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WHAT’S SNOT TO LIKE? exploring the Respiratory and immune Systems Through Mucus Middle school lesson plans

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WHAT’S SNOT TO LIKE?

exploring the Respiratory andimmune Systems Through Mucus

Middle school lesson plans

COVER: “CELLS OF THE MUCOSA,” PAINTING BY AMBER VOGEL

What’s Snot to Like? 1LFKRODV�+RIIPDQQ��0$7���������$PEHU�9RJHO��3K'

Additional Contributors&U\VWDO�+DUGHQ�$GDPV��0$7���������6DPXHO�/DL��3K'���������&DWK\�3��2DNHV��0(G

Illustrators/L]�'RKUPDQQ��1LFKRODV�+RIIPDQQ��DQG�$PEHU�9RJHO

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What’s Snot to Like? -

© 2013 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, through its Morehead Planetarium and Science Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill grants teachers permission to reproduce materials from this curriculum guide for classroom use only, without alteration, provided all copies contain the following statement: “© 2013 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, through its Morehead Planetarium and Science Center.” Materials from this work may be reproduced solely for classroom use with the permission of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, through its Morehead Planetarium and Science Center. No other use is permitted without the express prior written permission of Morehead Planetarium and Science Center of The University

-.

National Science Education Standards ................ 6

A. Sticktoitiveness: Compare Airways With and Without a Mucus Layer ................13

B. Hairy Situation Role-Play: Cilia in the Respiratory System ................... 30C. Make a Respiratory System Model: Part 2, Tissue and Cells ................... 32

A. Introduction to the Immune System ................... 36B. “I Made These Just for You,” Said the Immune System to the Allergen: Comparing Mucins and Antibodies in the Mucus Layer .................. 36

EVALUATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

What’s Snot to Like? is recommended for

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What’s Snot to Like? addresses the following content standards at the middle school level:

1. Abilities necessary to do scienti!c inquiry.2. Understandings about scienti!c inquiry.

1. Structure and function of living systems.2. Regulation and behavior.

2. Understandings about science and technology.

1. Personal health.

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Bibliography

%UDLQ��-���3URFWRU��'����5HLG��/����������Respiratory defense mechanisms���9RO������1HZ�<RUN��1<��0DUFHO�'HNNHU��,QF�

&DUOVWHGW��,����6KHHKDQ��-����������Macromolecular properties and polymeric structure of

mucus glycoproteins, in Ciba Foundation Symposium 109: Mucus and mucosa��/RQGRQ��8.��3LWPDQ�3XEOLVKLQJ�/WG�

2JUD��3���0HVWHFN\��-���/DPP��0���6WUREHU��:���%LHQHQVWRFN��-����0F*KHH��-����������Mucosal

immunology����QG�HG����6DQ�'LHJR��&$��$FDGHPLF�3UHVV�

:DQJ��&����������Inhaled particles. 6DQ�'LHJR��&$��(OVHYLHU��,QF�

ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

ITS PROTECTIVE MUCUS LAYER

Overview7KLV�SKDVH�RI�What’s Snot to Like? IRFXVHV�RQ�WKH�DQDWRP\�RI�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�V\VWHP�DQG�D�SUR�FHVV�E\�ZKLFK�WKLV�V\VWHP�DQG�WKH�PXFRFLOLDU\�V\VWHP�LQWHUUHODWH�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�KXPDQ�ERG\��$�WKHPH�RI�What’s Snot to Like? LV�WKH�UROH�RI�H[SHULPHQWDO�PRGHOV�WR�ERWK�FRQFHSWXDOL]H�VFLHQWL¿F�SURFHVVHV�DQG�FRQGXFW�VFLHQWL¿F�H[SHULPHQWV��,Q�WKLV�SKDVH��VWXGHQWV�H[SHULPHQW�ZLWK�PRGHOV�RI�DLUZD\V�DQG�PXFXV�OD\HUV��DQG�WKH\�EHJLQ�WR�FRQVWUXFW�DQG�ODEHO�D�PRGHO�RI�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�V\VWHP�

A. Sticktoitiveness: Compare Airways With and Without a Mucus Layer

MATERIALS�� ��SLHFH�RI�SRVWHU�ERDUG

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CONTACT PAPER REPRESENTING MUCUS

MAKE AN AIRWAY

1. Cut a piece of poster board into a rectangle measuring 6” x 22”.

2. Cut a piece of sticky contact paper into a rectan-gle measuring 6” x 22”.

3. Use double-sided tape or a glue stick to secure the non-sticky side of the contact paper "at against one side of the poster board.

