what’s new in respiratory medication delivery?
TRANSCRIPT
What’s New in Respiratory Medication Delivery?J O E N E KO L A , P H A R M . D. , B C P S
J O S H UA H I T E , P H A R M . D.
L AU R E N P O H R E N , P 4
Objectives
1. Review current developments in the alternative delivery of surfactant
2. Review the variety of inhalers and specific devices currently available
3. Explore the recent pulmonary medications and how they fit into current practice guidelines
Provide a thin film that lowers surface tension in lungs during breathing to prevent alveolar collapse during exhalation, and to minimize work during inhalation.
Consists predominantly of lipids + smaller component of surfactant proteins
Phospholipids: dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
Surfactant Proteins A – D
B – hydrophilic protein
In premature infants, formation of lung surfactant is incomplete, leading to increased rates of RDS
Use of antenatal steroids reduce incidence of RDS
AAP recommends prophylactic surfactant be administered primarily to infants that are <30 weeks gestational age
Risk factors: Premature birth
Symptoms: cyanosis, labored and rapid breathing, grunting, retractions, nasal flaring, tachycardia, frequent desaturations
Complications: atelectasis, pneumothorax, sepsis, brain or lung hemorrhage, PDA, developmental delays, chronic lung disease, BPD, longer hospital stays
Oxygen and ventilation◦ CPAP
◦ IMV
◦ Endotracheal intubation
Prophylactic Surfactant Administered if at high risk, before
development of RDS
After initial resuscitation, within 30 minutes after birth
Rescue/Treatment Surfactant
Established RDS
Between 2-12 hours after birth
CPAP – reduced mortality from 18% in 1960s to 7% in 1980s
Exosurf – 30% decrease in mortality
80% of the decline in US infant mortality between 1989 and 1990 is attributed solely to the use of surfactant
What is on the way??? Aerosurf®
Lucinactant (Aerosurf®)
Lucinactant (Aerosurf®)
Now on to the inhalers!
SAMA LAMA ICS SABA LABA
Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDIs)Pressurized canister with metering valve filled with solution or micronized powder aerosols
Delivers particles 1-5 micrometers in size for deposition in lower airway
Requires priming prior to use
Product must to shaken to provide accurate suspension dispersal
Requires coordination of actuation and inhalation
Patient must have slow, deep inspiratory flow
Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)Dry micronized powder inhalers
Breath-actuated
Requires minimal hand-lung coordination
Patient must have a deep, forceful inspiratory flow.
◦ Some DPIs require rapid inspiration for activation
Inspiratory flow requirements vary across brands◦ Some DPIs require inspiratory flow of 60 L/min
Multiple brand names◦ Pressair, Respiclick, Flexhaler, Diskus, Ellipta,
Aerolizer, Neohaler, Handihaler, Twisthaler
Soft Mist Inhalers (SMIs)Aerosolized solutions delivered through microelectronic dosimetric systems
Requires cartridge insertion and priming of device prior to use
Provides 2-3x higher pulmonary deposition versus MDI
Sustained duration of medication delivery versus MDI
Patient must have slow, deep inspiratory flow
Asthma
Adapted from The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma
Asthma InhalersShort Acting Beta Agonists
(SABA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
AlbuterolMDI; RespiClick (DPI)- ProAir
Proair; Proventil; Ventolin
90 mcg/actuation
Levalbuterol MDI Xopenex45 mcg/actuation
Asthma InhalersInhaled Corticosteroids
(ICS)
Drug Device Brand Dose
Beclomethasone MDI QVAR40 or 80 mcg/actuation
BudesonideFlexhaler (DPI)
Pulmicort90 or 180 mcg/actuation
Ciclesonide MDI Alvesco80 or 160 mcg/actuation
Flunisolide MDI Aerospan80 mcg/actuation
Fluticasone priopionate
MDI; Diskus (DPI)
Flovent44, 110, 220;50, 100, 250 mcg/actuation
Fluticasonefuroate
Ellipta (DPI) Arnuity100 or 200 mcg/actuation
MometasoneMDI;Twisthaler(DPI)
Asmanex100 or 200; 110 or 220mcg/actuation
