly within the crater of Mount St. Helens since its eruption in 1980
St Helens in the Rocky Mountains, 2004
Calderas are circular to oblong depressions formed by the collapse along curved fractures associated with the extrusion of pyroclastic materials.
The frequency of such voluminous eruptions is very low, with volumes of 119 cubic miles having a frequency of about 100,000 years.
The area of caldera collapse is proportional to the volume of erupted material.
Leyenda: 1- Calizas con Calceola. 2- Pizarras con Calamites. 3- Pizarras bituminosas. 4- Cuarcitascon pistas de Trilobites. 5- Arenas y arcillas con Dinosaurios. 6- Conglomerados del Jurásicoterminal.
FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT:GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n1
Devonian
Carboniferous
/Permian
Jurassic
RocksRocks Sedimentary
3.(Paleozoic before Devonian1.Devonian2.Carboniferous/Permian6.Jurassic5. (Mesozoic)
Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Orogeny Permian before Jurassic
caused folds
Normal fault
Erosion 1
ErosionErosionErosion1 after2 before6Erosion2 after5
normal fault before Jurassic
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Calizas con Calceola. 2- Pizarras con Calamites. 3- Pizarras bituminosas. 4- Cuarcitascon pistas de Trilobites. 5- Arenas y arcillas con Dinosaurios. 6- Conglomerados del Jurásicoterminal.
Devonian
Carboniferous
/Permian
Jurassic
RocksRocks Sedimentary
3.(Paleozoic before Devonian1.Devonian2.Carboniferous/Permian6.Jurassic5.(Mesozoic)
Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Orogeny Permian before Jurassic
caused folds
Normal fault
Erosion 1
ErosionErosionErosion1 before6Erosion2 after5
normal fault when relaxationbefore Jurassic
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Calizas con Calceola. 2- Pizarras con Calamites. 3- Pizarras bituminosas. 4- Cuarcitascon pistas de Trilobites. 5- Arenas y arcillas con Dinosaurios. 6- Conglomerados del Jurásicoterminal.
Starting pointStarting point
Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomíascon Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica.6- Conglomerados del Pérmico.
FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT:GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n2
Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomíascon Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica.6- Conglomerados del Pérmico.
1ºCarboniferous
/Permian
2ºCarboniferous
/Permian
3ºPermian
4ºmagmatic dique
after Permian
Normal fault
Erosion 1 before normal fault
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomíascon Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica.6- Conglomerados del Pérmico.
1ºCarboniferous
/Permian
2ºCarboniferous
/Permian
3ºPermian
4ºmagmatic dique
after Permian
RocksRocks Sedimentary
3.Carboniferous/Permian1.Carboniferous/Permian6.Permian5.Cuaternary
Volcanic and metamorphic4.after Permian before Quaternary2. “ “ “ “
Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
folds before Permian rock 6
Normal fault
Erosion 1 before normal fault
ErosionErosionErosion 1Erosion 2
normal fault
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Pizarras con abundantes Calamites. 2- Aureola de metamorfismo. 3- Calizas y dolomíascon Fusulina. 4- Pórfido cuarcífero. 5- Gravas y arenas con restos de cerámica.6- Conglomerados del Pérmico.
1ºCarboniferous
/Permian
2ºCarboniferous
/Permian
3ºPermian
4ºmagmatic dique
after Permian
RocksRocks Sedimentary
3.Carboniferous/Permian1.Carboniferous/Permian6.Permian5.Cuaternary
Volcanic and metamorphic4.after Permian before Quaternary2. “ “ “ “
Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Orogeny before Permian rock 6-late Carboniferous-early Permian-caused folds and reverse fault
Normal fault
Erosion 1 before normal fault
ErosionErosionUplift, emersion and erosion 1Erosion 2
normal fault when divergent stresses
Erosion 2
Starting pointStarting point
Leyenda: 1- Gneises precámbricos. 2- Calizas con Fusulina. 3- Conglomerados y arenas con restosde flora pérmica. 4- Andesitas. 5- Arenas con pisadas de Dinosaurios. 6- Calizas con Hildoceras.
FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT:GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n3
Carboniferous/Permian
Precambrian
Permian
Volcanic rock
RocksRocks Sedimentary
1.Precambrian2.Carboniferous/Permian3.Permian5.Trias/Juras6.Jurassic
Volcanic4.after erosion2 Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Folds1 after3 before5 and erosion1Folds2 after6 before erosion2
Normal fault
Erosion 1
ErosionErosionErosion 1 after folds1 before5Erosion 2 after folds2 before rock4
normal fault before erosion2
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Gneises precámbricos. 2- Calizas con Fusulina. 3- Conglomerados y arenas con restosde flora pérmica. 4- Andesitas. 5- Arenas con pisadas de Dinosaurios. 6- Calizas con Hildoceras.
JurassicMesozo
ic Trias/
JurFolds1
Folds2
Carboniferous/Permian
Precambrian
Permian
Volcanic rock
RocksRocks Sedimentary
1.Precambrian2.Carboniferous/Permian3.Permian5.Trias/Juras6.Jurassic
Volcanic4.after erosion2 Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Folds1 after3 before5 and erosion1Folds2 after6 before erosion2
Normal fault
Erosion 1
ErosionErosionErosion 1 after folds1 before5Erosion 2 after folds2 before rock4
normal fault before erosion2
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Gneises precámbricos. 2- Calizas con Fusulina. 3- Conglomerados y arenas con restosde flora pérmica. 4- Andesitas. 5- Arenas con pisadas de Dinosaurios. 6- Calizas con Hildoceras.
JurassicMesozo
ic Trias/
JurFolds1
Folds2
Starting pointStarting point
Leyenda: 1- Calizas y arcillas caolínicas del Neógeno inferior. 2- Arenas silíceas. 3- Conglomeradoscon restos de Dinosaurios terminales. 4- Calizas con Hildoceras. 5- Gneises paleozoicos.6- Gravas.
FOLDS AND FAULTS IN CONTEXT:GEOLOGICAL HISTORY n4
Paleozoic
MesozoicJurassi
c
RocksRocks Sedimentary
5.Paleozoic4.Jurassic3.Mesozoic Juras-Cretaceous2.1.Neogene (late Tertiry)6.Recent times
Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Orogeny after3 before2caused foldsReverse faults after3 before2-the same compressional stressesas for the folds-
Reverse faults
Erosion 1
ErosionErosionErosion1 after3 before2Erosion2 after1 before6
Erosion 2
Leyenda: 1- Calizas y arcillas caolínicas del Neógeno inferior. 2- Arenas silíceas. 3- Conglomeradoscon restos de Dinosaurios terminales. 4- Calizas con Hildoceras. 5- Gneises paleozoicos.6- Gravas.
Late Tertiary
Paleozoic
MesozoicJurassi
c
RocksRocks Rock deformationRock deformation
Older
Younger
Reverse faults
Erosion 1
ErosionErosionErosion1 after3 before2Erosion2 after1 before6
Erosion 2
Starting pointStarting point
Leyenda: 1- Calizas y arcillas caolínicas del Neógeno inferior. 2- Arenas silíceas. 3- Conglomeradoscon restos de Dinosaurios terminales. 4- Calizas con Hildoceras. 5- Gneises paleozoicos.6- Gravas.
Late Tertiary
Sedimentary
5.Paleozoic4.Jurassic3.Mesozoic Juras-Cretaceous2.1.Neogene (late Tertiry)6.Recent times
Orogeny after3 before2caused foldsReverse faults after3 before2-the same compressional stressesas for the folds-
ISOSTASY
ISOSTASY
ISOSTASY