Remove the paper backing from the sticky side of the contact paper.

board, roll the poster board into a tube almost 2” in diameter. The sticky contact paper should cover the inside of the tube.

6. Tape the outside of the tube to keep it from unrolling.

ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL

Make the airway model from pre-slit foam tubing

1.

2. Cut a piece of contact paper into a rectangle

3. Place the contact paper, non-sticky side down, "at against the inside of the whole tube.

Take the paper backing o# the contact paper and let the tube spring shut. The contact paper should now be rolled, sticky side up, inside the tube.

TOP: EXTERIOR OF TUBE.

BOTTOM: INTERIOR OF TUBE WITH STICKY

MAKE A NOSTRIL

1. Use the template to draw a cone-shaped funnel on poster board.

2. Cut out the funnel.

3. Curl the funnel and tape it along the side to keep it from uncurling. Be sure to leave an opening at the bottom of the funnel.

Place the funnel into the top of the tube.

Tape the funnel in place.

MAKE A CONTROL

To measure the e#ect of the sticky contact paper

procedure for creating and using the funnel-and-tube model—but do not include sticky contact paper.

1. Make paper dots with a hole puncher.

2. Count out 10 paper dots.

3. Hold a small plastic bag under the tube.

Count the number of dots that fall through the tube into the bag.

Cut on the solid lines.

Using tape or glue, join point A to point B to create a funnel.

B

A

B. Make a Respiratory System Model: Part 1, System and Organs

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COLOR LEVEL NAME

System

Organ

Organ

Organ

Organ

Organ

Organ

Organ

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Cell

art 1

KEYCOLOR LEVEL NAME

System RespiratoryOrgan MouthOrgan NoseOrgan TracheaOrgan PharynxOrgan LarynxOrgan BronchiOrgan LungsOrgan AlveoliTissue Mucous membraneCell GobletCell Ciliated

art 1

art 1

EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES

Overview

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A. Goo-dness Gracious!: An Investigation Using Simulated Mucus

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1. Always keeping the caps !rmly on the tubes, observe and describe each sample as carefully as you possibly can.

Here are some OBSERVATION METHODS you can use:

Observe the samples as you gently shake the tubes up and down, roll the tubes slowly across a desk, or simply hold

samples appear to contain a lot of water or a small amount of water.

2. Conduct the following experiments on all the tubes and record your observations:

EXPERIMENT ONE

a. Make sure that the caps are !rmly on the tubes. b. c. Time how long it takes for all the mucus to move down to the “cap” side of each tube.d. Compare your results for all four samples.

EXPERIMENT TWO

a. Carefully open the tubes. b. c. Time how long it takes the beads to get to the bottom of the tubes.d. Compare your results for all four samples.

EXPERIMENT THREE

a. Carefully open the tubes.b. Lightly touch the samples with your !nger to understand their textures.c. Close all the tubes.d. Compare your results for all four samples.

3. Two important functions of mucus are to:

trap viruses, bacteria, and other harmful particles that invade the body.be easily removed, along with the invading particles, from the body.

Based on your observations and experiments, rank all four samples in the order of their ability to carry out both of these functions in a respiratory system. Explain your rankings.

1. Always keeping the caps !rmly on the tubes, observe and describe each sample as carefully as you possibly can.

Here are some OBSERVATION METHODS you can use:

Observe the samples as you gently shake the tubes up and down, roll the tubes slowly across a desk, or simply hold

samples appear to contain a lot of water or a small amount of water.

2. Conduct the following experiment on all the tubes and record your observations:

a. Make sure that the caps are !rmly on the tubes. b. c. Time how long it takes for all the mucus to move down to the “cap” side of each tube.d. Compare your results for all four samples.