Asthma InhalersInhaled Corticosteroids + Long Acting Beta Agonists
(ICS+LABA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
MDI; Diskus Advair
Initial 45/21(MDI);100/50 (DPI)mcg/actuation
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
MDI; Respiclick
Teva (generic)Initial 55/14 (MDI and DPI) mcg/actuation
Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol
Ellipta Breo100/25 or 200/25 mcg/actuation
Mometasone/formoterol
MDI Dulera100/5 or 200/5mcg/actuation
Budesonide/formoterol
MDI Symbicort80/4.5 or 160/4.5mcg/actuation
COPD
© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
COPD
© 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
COPD InhalersShort Acting Muscarinic Antagonists
(SAMA) and (SAMA+SABA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
Ipratropium MDI Atrovent17mcg/actuation
Albuterol/ipratropium
Respimat Combivent100/20mcg/actuation
COPD InhalersLong Acting Muscarinic Antagonists
(LAMA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
TiotropiumHandidhaler;Respimat
Spiriva18; 2.5 (2 puff)mcg/actuation
AclidiniumPressair (DPI)
Tudorza400 mcg/actuation
Umeclidinium Ellipta (DPI) Incruse62.5 mcg/actuation
GlycopyrrolateNeohaler(DPI)
Seebri15.6mcg/actuation
COPD InhalersLong Acting Beta Agonists
(LABA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
Salmeterol Diskus (DPI) Serevent50 mcg mcg/actuation
FormoterolAerolizer (DPI)
Foradil12 mcg/actuation
OlodaterolRespimat(SMI)
Striverdi2.5 mcg/actuation
IndacaterolNeohaler (DPI)
Arcapta75mcg/actuation
COPD InhalersLong Acting Muscarinic Antagonists + Long Acting Beta Agonists
(LAMA+LABA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
Tiotropium/ olodaterol
Respimat Stiolto2.5/2.5mcg/actuation
Glycopyrrolate/ indacanterol
Neohaler (DPI)
Utibron15.6/27.5mcg/actuation
Glycopyrrolate/ formoterol
MDI Bevespi9/4.8 mcgmcg/actuation
Umeclidinium/ vilanterol
Ellipta (DPI) Anoro62.5/25mcg/actuation
COPD InhalersInhaled Corticosteroids + Long Acting Beta Agonists
(ICS+LABA)
Drug Device Brand Dose
Fluticasone propionate/ salmeterol
MDI; Diskus (DPI)
AdvairInitial: 45/21; 100/50 mcg/actuation
Budesonide/formoterol
MDI Symbicort80/4.5 or 160/4.5mcg/actuation
Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol
Ellipta Breo100/25 or 200/25 mcg/actuation
Ultra Long Acting Beta Agonists
Require only once-daily dosing
Onset of action similar to albuterol (less than 5 minutes)
Considered for patients with frequent and persistent symptoms and those at higher risk for exacerbation
◦ Gold Guidelines B, C, D
Indacanterol has been shown to have beneficial effects on health care status, frequency of exacerbations and bronchodilation
◦ In direct comparison trials, greater effect on bronchodilation than salmeterol and formoterol
Olodanterol studies have demonstrated similar effects on FEV1 and symptoms compared with other long-acting bronchodilators
◦ Exacerbation frequency has not been evaluated
Indacanterol
Olodanterol
Vilanterol
Ultra Long Acting Beta Agonists
MOA◦ Partial B agonist - high intrinsic efficacy at the B2 agonist receptor
◦ Stimulates intracellular enzyme adenyl cyclase to increase the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
◦ Increased cAMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Indacanterol◦ 24-fold greater agonist activity B2 receptor vs B1
◦ 20-fold greater agonist activity B2 receptor vs B3
Olodanterol◦ 241-fold greater agonist activity at B2 receptor vs B1
◦ 2299-fold greater agonist at B2 receptor vs B3
Indacanterol
Olodanterol
Vilanterol
Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists
Once or twice daily dosing◦ Dissociate slowly from M3 receptor leading to prolong
bronchodilation
Considered for patients with frequent and persistent symptoms and those at higher risk for exacerbation
◦ Gold Guidelines B, C, D
Acts locally with minimal anticholinergic side effects◦ Dry mouth most commonly reported
Aclindium has been shown to demonstrate improvements in spirometry and symptom scores compared to tiotropium.