3. Two important functions of mucus are to:

trap viruses, bacteria, and other harmful particles that invade the body.be easily removed, along with the invading particles, from the body.

Based on your observations and experiment, rank all four samples in the order of their ability to carry out both of these functions in a respiratory system. Explain your rankings.

EXPLANATION ACTIVITIES

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A. Cleaning Crew Role-Play: Goblet Cells and Ciliated Cells

MATERIALS�� QHZVSDSHU

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B. Hairy Situation Role-Play: Cilia in the Respiratory System

MATERIALS�� QHZVSDSHU

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PARTICLES CAUGHT IN THE MUCUS LAYER.

ELABORATION ACTIVITIES

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A. Introduction to the Immune System

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B. “I Made These Just for You,” Said the Immune System to the Allergen: Comparing Mucins and Antibodies in the Mucus Layer

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MAINLY CAUGHT ON VELCRO STRIPS , WHILE COTTON POM POMS ARE EITHER CAUGHT

BOTTOM OF THE RAMP.

MAKE A MUCUS LAYER

model.

1. On 1 short side of the poster board, draw a line 2” from the edge.

2. On each long side of the poster board, draw a line 2” from the edge.

3. Where the lines intersect at each corner, cut

Using the lines as guides, fold the poster board up on 3 sides.

-rier created will stop the pom poms and Velcro

the ramp, make a web of tape and Velcro.

1. long. Place these pieces of tape in a web-like pattern in the middle of the poster board. Use a

for this step.

2. these pieces of Velcro in spaces between the

“hooks” side of the Velcro, not the fuzzy “loops”

1. 30o

2.

3. Note that the pieces of double-sided tape

catch some pom poms, but most pom poms will

include a speci!c antibody to stop them.

Velcro balls.

C. Wet Lab: Conduct an ELISA Antigen Test

MATERIALS�� (/,6$�FODVVURRP�NLW��H�J���%LR�5DG¶V�Immuno Explorer Kit�

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You are medical researchers working in a research hospital that is famous for its groundbreak-ing work in the cause and treatment of cystic !brosis.

You have learned that doctors around the world are reporting increasing numbers of patients infected by a virus named Mucus Matrix Flu, or In"uenza MM. This particularly concerns you because your patients’ unhealthy lungs and airways make them susceptible to respiratory in-fections like the "u.

You are going to test mucus samples from two patients who may have been exposed to In"u-enza MM.

If you !nd that In"uenza MM is present in either patient, medical treatment can begin imme-

these patients can be avoided.

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VIEW OF THE ELISA RESULTS.

Control or sample

Fresh pipette tip

Primary antibody

Fresh pipette tip

1

Label the outside of your 12-well strip:

a. Label 2 wells “+b. Skip 1 well.

c. Label 2 wells “–

d. Skip 2 wells.

e. Label 2 wells “Af. Skip 1 well.

g. Label 2 wells “B

2

Use a fresh pipette tip to transfer:

a. +the “+” wells.

b. –the “–” wells.

c. A” wells.

d. B” wells.

e.

3

TAP to empty the wells:

a. Turn the microplate strip upside down onto the paper towels. Gently tap the strip a few times on the towels. Avoid splashing samples back into the wells.

b.

Use a fresh pipette tip to:

a.

b.

Adapted from Bio-Rad’s ELISA Immuno Explorer Kit instruction manual

TAP to empty the wells:

a. Turn the microplate strip upside down onto the paper towels. Gently tap the strip a few times on the towels. Avoid splashing samples back into the wells.

b.

6

Use a fresh pipette tip to:

a.

b. bind.

TAP, WASH, and TAP:

a. Turn the microplate strip upside down onto the paper towels. Gently tap the strip a few times on the towels. Make sure to avoid splashing samples back into the wells.

b.

c. Fill each well with wash bu#er. Avoid splashing samples back into the wells.

d. Turn the microplate strip upside down onto the paper towels and tap.

e.

Use a fresh pipette tip to:

a.

results on your data sheet.

Secondary antibody

Fresh pipette tip

Enzyme substrate

Fresh pipette tip

Wash bu#er

ELISA REPORT

1.

2.

3. molecule that is added.

If a patient’s serum sample is negative, which molecule would not be present?

Why did you test each sample two times?

RESULTS6. Shade each well that turned a blue color:

A

B

C

D

ELISA REPORT

1.

2.

3. molecule that is added.

If a patient’s serum sample is negative, which molecule would not be present?

Why did you test each sample two times?

RESULTS6. Shade each well that turned a blue color:

KEY

A

B

C

D

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Like?�

You are medical researchers working in a research hospital that is famous for its groundbreak-ing work in the cause and treatment of cystic !brosis. You have learned that doctors around the world are reporting increasing numbers of patients infected by a virus named Mucus Matrix Flu, or In"uenza MM.

The In"uenza MM threat has highlighted the importance of your investigations into the pro-tective role of mucus in the respiratory and immune systems. As a result, an international

EVALUATION ACTIVITIES

pharmaceutical company has partnered with the research hospital to develop and market e#ective products based on research undertaken by you and your colleagues.

Previously, the research hospital partnered with this company to develop So Cilly, a leave-in conditioner that restores the health of cilia damaged by cigarette smoke, pollution, and many other sources of irritating and harmful particles. The advertising jingle “Cilia should never be drab / When So Cilly can make them fab!” has become so well known that people now !nd it annoying, but it certainly has been an e#ective marketing tool for this needed product.

Both the hospital and the company believe that there are even bigger research breakthroughs and more successful products to be put on the market—and that you are the scientists who can design them.

The company has presented three scenarios—two high priority, one low priority—for you to address with new phar-maceutical products.

» A product to prevent an In"uenza MM pandemic or treat one of the symptoms of the "u.

» A product to reduce the amount of mucus in the respiratory system to a healthy level and/or make this mucus less sticky, which will be particularly bene!cial for individuals with cystic !brosis.

» A product to prevent or treat laryngitis.

��� 7HOO�WKH�VWXGHQWV�WKDW�WKH�SURGXFWV�WKH\�SURSRVH�PD\�EH�GRZQ�WR�HDUWK�RU�IDQWDVWLFDO��UHODWLYHO\�VLPSOH�RU�FRP�SOH[��EXW�WKH\�PXVW�DOZD\V�EH�EDVHG�RQ�DFFXUDWH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�DQG�LPPXQH�V\VWHPV�

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B. Marketing

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Scenario:Mucus Matrix Flu, or In"uenza MM.

Cause: Patients inhale particles of the in"uenza virus through their mouths or noses.

Result: Mild to serious infections of the respiratory system.

Symptoms: So far, patients have mild symptoms such as coughs and runny noses. However, in"uenza can be fatal.

Needed [High Priority]: A pharmaceutical product to prevent an In"uenza MM pandemic or treat one of the symptoms noted above.

CYSTIC FIBROSISScenario: Patients are susceptible to respiratory infections because of unhealthy lungs and airways. News

that Mucus Matrix Flu, or In"uenza MM, may become a worldwide pandemic is an added concern.

Cause: Genetic mutation inherited from both parents.

Result: Over-production of mucus that is abnormally sticky.

Symptom: Lungs and airways cannot be cleared of bacteria and other foreign particles, leading to seri-ous respiratory infections.

Needed [High Priority]: A pharmaceutical product to reduce the amount of mucus in the respiratory system to a healthy level and/or make this mucus less sticky.

CHRONIC LARYNGITISScenario: A famous singer may cancel a worldwide tour because of chronic laryngitis resulting from vocal

strain and cold and "u viruses caught when meeting fans. News that Mucus Matrix Flu, or In"uenza MM, may become a worldwide pandemic is an added concern.

Causes: Vocal strain and infections caused by cold and "u viruses.

Result: In"ammation of the mucosa on the surface of the larynx and thick, abnormally sticky mucus.

Symptom: Hoarseness.

Needed [Low Priority]: A pharmaceutical product to prevent or treat laryngitis.