◦ Reduction in exacerbation frequency has not been observed to date.
Glycopyrrolate has demonstrated equal efficacy to tiotropium in clinical trials for FEV1, dyspnea score, and exacerbation reduction
Umeclindium has primarily been evaluated as part of a combination bronchodilator regimen
Aclidinium
Umeclidinium
Glycopyrrolate
Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists
MOA◦ Bind to muscarinic receptors (M3) in airway smooth muscle and
mucus glands and antagonize effect of acetylcholine
◦ Inhibit the cholinergic effects of bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion
Aclidinium
Umeclidinium
Glycopyrrolate
Pharmacy TipsBe aware of both drug and device brand names (and different strengths)
Consult patient on appropriate use of medication (storage, expiration, priming)
Use of combination products to increase compliance (ICS-LABA-LAMA?)
Be aware of insurance formularies and manufacturer coupons◦ (https://www.needymeds.org/)
Always reinforce proper technique ◦ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvwR74XpKUM)
Don’t automatically assume medication compliance
Questions
ReferencesAsthma. In: Wells BG, DiPiro JT, Schwinghammer TL, DiPiro CV. eds. Pharmacotherapy Quick Guide New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.library1.unmc.edu:2048/content.aspx?bookid=2177§ionid=165474748. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Bourdet, SV, Williams, DM. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey L. eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 10e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.library1.unmc.edu:2048/content.aspx?bookid=1861§ionid=134126356. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Wells BG, DiPiro JT, Schwinghammer TL, DiPiro CV. eds. Pharmacotherapy Quick Guide New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.library1.unmc.edu:2048/content.aspx?bookid=2177§ionid=165474800. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Sorkness CA, Blake KV. Asthma. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey L. eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 10e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.library1.unmc.edu:2048/content.aspx?bookid=1861§ionid=146058008. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017. http://goldcopd.org. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2017. http://ginasthma.org/. Accessed October 15, 2017.
ReferencesCasarosa P, Bouyssou T, Germeyer S, Schnapp A, Gantner F, Pieper M. Preclinical Evaluation of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists: Comparison of Tiotropium and Investigational Drugs. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2009;330(2):660-668. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.152470.
Dean Hess, Dhand R. Delivery of Inhaled Medication in Adults. UpToDate.https://library1.unmc.edu/login?url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/search.do?unid=^u&srcsys=UTD1178453&eiv=2.1.0. April 24, 2017. February 16, 2017. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Ferguson, Gary, Make B. Management of Refractory Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. UpToDate.https://library1.unmc.edu/login?url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/search.do?unid=^u&srcsys=UTD1178453&eiv=2.1.0. April 24, 2017. February 16, 2017. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Fanta, Christopher. Overview of asthma management. UpToDate.https://library1.unmc.edu/login?url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/search.do?unid=^u&srcsys=UTD1178453&eiv=2.1.0. April 24, 2017. February 16, 2017. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Lemanske, Jr, Robert. Beta agonists in asthma: controvery in use. UpToDate.https://library1.unmc.edu/login?url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/search.do?unid=^u&srcsys=UTD1178453&eiv=2.1.0. April 24, 2017. February 16, 2017. Accessed October 15, 2017.
Dear Pharmacist. How to use your inhaler. Dearpharmacistinfo. 2017. Available at: https://www.dearpharmacist.info/health-a-to-z/how-to-use-your-inhaler/. Accessed October 19, 2017.
What’s New in Respiratory Medication Delivery?J O E N E KO L A , P H A R M . D. , B C P S
J O S H UA H I T E , P H A R M . D.
L AU R E N P O H R E N , P 4