Cell Tissue Organ

Alveoli Bronchi Ciliated Cells Goblet Cells Larynx Lungs Mouth Mucosa Nose Pharynx Trachea

alveoli. ,Q�WKH�OXQJ��VPDOO�FKDPEHUV�ZKHUH�R[\JHQ�DQG�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�DUH�H[FKDQJHG�ZLWK�WKH�EORRG�VXSSO\��$OYHROXV�LV�WKH�VLQJXODU�RI�DOYHROL�

antibody. $�SURWHLQ�WKDW�ERQGV�WR��QHXWUDOL]HV��DQG�KHOSV�WR�GHVWUR\�D�SDUWLFXODU�DQWLJHQ��:KHQ�DQ�DQWLJHQ�LV�GHWHFWHG�E\�WKH�ERG\��WKH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP�SURGXFHV�D�VSHFL¿F�DQWLERG\�WR�FRPEDW�LW��See antigen�

antigen. 7KH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP¶V�EDVLF�IXQFWLRQ�LV�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�ERG\�IURP�IRUHLJQ�REMHFWV�VXFK�DV�GDQJHURXV�PLFUREHV�RU�WR[LF�FKHPLFDOV��7KH�LQYDGLQJ�FHOO�RU�REMHFW�LV�NQRZQ�DV�DQ�DQWLJHQ��See antibody.

body system. 7\SLFDOO\��D�VHW�RI�RUJDQV�WKDW�VKDUH�D�IXQFWLRQ�RU�SXUSRVH��See immune system and respira-tory system.

bronchi. 7KH�WZR�WXEHV�WKDW�OHDG�LQWR�HDFK�OXQJ��7KHVH�WXEHV�GLYLGH�RYHU�DQG�RYHU�LQWR�VPDOOHU�WXEHV²WKH�VPDOOHVW�RI�ZKLFK�DUH�FDOOHG�EURQFKLROHV²WKDW�UHDFK�IDUWKHU�DQG�IDUWKHU�LQWR�WKH�OXQJV��%URQFKXV�LV�WKH�VLQJX�ODU�RI�EURQFKL�

bronchial tube. See bronchi.

cell.�7KH�VPDOOHVW�XQLW�RI�OLIH�

cilia. 6PDOO�RUJDQHOOHV�WKDW�SURWUXGH�IURP�VRPH�FHOOV�RI�WKH�PXFRXV�PHPEUDQH�DQG��LQ�D�URZLQJ�PRWLRQ��SXVK�DORQJ�WKH�PXFXV�OD\HU�WKDW�OLHV�DERYH�WKHP��$�VLQJOH�FLOLDWHG�FHOO�FDQ�KDYH�����FLOLD�WKDW�UHDFK�XS�LQWR�WKH�PXFXV�OD\HU��&LOLXP�LV�WKH�VLQJXODU�RI�FLOLD�

ciliated cell. $�FHOO�IURP�ZKLFK�FLOLD�SURWUXGH��See cilia.

F\VWLF�¿EURVLV��&)���$�VHULRXV�JHQHWLF�GLVHDVH�FKDUDF�WHUL]HG�E\�RYHUSURGXFWLRQ�RI�WKLFN��DEQRUPDOO\�VWLFN\�PXFXV�WKDW�EXLOGV�XS�LQ�DQG�FORJV�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�DQG�GLJHVWLYH�V\VWHPV��5DWKHU�WKDQ�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�PXFXV¶V�QRUPDOO\�SURWHFWLYH�IXQFWLRQV��WKH�PXFXV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�&)�WUDSV�SDWKRJHQV��UHVXOWLQJ�LQ�FKURQLF�LQIHFWLRQV��

diaphragm. 7KH�PXVFOH�EHQHDWK�WKH�OXQJV��:KHQ�WKLV PXVFOH�FRQWUDFWV��WKH�OXQJV�H[SDQG�WR�LQKDOH�DLU��ZKHQ�WKLV�PXVFOH�UHOD[HV��WKH�OXQJV�VKULQN�WR�H[KDOH�DLU�

(/,6$��HQ]\PH�OLQNHG�LPPXQRVRUEHQW�DVVD\���This WHVW�XVHV�D�VHULHV�RI�DQWLERGLHV�WR�GHWHFW�DQ�DQWLJHQ�RI�LQWHUHVW��,W�GHSHQGV�XSRQ�WKH�VSHFL¿FLW\�RI�WKH�DQWLERG�LHV�WR�ELQG�WR�SDUWLFXODU�DQWLJHQV��See antibody and

antigen.

epiglottis. /RFDWHG�LQ�WKH�ODU\Q[��WKLV�ÀDS�RI�WLVVXH�FORVHV�WR�EORFN�IRRG�IURP�HQWHULQJ�WKH�WUDFKHD�GXULQJ�VZDOORZLQJ��:KHQ�WKH�HSLJORWWLV�LV�RSHQ��DLU�FDQ�HQWHU�WKH�WUDFKHD�WR�SHUPLW�EUHDWKLQJ�

goblet cell. )RXQG�LQ�WKH�PXFRXV�PHPEUDQH��WKLV�W\SH�RI�FHOO�VHFUHWHV�PXFLQV�WKDW�FRPELQH�ZLWK�ZDWHU�WR�IRUP�D�VOLSSHU\�JHO�FDOOHG�PXFXV��See mucins and mucus.

immune system. 7KH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP¶V�EDVLF�IXQFWLRQ�LV�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�ERG\�IURP�IRUHLJQ�REMHFWV��VXFK�DV�GDQ�JHURXV�PLFUREHV�RU�WR[LF�FKHPLFDOV��7KLV�V\VWHP�DFWV�E\�GHWHFWLQJ�LQYDGHUV��QHXWUDOL]LQJ�DQG�GHVWUR\LQJ�WKHP��DQG�WKHQ�UHFRUGLQJ�WKH�SDUWLFXODU�W\SH�RI�LQYDGHU�WR�HQDEOH�IDVWHU�UHVSRQVH�VKRXOG�LW�EH�GHWHFWHG�DJDLQ��0RVW�ERG\�V\VWHPV�DUH�FRPSRVHG�RI�D�VHULHV�RI�FRQQHFWHG�RUJDQV�WKDW�VKDUH�D�FRPPRQ�IXQFWLRQ�RU�SXUSRVH��:KLOH�WKH�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�WKH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP�GR�VKDUH�DQ�XOWL�PDWH�SXUSRVH��WKH\�DUH�QRW�FRQQHFWHG�LQ�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�VHQVH��,QVWHDG��PRVW�RI�WKH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP�LV�FRPSRVHG�RI�FHOOV�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�ERG\²LQ�EORRG��O\PSK��DQG�RWKHU�WLVVXHV�

larynx. 7KH�ORZHU�SDUW�RI�WKH�WKURDW��ZKHUH�WKH�WKURDW�VSOLWV�LQWR�WKH�WUDFKHD��UHVSLUDWRU\�V\VWHP��DQG�HVRSK�DJXV��JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO�V\VWHP���7KH�YRFDO�FRUGV�DUH�ORFDWHG�LQ�WKH�ODU\Q[�

lungs. 7KHVH�RUJDQV�DUH�SDUW�RI�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�V\VWHP��7KH�OXQJV�FRQWDLQ�WKH�GLYLGLQJ�EURQFKL�DQG�EURQFKLROHV�DQG�WKH�DOYHROL�

KEY TERMS

mucins. *O\FRSURWHLQV��ORQJ�SURWHLQ�PROHFXOHV�ZLWK�VLGH�FKDLQV�RI�FDUERK\GUDWHV��VHFUHWHG�E\�JREOHW�FHOOV��0XFLQV�DQG�ZDWHU�FRPELQH�WR�IRUP�D�VOLSSHU\�JHO�FDOOHG�PXFXV��7KH�DPRXQW�RI�PXFLQV�DIIHFWV�WKH�JHO¶V�YLVFRVLW\��$�VPDOOHU�QXPEHU�RI�PXFLQV�UHVXOWV�LQ�D�UXQQLHU�DQG�OHVV�YLVFRXV�JHO��ZKLOH�PRUH�PXFLQV�UHVXOW�LQ�D�¿UPHU�DQG�PRUH�YLVFRXV�JHO�

mucosa. See mucous membrane.

mucous. $Q�DGMHFWLYH��0XFXV�LV�WKH�QRXQ��See mucus.

mucous membrane. $�OD\HU�RI�SURWHFWLYH�WLVVXH�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�PXFRVD��0XFRXV�PHPEUDQHV�SURWHFW�SDUWV�RI�WKH�ERG\�WKDW�GR�QRW�KDYH�D�SURWHFWLYH�FRDWLQJ�RI�VNLQ��H�J���WKH�ERG\¶V�LQQHU�OLQLQJV�DUH�PXFRVD��RUJDQV�VXFK�DV�WKH�H\HV�DUH�SURWHFWHG�E\�PXFXV���0XFRXV�PHPEUDQHV�VHFUHWH�SURWHFWLYH�PXFXV�RQWR�WKHLU�VXUIDFH�WR�WUDS�DQG�GLVSRVH�RI�LQYDGLQJ�SDUWLFOHV�OLNH�EDFWHULD�RU�GXVW��:KLOH�PXFRXV�PHPEUDQH�FRQVLVWV�RI�VHYHUDO�FHOO�W\SHV��JREOHW�FHOOV�DQG�FLOLDWHG�FHOOV�DUH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�WR�WKH�SURGXF�WLRQ�DQG�IXQFWLRQ�RI�PXFXV��See ciliated cell and goblet cell.

mucus. $�QRXQ��ZKLOH�PXFRXV�LV�WKH�DGMHFWLYH��7KLV�JHO�LV�SULPDULO\�D�QHWZRUN�RI�PXFLQV�VXVSHQGHG�LQ�ZDWHU��6HFUHWHG�E\�JREOHW�FHOOV�LQ�WKH�PXFRXV�PHPEUDQH��PX�FLQV�FRPELQH�ZLWK�ZDWHU�WR�IRUP�D�VOLSSHU\�JHO��)HZHU�PXFLQV�UHVXOW�LQ�D�UXQQLHU�DQG�OHVV�YLVFRXV�JHO��ZKLOH�

PRUH�PXFLQV�OHDG�WR�D�¿UPHU�DQG�PRUH�YLVFRXV�JHO��See goblet cell and mucins.

organ.�$�ERG\�VWUXFWXUH�PDGH�RI�WZR�RU�PRUH�WLVVXHV�

pharynx. 7KH�XSSHU�SDUW�RI�WKH�WKURDW�

respiratory system. 5HVSLUDWLRQ�FRQWUROV�WKH�PRYHPHQW�RI�R[\JHQ�DQG�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�LQWR�DQG�RXW�RI�WKH�ERG\��7KH�RUJDQV�RI�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�V\VWHP�FDQ�EH�GLYLGHG�LQWR�WKUHH�FDWHJRULHV��DLUZD\V��OXQJV��DQG�GLDSKUDJP��See

body system.

shear. 7KH�IRUFH�RI�VZDOORZLQJ�RU�VQHH]LQJ�SXOOV�DZD\�WKH�WRS�OD\HU�RI�PXFXV��7KLV�LV�NQRZQ�DV�VKHDULQJ��,I�PXFXV�GLG�QRW�VKHDU�LQ�WKLV�ZD\��D�VQHH]H�RU�VZDOORZ�ZRXOG�QRW�EH�DEOH�WR�JHW�ULG�RI�WUDSSHG�SDUWLFOHV�VXFK�DV�GXVW�DQG�EDFWHULD�

tissue. $�JURXS�RI�FHOOV�WKDW�VKDUH�D�IXQFWLRQ�DQG�RULJLQ�

trachea. $OVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�ZLQGSLSH��WKH�WUDFKHD�LV�SDUW�RI�WKH�UHVSLUDWRU\�V\VWHP¶V�DLUZD\V��$LU�SDVVHV�GRZQ�WKH�WKURDW�DQG�WKURXJK�WKH�WUDFKHD�LQWR�WKH�FKHVW��ZKHUH�WKH�WUDFKHD�HYHQWXDOO\�VSOLWV�LQWR�WZR�EURQFKL�OHDGLQJ�WR�WKH�OXQJV�

windpipe. See trachea.